the great orientation refactor (move to x & y UiScalars/Spans) + don't call full size in align

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 /target
+perf.data*

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 [package]
-name = "gui"
+name = "iris"
 version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
 pollster = "0.4.0"
-winit = "0.30.11"
-wgpu = "26.0.1"
+winit = "0.30.12"
+wgpu = "27.0.1"
 bytemuck = "1.23.1"
+image = "0.25.6"
+cosmic-text = "0.15.0"
+unicode-segmentation = "1.12.0"
+fxhash = "0.2.1"
+arboard = { version = "3.6.1", features = ["wayland-data-control"] }
 

TODO

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+images
+    settings (sampler)
+
+text
+    figure out ways to speed up / what costs the most
+    resizing (per frame) is really slow (assuming painter isn't griefing)
+
+masks r just made to bare minimum work
+
+scaling
+    could be just a simple scaling factor that multiplies abs
+    and need to ensure text uses raw abs and not scaled abs
+    naming? (pt, px)
+    want to keep (drawn) regions using px? or should I add another field to UiScalar/Vec
+    field could be best solution so redrawing stuff isn't needed & you can specify both as user
+
+WidgetRef<W> or smth instead of Id
+    enum that's either an Id or an actual concrete instance of W
+    painter takes them in instead of (or in addition to) id
+    then type wrapper widgets to contain them
+    allows for compile time optimization if a widget wrapper's inner is known at compile time
+        and the id of inner is not needed anywhere
+    maybe introduce InnerWidget trait to allow for editors to expose & modify inner type
+    maybe could also store a parent widget and keep using InnerWidget trait? unsure if possible
+
+really weird limitation:
+    I don't think you can currently remove an element from a parent and put it in a child of the same parent
+    because it removes the unused children after the entire parent redraw
+    but the child gets drawn during that, so it will think the child is still active !!!
+    or something like that idk, maybe I need a special enum for parent that includes a undecided state where it may or may not get redrawn by the parent
+    or just do ref counting and ensure all drawn things == 1 afterwards (seems like best way)
+
+tags
+vecs for each widget type?

readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# iris
+
+my take on a rust ui library (also my first ui library)
+
+it's called iris because it's the structure around what you actually want to display and colorful
+
+there's a `main.rs` that runs a testing window, so can just `cargo run` to see it working
+
+goals, in general order:
+1. does what I want it to (video, text, animations)
+2. very easy to use ignoring ergonomic ref counting
+3. reasonably fast / efficient (a lot faster than electron, save battery life)
+
+not targeting web rn cause wanna use actual nice gpu features & entire point of this is to make desktop apps
+
+general ideas trynna use rn / experiment with:
+- retained mode
+- specifically designed around wgpu
+- postfix functions for most things to prevent unreadable indentation (going very well)
+- no macros in user code / actual LSP typechecking (variadic generics if you can hear me please save us)
+- relative anchor + absolute offset coord system (+ "rest" / leftover during widget layout)
+- single threaded ui & pass context around to make non async usage straightforward (pretty unsure about this)
+- widgets store outside of the actual rendering so they can be moved around and swapped easily (unsure about this but seems to work good for now)
+
+under heavy initial development so not gonna try to explain status, check TODO for that maybe
+sizable chance it gets a rewrite once I know everything I need and what seems to work best

src/base/mod.rs

@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-use std::ops::Range;
-
-use crate::{
-    primitive::{Axis, Painter, RoundedRectData, UIRegion},
-    UIColor, Widget, WidgetArrLike, WidgetFn, WidgetId, WidgetLike,
-};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct RoundedRect {
-    pub color: UIColor,
-    pub radius: f32,
-    pub thickness: f32,
-    pub inner_radius: f32,
-}
-
-impl RoundedRect {
-    pub fn color(mut self, color: UIColor) -> Self {
-        self.color = color;
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for RoundedRect {
-    fn draw(&self, painter: &mut Painter) {
-        painter.write(RoundedRectData {
-            color: self.color,
-            radius: self.radius,
-            thickness: self.thickness,
-            inner_radius: self.inner_radius,
-        });
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct Span {
-    pub elements: Vec<(Range<f32>, WidgetId)>,
-    pub axis: Axis,
-}
-
-impl Widget for Span {
-    fn draw(&self, painter: &mut Painter) {
-        for (span, child) in &self.elements {
-            let mut sub_region = UIRegion::full();
-            let view = sub_region.axis_mut(self.axis);
-            *view.top_left.anchor = span.start;
-            *view.bot_right.anchor = span.end;
-            painter.draw_within(child, sub_region);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Span {
-    pub fn proportioned<const LEN: usize>(
-        axis: Axis,
-        ratios: [impl UINum; LEN],
-        elements: [WidgetId; LEN],
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ratios = ratios.map(|r| r.to_f32());
-        let total: f32 = ratios.iter().sum();
-        let mut start = 0.0;
-        Self {
-            elements: elements
-                .into_iter()
-                .zip(ratios)
-                .map(|(e, r)| {
-                    let end = start + r / total;
-                    let res = (start..end, e);
-                    start = end;
-                    res
-                })
-                .collect(),
-            axis,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct Regioned {
-    region: UIRegion,
-    inner: WidgetId,
-}
-
-impl Widget for Regioned {
-    fn draw(&self, painter: &mut Painter) {
-        painter.region.select(&self.region);
-        painter.draw(&self.inner);
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct Padding {
-    left: f32,
-    right: f32,
-    top: f32,
-    bottom: f32,
-}
-
-impl Padding {
-    pub fn uniform(amt: f32) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            left: amt,
-            right: amt,
-            top: amt,
-            bottom: amt,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn region(&self) -> UIRegion {
-        let mut region = UIRegion::full();
-        region.top_left.offset.x += self.left;
-        region.top_left.offset.y += self.top;
-        region.bot_right.offset.x -= self.right;
-        region.bot_right.offset.y -= self.bottom;
-        region
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: UINum> From<T> for Padding {
-    fn from(amt: T) -> Self {
-        Self::uniform(amt.to_f32())
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait WidgetUtil<W> {
-    fn pad(self, padding: impl Into<Padding>) -> impl WidgetLike<Regioned>;
-}
-
-impl<W: Widget, WL: WidgetLike<W>> WidgetUtil<W> for WL {
-    fn pad(self, padding: impl Into<Padding>) -> impl WidgetLike<Regioned> {
-        WidgetFn(|ui| Regioned {
-            region: padding.into().region(),
-            inner: self.id(ui).erase_type(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait WidgetArrUtil<const LEN: usize, Ws> {
-    fn span(self, axis: Axis, ratios: [impl UINum; LEN]) -> impl WidgetLike<Span>;
-}
-
-impl<const LEN: usize, Ws, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Ws>> WidgetArrUtil<LEN, Ws> for Wa {
-    fn span(self, axis: Axis, ratios: [impl UINum; LEN]) -> impl WidgetLike<Span> {
-        WidgetFn(move |ui| Span::proportioned(axis, ratios, self.ui(ui).arr))
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait UINum {
-    fn to_f32(self) -> f32;
-}
-
-impl UINum for f32 {
-    fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl UINum for u32 {
-    fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
-        self as f32
-    }
-}
-
-impl UINum for i32 {
-    fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
-        self as f32
-    }
-}

src/core/image.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use image::DynamicImage;
+
+pub struct Image {
+    handle: TextureHandle,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Image {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        painter.texture(&self.handle);
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::abs(self.handle.size().x)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::abs(self.handle.size().y)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn image(image: impl LoadableImage) -> impl WidgetFn<Image> {
+    let image = image.get_image().expect("Failed to load image");
+    move |ui| Image {
+        handle: ui.add_texture(image),
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait LoadableImage {
+    fn get_image(self) -> Result<DynamicImage, String>;
+}
+
+impl LoadableImage for &str {
+    fn get_image(self) -> Result<DynamicImage, String> {
+        image::open(self).map_err(|e| format!("{e:?}"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl LoadableImage for String {
+    fn get_image(self) -> Result<DynamicImage, String> {
+        image::open(self).map_err(|e| format!("{e:?}"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const LEN: usize> LoadableImage for &[u8; LEN] {
+    fn get_image(self) -> Result<DynamicImage, String> {
+        image::load_from_memory(self).map_err(|e| format!("{e:?}"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl LoadableImage for DynamicImage {
+    fn get_image(self) -> Result<DynamicImage, String> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+}

src/core/mask.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct Masked {
+    pub inner: WidgetId,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Masked {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        painter.set_mask(painter.region());
+        painter.widget(&self.inner);
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        ctx.width(&self.inner)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        ctx.height(&self.inner)
+    }
+}

src/core/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+mod image;
+mod mask;
+mod position;
+mod ptr;
+mod rect;
+mod sense;
+mod text;
+mod trait_fns;
+
+pub use image::*;
+pub use mask::*;
+pub use position::*;
+pub use ptr::*;
+pub use rect::*;
+pub use sense::*;
+pub use text::*;
+pub use trait_fns::*;

src/core/position/align.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct Aligned {
+    pub inner: WidgetId,
+    pub align: Align,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Aligned {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        let region = match self.align {
+            Align {
+                x: Some(x),
+                y: Some(y),
+            } => {
+                painter
+                    .size(&self.inner)
+                    .to_uivec2()
+                    .align(RegionAlign { x, y })
+            }
+            Align {
+                x: Some(x),
+                y: None,
+            } => {
+                let x = painter.size_ctx().width(&self.inner).apply_rest().align(x);
+                UiRegion::new(x, UiSpan::FULL)
+            }
+            Align {
+                x: None,
+                y: Some(y),
+            } => {
+                let y = painter.size_ctx().height(&self.inner).apply_rest().align(y);
+                UiRegion::new(UiSpan::FULL, y)
+            }
+            Align { x: None, y: None } => UiRegion::FULL,
+        };
+        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region);
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        ctx.width(&self.inner)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        ctx.height(&self.inner)
+    }
+}

src/core/position/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+mod align;
+mod offset;
+mod pad;
+mod sized;
+mod span;
+mod stack;
+
+pub use align::*;
+pub use offset::*;
+pub use pad::*;
+pub use sized::*;
+pub use span::*;
+pub use stack::*;

src/core/position/offset.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct Offset {
+    pub inner: WidgetId,
+    pub amt: UiVec2,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Offset {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        let region = UiRegion::FULL.offset(self.amt);
+        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region);
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        ctx.width(&self.inner)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        ctx.height(&self.inner)
+    }
+}

src/core/position/pad.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct Pad {
+    pub padding: Padding,
+    pub inner: WidgetId,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Pad {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, self.padding.region());
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        let width = self.padding.left + self.padding.right;
+        let height = self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom;
+        ctx.outer.x.abs -= width;
+        ctx.outer.y.abs -= height;
+        let mut size = ctx.width(&self.inner);
+        size.abs += width;
+        size
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        let width = self.padding.left + self.padding.right;
+        let height = self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom;
+        ctx.outer.x.abs -= width;
+        ctx.outer.y.abs -= height;
+        let mut size = ctx.height(&self.inner);
+        size.abs += height;
+        size
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Padding {
+    pub left: f32,
+    pub right: f32,
+    pub top: f32,
+    pub bottom: f32,
+}
+
+impl Padding {
+    pub fn uniform(amt: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        let amt = amt.to_f32();
+        Self {
+            left: amt,
+            right: amt,
+            top: amt,
+            bottom: amt,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn region(&self) -> UiRegion {
+        let mut region = UiRegion::FULL;
+        region.x.start.abs += self.left;
+        region.y.start.abs += self.top;
+        region.x.end.abs -= self.right;
+        region.y.end.abs -= self.bottom;
+        region
+    }
+    pub fn x(amt: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        let amt = amt.to_f32();
+        Self {
+            left: amt,
+            right: amt,
+            top: 0.0,
+            bottom: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn y(amt: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        let amt = amt.to_f32();
+        Self {
+            left: 0.0,
+            right: 0.0,
+            top: amt,
+            bottom: amt,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: UiNum> From<T> for Padding {
+    fn from(amt: T) -> Self {
+        Self::uniform(amt.to_f32())
+    }
+}

src/core/position/sized.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct Sized {
+    pub inner: WidgetId,
+    pub x: Option<Len>,
+    pub y: Option<Len>,
+}
+
+impl Sized {
+    fn apply_to_outer(&self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) {
+        if let Some(x) = self.x {
+            ctx.outer.x.select_len(x.apply_rest());
+        }
+        if let Some(y) = self.y {
+            ctx.outer.y.select_len(y.apply_rest());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for Sized {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        painter.widget(&self.inner);
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        self.apply_to_outer(ctx);
+        self.x.unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.width(&self.inner))
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        self.apply_to_outer(ctx);
+        self.y.unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.height(&self.inner))
+    }
+}

src/core/position/span.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+pub struct Span {
+    pub children: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    pub dir: Dir,
+    pub gap: f32,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Span {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        let total = self.len_sum(&mut painter.size_ctx());
+        let mut start = UiScalar::rel_min();
+        for child in &self.children {
+            let mut span = UiSpan::FULL;
+            span.start = start;
+            let len = painter.len_axis(child, self.dir.axis);
+            if len.rest > 0.0 {
+                let offset = UiScalar::new(total.rel, total.abs);
+                let rel_end = UiScalar::rel(len.rest / total.rest);
+                let end = (UiScalar::rel_max() + start) - offset;
+                start = rel_end.within(&start.to(end));
+            }
+            start.abs += len.abs;
+            start.rel += len.rel;
+            span.end = start;
+            let mut child_region = UiRegion::from_axis(self.dir.axis, span, UiSpan::FULL);
+            if self.dir.sign == Sign::Neg {
+                child_region.flip(self.dir.axis);
+            }
+            painter.widget_within(child, child_region);
+            start.abs += self.gap;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        match self.dir.axis {
+            Axis::X => self.desired_len(ctx),
+            Axis::Y => self.desired_ortho(ctx),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        match self.dir.axis {
+            Axis::X => self.desired_ortho(ctx),
+            Axis::Y => self.desired_len(ctx),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Span {
+    pub fn empty(dir: Dir) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            children: Vec::new(),
+            dir,
+            gap: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn gap(mut self, gap: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        self.gap = gap.to_f32();
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn len_sum(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        let gap = self.gap * self.children.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32;
+        self.children.iter().fold(Len::abs(gap), |mut s, id| {
+            // it's tempting to subtract the abs & rel from the ctx outer,
+            // but that would create inconsistent sizing if you put
+            // a rest first vs last & only speed up in one direction.
+            // I think this is only solvable by restricting how you can
+            // compute size, bc currently you need child to define parent's
+            // sectioning and you need parent's sectioning to define child.
+            // Fortunately, that doesn't matter in most cases
+            let len = ctx.len_axis(id, self.dir.axis);
+            s += len;
+            s
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn desired_len(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        let len = self.len_sum(ctx);
+        if len.rest == 0.0 && len.rel == 0.0 {
+            len
+        } else {
+            Len::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_ortho(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        // this is an awful hack to get text wrapping to work properly when in a downward span
+        let outer = ctx.outer.axis(self.dir.axis);
+        if self.dir.axis == Axis::X {
+            // so....... this literally copies draw so that the lengths are correctly set in the
+            // context, which makes this slow and not cool
+            let total = self.len_sum(ctx);
+            let mut start = UiScalar::rel_min();
+            let mut ortho_len = Len::ZERO;
+            for child in &self.children {
+                let mut span = UiSpan::FULL;
+                span.start = start;
+                let len = ctx.len_axis(child, self.dir.axis);
+                if len.rest > 0.0 {
+                    let offset = UiScalar::new(total.rel, total.abs);
+                    let rel_end = UiScalar::rel(len.rest / total.rest);
+                    let end = (UiScalar::rel_max() + start) - offset;
+                    start = rel_end.within(&start.to(end));
+                }
+                start.abs += len.abs;
+                start.rel += len.rel;
+                span.end = start;
+
+                let scalar = span.len();
+                *ctx.outer.axis_mut(self.dir.axis) = outer.select_len(scalar);
+                let ortho = ctx.len_axis(child, !self.dir.axis);
+                // TODO: rel shouldn't do this, but no easy way before actually calculating pixels
+                if ortho.rel > 0.0 || ortho.rest > 0.0 {
+                    ortho_len.rest = 1.0;
+                    ortho_len.abs = 0.0;
+                    break;
+                }
+                ortho_len.abs = ortho_len.abs.max(ortho.abs);
+                start.abs += self.gap;
+            }
+            ortho_len
+        } else {
+            let mut ortho_len = Len::ZERO;
+            let ortho = !self.dir.axis;
+            for child in &self.children {
+                let len = ctx.len_axis(child, ortho);
+                // TODO: rel shouldn't do this, but no easy way before actually calculating pixels
+                if len.rel > 0.0 || len.rest > 0.0 {
+                    ortho_len.rest = 1.0;
+                    ortho_len.abs = 0.0;
+                    break;
+                }
+                ortho_len.abs = ortho_len.abs.max(len.abs);
+            }
+            ortho_len
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SpanBuilder<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> {
+    pub children: Wa,
+    pub dir: Dir,
+    pub gap: f32,
+    _pd: PhantomData<Tag>,
+}
+
+impl<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> FnOnce<(&mut Ui,)>
+    for SpanBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag>
+{
+    type Output = Span;
+
+    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: (&mut Ui,)) -> Self::Output {
+        Span {
+            children: self.children.ui(args.0).arr.to_vec(),
+            dir: self.dir,
+            gap: self.gap,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> SpanBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag> {
+    pub fn new(children: Wa, dir: Dir) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            children,
+            dir,
+            gap: 0.0,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn gap(mut self, gap: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        self.gap = gap.to_f32();
+        self
+    }
+}

src/core/position/stack.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct Stack {
+    pub children: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    pub size: StackSize,
+    pub offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Stack {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        for _ in 0..self.offset {
+            painter.next_layer();
+        }
+        let mut iter = self.children.iter();
+        if let Some(child) = iter.next() {
+            painter.child_layer();
+            painter.widget(child);
+        }
+        for child in iter {
+            painter.next_layer();
+            painter.widget(child);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        match self.size {
+            StackSize::Default => Len::default(),
+            StackSize::Child(i) => ctx.width(&self.children[i]),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        match self.size {
+            StackSize::Default => Len::default(),
+            StackSize::Child(i) => ctx.height(&self.children[i]),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+pub enum StackSize {
+    #[default]
+    Default,
+    Child(usize),
+}
+
+pub struct StackBuilder<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> {
+    pub children: Wa,
+    pub size: StackSize,
+    pub offset: usize,
+    _pd: PhantomData<Tag>,
+}
+
+impl<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> FnOnce<(&mut Ui,)>
+    for StackBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag>
+{
+    type Output = Stack;
+
+    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: (&mut Ui,)) -> Self::Output {
+        Stack {
+            children: self.children.ui(args.0).arr.to_vec(),
+            offset: self.offset,
+            size: self.size,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> StackBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag> {
+    pub fn new(children: Wa) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            children,
+            size: StackSize::default(),
+            offset: 0,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn size(mut self, size: StackSize) -> Self {
+        self.size = size;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset_layer(mut self, offset: usize) -> Self {
+        self.offset = offset;
+        self
+    }
+}

src/core/ptr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct WidgetPtr {
+    pub inner: Option<WidgetId>,
+}
+
+impl Widget for WidgetPtr {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        if let Some(id) = &self.inner {
+            painter.widget(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        if let Some(id) = &self.inner {
+            ctx.width(id)
+        } else {
+            Len::ZERO
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        if let Some(id) = &self.inner {
+            ctx.height(id)
+        } else {
+            Len::ZERO
+        }
+    }
+}

src/core/rect.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Rect {
+    pub color: UiColor,
+    pub radius: f32,
+    pub thickness: f32,
+    pub inner_radius: f32,
+}
+
+impl Rect {
+    pub fn new(color: UiColor) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            color,
+            radius: 0.0,
+            inner_radius: 0.0,
+            thickness: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn color(mut self, color: UiColor) -> Self {
+        self.color = color;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn radius(mut self, radius: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        self.radius = radius.to_f32();
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for Rect {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        painter.primitive(RectPrimitive {
+            color: self.color,
+            radius: self.radius,
+            thickness: self.thickness,
+            inner_radius: self.inner_radius,
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::rest(1)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::rest(1)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn rect(color: UiColor) -> Rect {
+    Rect::new(color)
+}

src/core/sense.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+use std::{
+    ops::{BitOr, Deref, DerefMut},
+    rc::Rc,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    layout::{UiModule, UiRegion, Vec2},
+    util::{HashMap, Id},
+};
+
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+pub enum Button {
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    Middle,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+pub enum CursorSense {
+    PressStart(Button),
+    Pressing(Button),
+    PressEnd(Button),
+    HoverStart,
+    Hovering,
+    HoverEnd,
+    Scroll,
+}
+
+pub struct CursorSenses(Vec<CursorSense>);
+
+impl CursorSense {
+    pub fn click() -> Self {
+        Self::PressStart(Button::Left)
+    }
+    pub fn unclick() -> Self {
+        Self::PressEnd(Button::Left)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub struct CursorState {
+    pub pos: Vec2,
+    pub exists: bool,
+    pub buttons: CursorButtons,
+    pub scroll_delta: Vec2,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub struct CursorButtons {
+    pub left: ActivationState,
+    pub middle: ActivationState,
+    pub right: ActivationState,
+}
+
+impl CursorButtons {
+    pub fn select(&self, button: &Button) -> &ActivationState {
+        match button {
+            Button::Left => &self.left,
+            Button::Right => &self.right,
+            Button::Middle => &self.middle,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn end_frame(&mut self) {
+        self.left.end_frame();
+        self.middle.end_frame();
+        self.right.end_frame();
+    }
+}
+
+impl CursorState {
+    pub fn end_frame(&mut self) {
+        self.buttons.end_frame();
+        self.scroll_delta = Vec2::ZERO;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ActivationState {
+    Start,
+    On,
+    End,
+    #[default]
+    Off,
+}
+
+/// this and other similar stuff has a generic
+/// because I kind of want to make CursorModule generic
+/// or basically have some way to have custom senses
+/// that depend on active widget positions
+/// but I'm not sure how or if worth it
+pub struct Sensor<Ctx, Data> {
+    pub senses: CursorSenses,
+    pub f: Rc<dyn EventFn<Ctx, Data>>,
+}
+
+pub type SensorMap<Ctx, Data> = HashMap<Id, SensorGroup<Ctx, Data>>;
+pub type SenseShape = UiRegion;
+pub struct SensorGroup<Ctx, Data> {
+    pub hover: ActivationState,
+    pub sensors: Vec<Sensor<Ctx, Data>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CursorData {
+    pub cursor: Vec2,
+    pub size: Vec2,
+    pub scroll_delta: Vec2,
+}
+
+pub struct CursorModule<Ctx> {
+    map: SensorMap<Ctx, CursorData>,
+    active: HashMap<usize, HashMap<Id, SenseShape>>,
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: 'static> UiModule for CursorModule<Ctx> {
+    fn on_draw(&mut self, inst: &WidgetInstance) {
+        if self.map.contains_key(&inst.id) {
+            self.active
+                .entry(inst.layer)
+                .or_default()
+                .insert(inst.id, inst.region);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn on_undraw(&mut self, inst: &WidgetInstance) {
+        if let Some(layer) = self.active.get_mut(&inst.layer) {
+            layer.remove(&inst.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn on_remove(&mut self, id: &Id) {
+        self.map.remove(id);
+        for layer in self.active.values_mut() {
+            layer.remove(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn on_move(&mut self, inst: &WidgetInstance) {
+        if let Some(map) = self.active.get_mut(&inst.layer)
+            && let Some(region) = map.get_mut(&inst.id)
+        {
+            *region = inst.region;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx> CursorModule<Ctx> {
+    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        for (id, group) in other.map {
+            for sensor in group.sensors {
+                self.map.entry(id).or_default().sensors.push(sensor);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait SensorCtx: UiCtx {
+    fn run_sensors(&mut self, cursor: &CursorState, window_size: Vec2);
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: UiCtx + 'static> SensorCtx for Ctx {
+    fn run_sensors(&mut self, cursor: &CursorState, window_size: Vec2) {
+        CursorModule::<Ctx>::run(self, cursor, window_size);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: UiCtx + 'static> CursorModule<Ctx> {
+    pub fn run(ctx: &mut Ctx, cursor: &CursorState, window_size: Vec2) {
+        let layers = std::mem::take(&mut ctx.ui().data.layers);
+        let mut module = std::mem::take(ctx.ui().data.modules.get_mut::<Self>());
+
+        for i in layers.indices().rev() {
+            let Some(list) = module.active.get_mut(&i) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let mut sensed = false;
+            for (id, shape) in list.iter() {
+                let group = module.map.get_mut(id).unwrap();
+                let region = shape.to_px(window_size);
+                let in_shape = cursor.exists && region.contains(cursor.pos);
+                group.hover.update(in_shape);
+                if group.hover == ActivationState::Off {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                sensed = true;
+
+                for sensor in &mut group.sensors {
+                    if should_run(&sensor.senses, cursor, group.hover) {
+                        let data = CursorData {
+                            cursor: cursor.pos - region.top_left,
+                            size: region.bot_right - region.top_left,
+                            scroll_delta: cursor.scroll_delta,
+                        };
+                        (sensor.f)(ctx, data);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if sensed {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let ui_mod = ctx.ui().data.modules.get_mut::<Self>();
+        std::mem::swap(ui_mod, &mut module);
+        ui_mod.merge(module);
+        ctx.ui().data.layers = layers;
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn should_run(senses: &CursorSenses, cursor: &CursorState, hover: ActivationState) -> bool {
+    for sense in senses.iter() {
+        if match sense {
+            CursorSense::PressStart(button) => cursor.buttons.select(button).is_start(),
+            CursorSense::Pressing(button) => cursor.buttons.select(button).is_on(),
+            CursorSense::PressEnd(button) => cursor.buttons.select(button).is_end(),
+            CursorSense::HoverStart => hover.is_start(),
+            CursorSense::Hovering => hover.is_on(),
+            CursorSense::HoverEnd => hover.is_end(),
+            CursorSense::Scroll => cursor.scroll_delta != Vec2::ZERO,
+        } {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+impl ActivationState {
+    pub fn is_start(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == Self::Start
+    }
+    pub fn is_on(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == Self::Start || *self == Self::On
+    }
+    pub fn is_end(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == Self::End
+    }
+    pub fn is_off(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == Self::End || *self == Self::Off
+    }
+    pub fn update(&mut self, on: bool) {
+        *self = match *self {
+            Self::Start => match on {
+                true => Self::On,
+                false => Self::End,
+            },
+            Self::On => match on {
+                true => Self::On,
+                false => Self::End,
+            },
+            Self::End => match on {
+                true => Self::Start,
+                false => Self::Off,
+            },
+            Self::Off => match on {
+                true => Self::Start,
+                false => Self::Off,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn end_frame(&mut self) {
+        match self {
+            Self::Start => *self = Self::On,
+            Self::End => *self = Self::Off,
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Event for CursorSenses {
+    type Module<Ctx: 'static> = CursorModule<Ctx>;
+    type Data = CursorData;
+}
+
+impl Event for CursorSense {
+    type Module<Ctx: 'static> = CursorModule<Ctx>;
+    type Data = CursorData;
+}
+
+impl<E: Event<Data = <CursorSenses as Event>::Data> + Into<CursorSenses>, Ctx: 'static> EventModule<E, Ctx>
+    for CursorModule<Ctx>
+{
+    fn register(&mut self, id: Id, senses: E, f: impl EventFn<Ctx, <E as Event>::Data>) {
+        // TODO: does not add to active if currently active
+        self.map.entry(id).or_default().sensors.push(Sensor {
+            senses: senses.into(),
+            f: Rc::new(f),
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn run<'a>(&self, id: &Id, event: E) -> Option<impl Fn(&mut Ctx, E::Data) + use<'a, E, Ctx>> {
+        let senses = event.into();
+        if let Some(group) = self.map.get(id) {
+            let fs: Vec<_> = group
+                .sensors
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|sensor| {
+                    if sensor.senses.iter().any(|s| senses.contains(s)) {
+                        Some(sensor.f.clone())
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            Some(move |ctx: &mut Ctx, data: CursorData| {
+                for f in &fs {
+                    f(ctx, data.clone());
+                }
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx, Data> Default for SensorGroup<Ctx, Data> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            hover: Default::default(),
+            sensors: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for CursorSenses {
+    type Target = Vec<CursorSense>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for CursorSenses {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CursorSense> for CursorSenses {
+    fn from(val: CursorSense) -> Self {
+        CursorSenses(vec![val])
+    }
+}
+
+impl BitOr for CursorSense {
+    type Output = CursorSenses;
+
+    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        CursorSenses(vec![self, rhs])
+    }
+}
+
+impl BitOr<CursorSense> for CursorSenses {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn bitor(mut self, rhs: CursorSense) -> Self::Output {
+        self.0.push(rhs);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx> Default for CursorModule<Ctx> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            map: Default::default(),
+            active: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/core/text/build.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+use std::marker::{PhantomData, Sized};
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use cosmic_text::{Attrs, Family, Metrics};
+
+pub trait TextBuilderOutput: Sized {
+    type Output;
+    fn run(ui: &mut Ui, builder: TextBuilder<Self>) -> Self::Output;
+}
+
+pub struct TextBuilder<O = TextOutput> {
+    pub content: String,
+    pub attrs: TextAttrs,
+    _pd: PhantomData<O>,
+}
+
+impl<O> TextBuilder<O> {
+    pub fn size(mut self, size: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        self.attrs.font_size = size.to_f32();
+        self.attrs.line_height = self.attrs.font_size * 1.1;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn color(mut self, color: UiColor) -> Self {
+        self.attrs.color = color;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn family(mut self, family: Family<'static>) -> Self {
+        self.attrs.family = family;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn line_height(mut self, height: f32) -> Self {
+        self.attrs.line_height = height;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn text_align(mut self, align: impl Into<RegionAlign>) -> Self {
+        self.attrs.align = align.into();
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: bool) -> Self {
+        self.attrs.wrap = wrap;
+        self
+    }
+    pub fn editable(self) -> TextBuilder<TextEditOutput> {
+        TextBuilder {
+            content: self.content,
+            attrs: self.attrs,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TextOutput;
+impl TextBuilderOutput for TextOutput {
+    type Output = Text;
+
+    fn run(ui: &mut Ui, builder: TextBuilder<Self>) -> Self::Output {
+        let mut buf = TextBuffer::new_empty(Metrics::new(
+            builder.attrs.font_size,
+            builder.attrs.line_height,
+        ));
+        let font_system = &mut ui.data.text.font_system;
+        buf.set_text(font_system, &builder.content, &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
+        let mut text = Text {
+            content: builder.content.into(),
+            view: TextView::new(buf, builder.attrs),
+        };
+        text.content.changed = false;
+        builder.attrs.apply(font_system, &mut text.view.buf, None);
+        text
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TextEditOutput;
+impl TextBuilderOutput for TextEditOutput {
+    type Output = TextEdit;
+
+    fn run(ui: &mut Ui, builder: TextBuilder<Self>) -> Self::Output {
+        let buf = TextBuffer::new_empty(Metrics::new(
+            builder.attrs.font_size,
+            builder.attrs.line_height,
+        ));
+        let mut text = TextEdit {
+            view: TextView::new(buf, builder.attrs),
+            cursor: None,
+        };
+        let font_system = &mut ui.data.text.font_system;
+        text.buf
+            .set_text(font_system, &builder.content, &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
+        builder.attrs.apply(font_system, &mut text.buf, None);
+        text
+    }
+}
+
+impl<O: TextBuilderOutput> FnOnce<(&mut Ui,)> for TextBuilder<O> {
+    type Output = O::Output;
+
+    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: (&mut Ui,)) -> Self::Output {
+        O::run(args.0, self)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn text(content: impl Into<String>) -> TextBuilder {
+    TextBuilder {
+        content: content.into(),
+        attrs: TextAttrs::default(),
+        _pd: PhantomData,
+    }
+}

src/core/text/edit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use cosmic_text::{Affinity, Attrs, Cursor, FontSystem, Motion};
+use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
+use winit::{
+    event::KeyEvent,
+    keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
+};
+
+pub struct TextEdit {
+    pub(super) view: TextView,
+    pub(super) cursor: Option<Cursor>,
+}
+
+impl TextEdit {
+    pub fn region(&self) -> UiRegion {
+        self.tex()
+            .map(|t| t.size())
+            .unwrap_or(Vec2::ZERO)
+            .align(self.align)
+    }
+
+    pub fn content(&self) -> String {
+        self.buf
+            .lines
+            .iter()
+            .map(|l| l.text())
+            // why is this needed?? what??
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join("\n")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for TextEdit {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        let tex = self.view.draw(&mut painter.size_ctx());
+        let region = text_region(&tex, self.align);
+        painter.texture_within(&tex.handle, region);
+
+        if let Some(cursor) = &self.cursor
+            && let Some(offset) = cursor_pos(cursor, &self.buf)
+        {
+            let size = vec2(1, self.attrs.line_height);
+            painter.primitive_within(
+                RectPrimitive::color(Color::WHITE),
+                size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT)
+                    .offset(offset)
+                    .within(&region),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::abs(self.view.draw(ctx).size().x)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::abs(self.view.draw(ctx).size().y)
+    }
+}
+
+/// copied & modified from fn found in Editor in cosmic_text
+fn cursor_pos(cursor: &Cursor, buf: &TextBuffer) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+    let mut prev = None;
+    for run in buf
+        .layout_runs()
+        .skip_while(|r| r.line_i < cursor.line)
+        .take_while(|r| r.line_i == cursor.line)
+    {
+        prev = Some((run.line_w, run.line_top));
+        for glyph in run.glyphs.iter() {
+            if cursor.index == glyph.start {
+                return Some((glyph.x, run.line_top));
+            } else if cursor.index > glyph.start && cursor.index < glyph.end {
+                // Guess x offset based on characters
+                let mut before = 0;
+                let mut total = 0;
+
+                let cluster = &run.text[glyph.start..glyph.end];
+                for (i, _) in cluster.grapheme_indices(true) {
+                    if glyph.start + i < cursor.index {
+                        before += 1;
+                    }
+                    total += 1;
+                }
+
+                let offset = glyph.w * (before as f32) / (total as f32);
+                return Some((glyph.x + offset, run.line_top));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    prev
+}
+
+pub struct TextEditCtx<'a> {
+    pub text: &'a mut TextEdit,
+    pub font_system: &'a mut FontSystem,
+}
+
+impl<'a> TextEditCtx<'a> {
+    pub fn take(&mut self) -> String {
+        let text = self
+            .text
+            .buf
+            .lines
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(|l| l.into_text())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join("\n");
+        self.text
+            .buf
+            .set_text(self.font_system, "", &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
+        if let Some(cursor) = &mut self.text.cursor {
+            cursor.line = 0;
+            cursor.index = 0;
+            cursor.affinity = Affinity::default();
+        }
+        text
+    }
+
+    pub fn motion(&mut self, motion: Motion) {
+        if let Some(cursor) = self.text.cursor
+            && let Some((cursor, _)) =
+                self.text
+                    .buf
+                    .cursor_motion(self.font_system, cursor, None, motion)
+        {
+            self.text.cursor = Some(cursor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn replace(&mut self, len: usize, text: &str) {
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            self.delete();
+        }
+        self.insert_inner(text, false);
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, text: &str) {
+        let mut lines = text.split('\n');
+        let Some(first) = lines.next() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        self.insert_inner(first, true);
+        for line in lines {
+            self.newline();
+            self.insert_inner(line, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn insert_inner(&mut self, text: &str, mov: bool) {
+        if let Some(cursor) = &mut self.text.cursor {
+            let line = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines[cursor.line];
+            let mut line_text = line.text().to_string();
+            line_text.insert_str(cursor.index, text);
+            line.set_text(line_text, line.ending(), line.attrs_list().clone());
+            if mov {
+                for _ in 0..text.chars().count() {
+                    self.motion(Motion::Right);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn newline(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(cursor) = &mut self.text.cursor {
+            let lines = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines;
+            let line = &mut lines[cursor.line];
+            let new = line.split_off(cursor.index);
+            cursor.line += 1;
+            lines.insert(cursor.line, new);
+            cursor.index = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn backspace(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(cursor) = &mut self.text.cursor
+            && (cursor.index != 0 || cursor.line != 0)
+        {
+            self.motion(Motion::Left);
+            self.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(cursor) = &mut self.text.cursor {
+            let lines = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines;
+            let line = &mut lines[cursor.line];
+            if cursor.index == line.text().len() {
+                if cursor.line == lines.len() - 1 {
+                    return;
+                }
+                let add = lines.remove(cursor.line + 1).into_text();
+                let line = &mut lines[cursor.line];
+                let mut cur = line.text().to_string();
+                cur.push_str(&add);
+                line.set_text(cur, line.ending(), line.attrs_list().clone());
+            } else {
+                let mut text = line.text().to_string();
+                text.remove(cursor.index);
+                line.set_text(text, line.ending(), line.attrs_list().clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn select(&mut self, pos: Vec2, size: Vec2) {
+        let pos = pos - self.text.region().top_left().to_abs(size);
+        self.text.cursor = self.text.buf.hit(pos.x, pos.y);
+    }
+
+    pub fn deselect(&mut self) {
+        self.text.cursor = None;
+    }
+
+    pub fn apply_event(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent, modifiers: &Modifiers) -> TextInputResult {
+        match &event.logical_key {
+            Key::Named(named) => match named {
+                NamedKey::Backspace => self.backspace(),
+                NamedKey::Delete => self.delete(),
+                NamedKey::Space => self.insert(" "),
+                NamedKey::Enter => {
+                    if modifiers.shift {
+                        self.newline();
+                    } else {
+                        return TextInputResult::Submit;
+                    }
+                }
+                NamedKey::ArrowRight => self.motion(Motion::Right),
+                NamedKey::ArrowLeft => self.motion(Motion::Left),
+                NamedKey::ArrowUp => self.motion(Motion::Up),
+                NamedKey::ArrowDown => self.motion(Motion::Down),
+                NamedKey::Escape => {
+                    self.deselect();
+                    return TextInputResult::Unfocus;
+                }
+                _ => return TextInputResult::Unused,
+            },
+            Key::Character(text) => {
+                if modifiers.control && text == "v" {
+                    return TextInputResult::Paste;
+                } else {
+                    self.insert(text)
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return TextInputResult::Unused,
+        }
+        TextInputResult::Used
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Modifiers {
+    pub shift: bool,
+    pub control: bool,
+}
+
+impl Modifiers {
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.shift = false;
+        self.control = false;
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum TextInputResult {
+    Used,
+    Unused,
+    Unfocus,
+    Submit,
+    Paste,
+}
+
+impl TextInputResult {
+    pub fn unfocus(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, TextInputResult::Unfocus)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for TextEdit {
+    type Target = TextView;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.view
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for TextEdit {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.view
+    }
+}

src/core/text/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+mod build;
+mod edit;
+
+pub use build::*;
+pub use edit::*;
+
+use crate::{prelude::*, util::MutDetect};
+use cosmic_text::{Attrs, Metrics, Shaping};
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+pub const SHAPING: Shaping = Shaping::Advanced;
+
+pub struct Text {
+    pub content: MutDetect<String>,
+    view: TextView,
+}
+
+pub struct TextView {
+    pub attrs: MutDetect<TextAttrs>,
+    pub buf: MutDetect<TextBuffer>,
+    // cache
+    tex: Option<TextTexture>,
+    width: Option<f32>,
+}
+
+impl TextView {
+    pub fn new(buf: TextBuffer, attrs: TextAttrs) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            attrs: attrs.into(),
+            buf: buf.into(),
+            tex: None,
+            width: None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn draw(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> TextTexture {
+        let width = if self.attrs.wrap {
+            Some(ctx.px_size().x)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        if width == self.width
+            && let Some(tex) = &self.tex
+            && !self.attrs.changed
+            && !self.buf.changed
+        {
+            return tex.clone();
+        }
+        self.width = width;
+        let font_system = &mut ctx.text.font_system;
+        self.attrs.apply(font_system, &mut self.buf, width);
+        self.buf.shape_until_scroll(font_system, false);
+        let tex = ctx.draw_text(&mut self.buf, &self.attrs);
+        self.tex = Some(tex.clone());
+        self.attrs.changed = false;
+        self.buf.changed = false;
+        tex
+    }
+    pub fn tex(&self) -> Option<&TextTexture> {
+        self.tex.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Text {
+    pub fn new(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        let attrs = TextAttrs::default();
+        let buf = TextBuffer::new_empty(Metrics::new(attrs.font_size, attrs.line_height));
+        Self {
+            content: content.into().into(),
+            view: TextView::new(buf, attrs),
+        }
+    }
+    fn update_buf(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> TextTexture {
+        if self.content.changed {
+            self.content.changed = false;
+            self.view.buf.set_text(
+                &mut ctx.text.font_system,
+                &self.content,
+                &Attrs::new().family(self.view.attrs.family),
+                SHAPING,
+                None,
+            );
+        }
+        self.view.draw(ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Widget for Text {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+        let tex = self.update_buf(&mut painter.size_ctx());
+        let region = text_region(&tex, self.align);
+        painter.texture_within(&tex.handle, region);
+    }
+
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::abs(self.update_buf(ctx).size().x)
+    }
+
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::abs(self.update_buf(ctx).size().y)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn text_region(tex: &TextTexture, align: RegionAlign) -> UiRegion {
+    let tex_dims = tex.handle.size();
+    let mut region = tex.size().align(align);
+    region.x.start.abs += tex.top_left.x;
+    region.y.start.abs += tex.top_left.y;
+    region.x.end.abs = region.x.start.abs + tex_dims.x;
+    region.y.end.abs = region.y.start.abs + tex_dims.y;
+    region
+}
+
+impl Deref for Text {
+    type Target = TextAttrs;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.view
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for Text {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.view
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for TextView {
+    type Target = TextAttrs;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.attrs
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for TextView {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.attrs
+    }
+}

src/core/trait_fns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub trait CoreWidget<W, Tag> {
+    fn pad(self, padding: impl Into<Padding>) -> impl WidgetFn<Pad>;
+    fn align(self, align: impl Into<Align>) -> impl WidgetFn<Aligned>;
+    fn center(self) -> impl WidgetFn<Aligned>;
+    fn label(self, label: impl Into<String>) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W>;
+    fn sized(self, size: impl Into<Size>) -> impl WidgetFn<Sized>;
+    fn width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Sized>;
+    fn height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Sized>;
+    fn offset(self, amt: impl Into<UiVec2>) -> impl WidgetFn<Offset>;
+    fn scroll(self) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Offset>;
+    fn masked(self) -> impl WidgetFn<Masked>;
+    fn background<T>(self, w: impl WidgetLike<T>) -> impl WidgetFn<Stack>;
+    fn z_offset(self, offset: usize) -> impl WidgetFn<Stack>;
+}
+
+impl<W: WidgetLike<Tag>, Tag> CoreWidget<W::Widget, Tag> for W {
+    fn pad(self, padding: impl Into<Padding>) -> impl WidgetFn<Pad> {
+        |ui| Pad {
+            padding: padding.into(),
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn align(self, align: impl Into<Align>) -> impl WidgetFn<Aligned> {
+        move |ui| Aligned {
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+            align: align.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn center(self) -> impl WidgetFn<Aligned> {
+        self.align(Align::CENTER)
+    }
+
+    fn label(self, label: impl Into<String>) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W::Widget> {
+        |ui| {
+            let id = self.add(ui);
+            ui.set_label(&id, label.into());
+            id
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sized(self, size: impl Into<Size>) -> impl WidgetFn<Sized> {
+        let size = size.into();
+        move |ui| Sized {
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+            x: Some(size.x),
+            y: Some(size.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Sized> {
+        let len = len.into();
+        move |ui| Sized {
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+            x: Some(len),
+            y: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Sized> {
+        let len = len.into();
+        move |ui| Sized {
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+            x: None,
+            y: Some(len),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn offset(self, amt: impl Into<UiVec2>) -> impl WidgetFn<Offset> {
+        move |ui| Offset {
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+            amt: amt.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn scroll(self) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Offset> {
+        self.offset(UiVec2::ZERO)
+            .edit_on(CursorSense::Scroll, |w, data| {
+                w.amt += UiVec2::abs(data.scroll_delta * 50.0);
+            })
+    }
+
+    fn masked(self) -> impl WidgetFn<Masked> {
+        move |ui| Masked {
+            inner: self.add(ui).any(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn background<T>(self, w: impl WidgetLike<T>) -> impl WidgetFn<Stack> {
+        move |ui| Stack {
+            children: vec![w.add(ui).any(), self.add(ui).any()],
+            size: StackSize::Child(1),
+            offset: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn z_offset(self, offset: usize) -> impl WidgetFn<Stack> {
+        move |ui| Stack {
+            children: vec![self.add(ui).any()],
+            size: StackSize::Child(0),
+            offset,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait CoreWidgetArr<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> {
+    fn span(self, dir: Dir) -> SpanBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag>;
+    fn stack(self) -> StackBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag>;
+}
+
+impl<const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<LEN, Tag>, Tag> CoreWidgetArr<LEN, Wa, Tag> for Wa {
+    fn span(self, dir: Dir) -> SpanBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag> {
+        SpanBuilder::new(self, dir)
+    }
+    fn stack(self) -> StackBuilder<LEN, Wa, Tag> {
+        StackBuilder::new(self)
+    }
+}

src/layout/color.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#![allow(clippy::multiple_bound_locations)]
+
+/// stored in linear for sane manipulation
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Zeroable, Debug)]
+pub struct Color<T: ColorNum> {
+    pub r: T,
+    pub g: T,
+    pub b: T,
+    pub a: T,
+}
+
+impl<T: ColorNum> Color<T> {
+    pub const BLACK: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MIN);
+    pub const WHITE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MAX, T::MAX);
+
+    pub const RED: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MIN, T::MIN);
+    pub const ORANGE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MID, T::MIN);
+    pub const YELLOW: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MAX, T::MIN);
+    pub const LIME: Self = Self::rgb(T::MID, T::MAX, T::MIN);
+    pub const GREEN: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MAX, T::MIN);
+    pub const TURQUOISE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MAX, T::MID);
+    pub const CYAN: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MAX, T::MAX);
+    pub const SKY: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MID, T::MAX);
+    pub const BLUE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MAX);
+    pub const PURPLE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MID, T::MIN, T::MAX);
+    pub const MAGENTA: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MIN, T::MAX);
+
+    pub const NONE: Self = Self::new(T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MIN);
+
+    pub const fn new(r: T, g: T, b: T, a: T) -> Self {
+        Self { r, g, b, a }
+    }
+    pub const fn rgb(r: T, g: T, b: T) -> Self {
+        Self { r, g, b, a: T::MAX }
+    }
+    pub fn alpha(mut self, a: T) -> Self {
+        self.a = a;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_arr(self) -> [T; 4] {
+        [self.r, self.g, self.b, self.a]
+    }
+}
+
+pub const trait F32Conversion {
+    fn to(self) -> f32;
+    fn from(x: f32) -> Self;
+}
+
+pub trait ColorNum {
+    const MIN: Self;
+    const MID: Self;
+    const MAX: Self;
+}
+
+impl<T: ColorNum + F32Conversion> Color<T> {
+    pub fn mul_rgb(self, amt: impl F32Conversion) -> Self {
+        let amt = amt.to();
+        self.map_rgb(|x| T::from(x.to() * amt))
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_rgb(self, amt: impl F32Conversion) -> Self {
+        let amt = amt.to();
+        self.map_rgb(|x| T::from(x.to() + amt))
+    }
+
+    pub fn darker(self, amt: f32) -> Self {
+        self.mul_rgb(1.0 - amt)
+    }
+
+    pub fn brighter(self, amt: f32) -> Self {
+        self.map_rgb(|x| {
+            let x = x.to();
+            T::from(x + (1.0 - x) * amt)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn map_rgb(self, f: impl Fn(T) -> T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            r: f(self.r),
+            g: f(self.g),
+            b: f(self.b),
+            a: self.a,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn srgb(r: T, g: T, b: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            r: s_to_l(r),
+            g: s_to_l(g),
+            b: s_to_l(b),
+            a: T::MAX,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn s_to_l<T: F32Conversion>(x: T) -> T {
+    let x = x.to();
+    T::from(if x <= 0.0405 {
+        x / 12.92
+    } else {
+        ((x + 0.055) / 1.055).powf(2.4)
+    })
+}
+
+impl ColorNum for u8 {
+    const MIN: Self = u8::MIN;
+    const MID: Self = u8::MAX / 2;
+    const MAX: Self = u8::MAX;
+}
+
+impl ColorNum for f32 {
+    const MIN: Self = 0.0;
+    const MID: Self = 0.5;
+    const MAX: Self = 1.0;
+}
+
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for Color<u8> {}
+
+impl const F32Conversion for f32 {
+    fn to(self) -> f32 {
+        self
+    }
+    fn from(x: f32) -> Self {
+        x
+    }
+}
+
+impl const F32Conversion for u8 {
+    fn to(self) -> f32 {
+        self as f32 / 255.0
+    }
+    fn from(x: f32) -> Self {
+        (x * 255.0).clamp(0.0, 255.0) as Self
+    }
+}

src/layout/data.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
+
+use crate::util::{HashMap, Id};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct UiData {
+    map: HashMap<TypeId, Box<dyn Any>>,
+}
+
+impl UiData {
+    pub fn get<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        self.map
+            .get(&TypeId::of::<T>())
+            .map(|d| d.downcast_ref().unwrap())
+    }
+    pub fn get_mut<T: 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+        self.map
+            .get_mut(&TypeId::of::<T>())
+            .map(|d| d.downcast_mut().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub fn emit_remove(&mut self, id: &Id) {
+        for (tid, f) in &mut self.on_remove {
+            let data = self.map.get_mut(tid).unwrap().downcast_ref().unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/layout/event.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+use std::{hash::Hash, rc::Rc};
+
+use crate::{
+    layout::{IdFnTag, Ui, UiModule, Widget, WidgetId, WidgetIdFn, WidgetLike},
+    util::{HashMap, Id},
+};
+
+pub trait UiCtx {
+    fn ui(&mut self) -> &mut Ui;
+}
+
+impl UiCtx for Ui {
+    fn ui(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Event: Sized {
+    type Module<Ctx: 'static>: EventModule<Self, Ctx>;
+    type Data: Clone;
+}
+
+pub trait EventFn<Ctx, Data>: Fn(&mut Ctx, Data) + 'static {}
+impl<F: Fn(&mut Ctx, Data) + 'static, Ctx, Data> EventFn<Ctx, Data> for F {}
+
+pub trait Eventable<W, Tag> {
+    fn on<E: Event, Ctx: 'static>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl EventFn<Ctx, E::Data>,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W> + Eventable<W, IdFnTag>;
+
+    fn id_on<E: Event, Ctx: 'static>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl Fn(&WidgetId<W>, &mut Ctx, E::Data) + 'static,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W> + Eventable<W, IdFnTag>
+    where
+        W: Widget;
+
+    fn edit_on<E: Event>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl Fn(&mut W, E::Data) + 'static,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W> + Eventable<W, IdFnTag>
+    where
+        W: Widget;
+}
+
+impl<W: WidgetLike<Tag>, Tag> Eventable<W::Widget, Tag> for W {
+    fn on<E: Event, Ctx: 'static>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl EventFn<Ctx, E::Data>,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W::Widget> {
+        move |ui| {
+            let id = self.add(ui);
+            ui.data
+                .modules
+                .get_mut::<E::Module<Ctx>>()
+                .register(id.id, event, f);
+            id
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn id_on<E: Event, Ctx: 'static>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl Fn(&WidgetId<W::Widget>, &mut Ctx, E::Data) + 'static,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W::Widget>
+    where
+        W::Widget: Widget,
+    {
+        self.with_id(move |ui, id| {
+            let id2 = id.clone();
+            id.on(event, move |ctx, pos| f(&id2, ctx, pos)).add(ui)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn edit_on<E: Event>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl Fn(&mut W::Widget, E::Data) + 'static,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W::Widget>
+    where
+        W::Widget: Widget,
+    {
+        self.id_on(event, move |id, ui: &mut Ui, pos| f(&mut ui[id], pos))
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait DefaultEvent: Hash + Eq + 'static {
+    type Data: Clone;
+}
+
+impl<E: DefaultEvent> Event for E {
+    type Module<Ctx: 'static> = DefaultEventModule<E, Ctx>;
+    type Data = E::Data;
+}
+
+pub trait EventModule<E: Event, Ctx>: UiModule + Default {
+    fn register(&mut self, id: Id, event: E, f: impl EventFn<Ctx, E::Data>);
+    fn run<'a>(
+        &self,
+        id: &Id,
+        event: E,
+    ) -> Option<impl Fn(&mut Ctx, E::Data) + use<'a, Self, E, Ctx>>;
+}
+
+type EventFnMap<Ctx, Data> = HashMap<Id, Vec<Rc<dyn EventFn<Ctx, Data>>>>;
+pub struct DefaultEventModule<E: Event, Ctx> {
+    map: HashMap<E, EventFnMap<Ctx, <E as Event>::Data>>,
+}
+
+impl<E: Event + 'static, Ctx: 'static> UiModule for DefaultEventModule<E, Ctx> {
+    fn on_remove(&mut self, id: &Id) {
+        for map in self.map.values_mut() {
+            map.remove(id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait HashableEvent: Event + Hash + Eq + 'static {}
+impl<E: Event + Hash + Eq + 'static> HashableEvent for E {}
+
+impl<E: HashableEvent, Ctx: 'static> EventModule<E, Ctx> for DefaultEventModule<E, Ctx> {
+    fn register(&mut self, id: Id, event: E, f: impl EventFn<Ctx, <E as Event>::Data>) {
+        self.map
+            .entry(event)
+            .or_default()
+            .entry(id)
+            .or_default()
+            .push(Rc::new(f));
+    }
+
+    fn run<'a>(&self, id: &Id, event: E) -> Option<impl Fn(&mut Ctx, E::Data) + use<'a, E, Ctx>> {
+        if let Some(map) = self.map.get(&event)
+            && let Some(fs) = map.get(id)
+        {
+            let fs = fs.clone();
+            Some(move |ctx: &mut Ctx, data: E::Data| {
+                for f in &fs {
+                    f(ctx, data.clone())
+                }
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: HashableEvent, Ctx: 'static> DefaultEventModule<E, Ctx> {
+    pub fn run_all(&self, ctx: &mut Ctx, event: E, data: E::Data)
+    where
+        E::Data: Clone,
+    {
+        if let Some(map) = self.map.get(&event) {
+            for fs in map.values() {
+                for f in fs {
+                    f(ctx, data.clone())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Event + 'static, Ctx: 'static> Default for DefaultEventModule<E, Ctx> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            map: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ui {
+    pub fn run_event<E: Event, Ctx: UiCtx + 'static, W>(
+        ctx: &mut Ctx,
+        id: &WidgetId<W>,
+        event: E,
+        data: E::Data,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(f) = ctx
+            .ui()
+            .data
+            .modules
+            .get_mut::<E::Module<Ctx>>()
+            .run(&id.id, event)
+        {
+            f(ctx, data);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait EventCtx: UiCtx {
+    fn run_event<E: Event + Clone, W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, event: E, data: E::Data);
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: UiCtx + 'static> EventCtx for Ctx {
+    fn run_event<E: Event + Clone, W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, event: E, data: E::Data) {
+        Ui::run_event(self, id, event.clone(), data.clone());
+    }
+}

src/layout/id.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+use std::{
+    any::TypeId,
+    marker::PhantomData,
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+        mpsc::Sender,
+    },
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    layout::{FnTag, Ui, Widget, WidgetLike, WidgetTag},
+    util::{Id, RefCounter},
+};
+
+pub struct AnyWidget;
+
+/// An identifier for a widget that can index a UI to get the associated widget.
+/// It should always remain valid; it keeps a ref count and removes the widget from the UI if all
+/// references are dropped.
+///
+/// W does not need to implement widget so that AnyWidget is valid;
+/// Instead, add generic bounds on methods that take an ID if they need specific data.
+///
+/// TODO: ergonomic clones when they get put in rust-analyzer & don't cause ICEs?
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct WidgetId<W = AnyWidget> {
+    pub(super) ty: TypeId,
+    pub(super) id: Id,
+    counter: RefCounter,
+    send: Sender<Id>,
+    is_static: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    _pd: PhantomData<W>,
+}
+
+/// A WidgetId for a static widget that cannot be removed from a Ui.
+/// Useful because ergonomic clones don't exist yet so you can easily use these in closures.
+/// Do not use this if you want the widget to be freeable.
+///
+/// This is currently not perfectly efficient and just creates new WidgetIds every time it's used,
+/// but they don't send drop messages to Ui.
+/// Ideally I'd have an enum or something that lets you use either, but that doesn't seem worth it
+/// right now; it's good enough and relatively cheap.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct StaticWidgetId<W = AnyWidget> {
+    pub(super) ty: TypeId,
+    pub(super) id: Id,
+    _pd: PhantomData<W>,
+}
+
+impl<W> std::fmt::Debug for WidgetId<W> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.id.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> Clone for WidgetId<W> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: self.id,
+            ty: self.ty,
+            counter: self.counter.clone(),
+            send: self.send.clone(),
+            is_static: self.is_static.clone(),
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> WidgetId<W> {
+    pub(super) fn new(id: Id, ty: TypeId, send: Sender<Id>, is_static: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ty,
+            id,
+            counter: RefCounter::new(),
+            send,
+            is_static: Arc::new(is_static.into()),
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn any(self) -> WidgetId<AnyWidget> {
+        self.cast_type()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_any(&self) -> &WidgetId<AnyWidget> {
+        // SAFETY: self is repr(C) and generic only used for phantom data
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn key(&self) -> Id {
+        self.id
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn cast_type<W2>(self) -> WidgetId<W2> {
+        // SAFETY: self is repr(C) and generic only used for phantom data
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn refs(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.counter.refs()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_static(self) -> StaticWidgetId<W> {
+        self.is_static.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        StaticWidgetId {
+            ty: self.ty,
+            id: self.id,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl WidgetId {
+    pub fn set_static<W>(&mut self, other: StaticWidgetId<W>) {
+        let send = self.send.clone();
+        drop(std::mem::replace(
+            self,
+            Self::new(other.id, self.ty, send, true),
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> Drop for WidgetId<W> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.counter.drop() && !self.is_static.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            let _ = self.send.send(self.id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct IdTag;
+pub struct IdFnTag;
+
+pub trait WidgetIdFn<W>: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W> {}
+impl<W, F: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W>> WidgetIdFn<W> for F {}
+
+/// TODO: does this ever make sense to use? it allows for invalid ids
+pub trait Idable<Tag> {
+    type Widget: Widget;
+    fn set(self, ui: &mut Ui, id: &WidgetId<Self::Widget>);
+    fn id(self, id: &WidgetId<Self::Widget>) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Self::Widget>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let id = id.clone();
+        move |ui| {
+            self.set(ui, &id);
+            id
+        }
+    }
+    fn id_static(self, id: StaticWidgetId<Self::Widget>) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Self::Widget>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        move |ui| {
+            let id = id.id(&ui.send);
+            self.set(ui, &id);
+            id
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: Widget> Idable<WidgetTag> for W {
+    type Widget = W;
+
+    fn set(self, ui: &mut Ui, id: &WidgetId<Self::Widget>) {
+        ui.set(id, self);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> W, W: Widget> Idable<FnTag> for F {
+    type Widget = W;
+
+    fn set(self, ui: &mut Ui, id: &WidgetId<Self::Widget>) {
+        let w = self(ui);
+        ui.set(id, w);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: 'static> WidgetLike<IdTag> for WidgetId<W> {
+    type Widget = W;
+    fn add(self, _: &mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: 'static, F: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W>> WidgetLike<IdFnTag> for F {
+    type Widget = W;
+    fn add(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self(ui)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> StaticWidgetId<W> {
+    pub fn to_id(&self, send: &Sender<Id>) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        WidgetId::new(self.id, self.ty, send.clone(), true)
+    }
+    pub fn any(self) -> StaticWidgetId<AnyWidget> {
+        // SAFETY: self is repr(C)
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: 'static> WidgetLike<IdTag> for StaticWidgetId<W> {
+    type Widget = W;
+    fn add(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self.id(&ui.send)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> Clone for StaticWidgetId<W> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> Copy for StaticWidgetId<W> {}
+
+pub trait WidgetIdLike<W> {
+    fn id(self, send: &Sender<Id>) -> WidgetId<W>;
+}
+
+impl<W> WidgetIdLike<W> for &WidgetId<W> {
+    fn id(self, _: &Sender<Id>) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> WidgetIdLike<W> for StaticWidgetId<W> {
+    fn id(self, send: &Sender<Id>) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self.to_id(send)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait IdLike<W> {
+    fn id(&self) -> Id;
+}
+
+impl<W> IdLike<W> for WidgetId<W> {
+    fn id(&self) -> Id {
+        self.id
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W> IdLike<W> for StaticWidgetId<W> {
+    fn id(&self) -> Id {
+        self.id
+    }
+}

src/layout/layer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
+
+use crate::render::{MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst, Primitives};
+
+struct LayerNode {
+    next: Ptr,
+    prev: Ptr,
+    child: Option<Child>,
+    data: Layer,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum Ptr {
+    /// continue on same level
+    Next(usize),
+    /// go back to parent
+    Parent(usize),
+    /// end
+    None,
+}
+
+/// TODO: currently this does not ever free layers
+/// is that realistically desired?
+pub struct Layers {
+    vec: Vec<LayerNode>,
+    /// index of last layer at top level (start at first = 0)
+    last: usize,
+}
+
+/// TODO: this can be replaced with Primitives itself atm
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Layer {
+    pub primitives: Primitives,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Child {
+    head: usize,
+    tail: usize,
+}
+
+impl Layers {
+    pub fn new() -> Layers {
+        Self {
+            vec: vec![LayerNode::head()],
+            last: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.vec.clear();
+        self.vec.push(LayerNode::head());
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, node: LayerNode) -> usize {
+        let i = self.vec.len();
+        self.vec.push(node);
+        i
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&mut self, i: usize) -> usize {
+        if let Ptr::Next(i) = self.vec[i].next {
+            return i;
+        }
+        let i_new = self.push(LayerNode::new(
+            Layer::default(),
+            self.vec[i].next,
+            Ptr::Next(i),
+        ));
+        self.vec[i].next = Ptr::Next(i_new);
+        self.vec[i_new].prev = Ptr::Next(i);
+        match self.vec[i_new].next {
+            Ptr::Next(i) => self.vec[i].prev = Ptr::Next(i_new),
+            Ptr::Parent(i) => self.vec[i].child.as_mut().unwrap().tail = i_new,
+            Ptr::None => self.last = i_new,
+        }
+        i_new
+    }
+
+    pub fn child(&mut self, i: usize) -> usize {
+        if let Some(c) = self.vec[i].child {
+            return c.head;
+        }
+        let i_child = self.push(LayerNode::new(
+            Layer::default(),
+            Ptr::Parent(i),
+            Ptr::Parent(i),
+        ));
+        self.vec[i].child = Some(Child {
+            head: i_child,
+            tail: i_child,
+        });
+        i_child
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> LayerIteratorMut<'_> {
+        LayerIteratorMut::new(&mut self.vec, self.last)
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, &Layer)> {
+        self.indices().map(|i| (i, &self.vec[i].data))
+    }
+
+    pub fn indices(&self) -> LayerIndexIterator<'_> {
+        LayerIndexIterator::new(&self.vec, self.last)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write<P: Primitive>(&mut self, layer: usize, info: PrimitiveInst<P>) -> PrimitiveHandle {
+        self[layer].primitives.write(layer, info)
+    }
+
+    pub fn free(&mut self, h: &PrimitiveHandle) -> MaskIdx {
+        self[h.layer].primitives.free(h)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Layers {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Index<usize> for Layers {
+    type Output = Layer;
+
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &Self::Output {
+        &self.vec[index].data
+    }
+}
+
+impl IndexMut<usize> for Layers {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        &mut self.vec[index].data
+    }
+}
+
+impl LayerNode {
+    pub fn new(data: Layer, next: Ptr, prev: Ptr) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            next,
+            prev,
+            child: None,
+            data,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn head() -> Self {
+        Self::new(Layer::default(), Ptr::None, Ptr::None)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LayerIteratorMut<'a> {
+    inner: LayerIndexIterator<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for LayerIteratorMut<'a> {
+    type Item = (usize, &'a mut Layer);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let i = self.inner.next()?;
+        // SAFETY: requires index iterator to work properly
+        #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
+        let layer = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&Layer, &mut Layer>(&self.inner.vec[i].data) };
+        Some((i, layer))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for LayerIteratorMut<'a> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let i = self.inner.next_back()?;
+        // SAFETY: requires index iterator to work properly
+        #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
+        let layer = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&Layer, &mut Layer>(&self.inner.vec[i].data) };
+        Some((i, layer))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> LayerIteratorMut<'a> {
+    fn new(vec: &'a mut Vec<LayerNode>, last: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: LayerIndexIterator::new(vec, last),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LayerIndexIterator<'a> {
+    next: Option<usize>,
+    next_back: Option<usize>,
+    vec: &'a Vec<LayerNode>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for LayerIndexIterator<'a> {
+    type Item = usize;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let ret_i = self.next?;
+        let node = &self.vec[ret_i];
+        self.next = if let Some(c) = node.child {
+            Some(c.head)
+        } else if let Ptr::Next(i) = node.next {
+            Some(i)
+        } else if let Ptr::Parent(i) = node.next {
+            let mut node = &self.vec[i];
+            while let Ptr::Parent(i) = node.next {
+                node = &self.vec[i];
+            }
+            if let Ptr::Next(i) = node.next {
+                Some(i)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        if self.next_back.unwrap() == ret_i {
+            self.next = None;
+            self.next_back = None;
+        }
+        Some(ret_i)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator for LayerIndexIterator<'a> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let ret_i = self.next_back?;
+        let node = &self.vec[ret_i];
+        self.next_back = if let Ptr::Next(mut i) = node.prev {
+            while let Some(c) = self.vec[i].child {
+                i = c.tail
+            }
+            Some(i)
+        } else if let Ptr::Parent(i) = node.prev {
+            Some(i)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        if self.next.unwrap() == ret_i {
+            self.next = None;
+            self.next_back = None;
+        }
+        Some(ret_i)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> LayerIndexIterator<'a> {
+    fn new(vec: &'a Vec<LayerNode>, last: usize) -> Self {
+        let mut last = last;
+        while let Some(c) = vec[last].child {
+            last = c.tail;
+        }
+        Self {
+            next: Some(0),
+            next_back: Some(last),
+            vec,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/layout/mask.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//! tree structure for masking
+
+use crate::layout::UiRegion;
+
+pub struct Masks {
+    data: Vec<MaskNode>,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct MaskPtr(u32);
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct MaskNode {
+    /// TODO: this is just a rect for now,
+    /// but would like to support arbitrary masks
+    /// at some point; custom shader
+    /// would probably handle that case
+    /// bc you'd need to render to a special target
+    /// anyways
+    region: UiRegion,
+    prev: MaskPtr,
+}
+
+impl MaskPtr {
+    const NONE: Self = Self(u32::MAX);
+}
+
+impl Masks {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, parent: MaskPtr, region: UiRegion) -> MaskPtr {
+        match parent.0 {
+            _ => {
+            }
+            u32::MAX => {
+                let i = self.data.len();
+                self.data.push(MaskNode {
+                    region,
+                    prev: parent,
+                });
+                MaskPtr(i as u32)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pop(&mut self, i: usize) {}
+}

src/layout/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,31 @@
+mod color;
+mod event;
+mod id;
+mod layer;
+mod module;
+mod num;
+mod orientation;
+mod painter;
+mod text;
+mod texture;
 mod ui;
+mod vec2;
 mod widget;
+mod widgets;
 
+pub use color::*;
+pub use event::*;
+pub use id::*;
+pub use layer::*;
+pub use module::*;
+pub use num::*;
+pub use orientation::*;
+pub use painter::*;
+pub use text::*;
+pub use texture::*;
 pub use ui::*;
+pub use vec2::*;
 pub use widget::*;
+pub use widgets::*;
 
-use crate::primitive::Color;
-pub type UIColor = Color<u8>;
+pub type UiColor = Color<u8>;

src/layout/module.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
+
+use crate::{
+    layout::WidgetInstance,
+    util::{HashMap, Id},
+};
+
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
+pub trait UiModule: Any {
+    fn on_draw(&mut self, inst: &WidgetInstance) {}
+    fn on_undraw(&mut self, inst: &WidgetInstance) {}
+    fn on_remove(&mut self, id: &Id) {}
+    fn on_move(&mut self, inst: &WidgetInstance) {}
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Modules {
+    map: HashMap<TypeId, Box<dyn UiModule>>,
+}
+
+impl Modules {
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut (dyn UiModule + 'static)> {
+        self.map.values_mut().map(|m| m.as_mut())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut<M: UiModule + Default>(&mut self) -> &mut M {
+        let rf = self
+            .map
+            .entry(TypeId::of::<M>())
+            .or_insert_with(|| Box::new(M::default()))
+            .as_mut();
+        let any: &mut dyn Any = &mut *rf;
+        any.downcast_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+}

src/layout/num.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+pub const trait UiNum {
+    fn to_f32(self) -> f32;
+}
+
+impl const UiNum for f32 {
+    fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl const UiNum for u32 {
+    fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
+        self as f32
+    }
+}
+
+impl const UiNum for i32 {
+    fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
+        self as f32
+    }
+}

src/layout/orientation/align.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+use crate::layout::vec2;
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Align {
+    pub x: Option<AxisAlign>,
+    pub y: Option<AxisAlign>,
+}
+
+impl Align {
+    pub const TOP_LEFT: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::TOP_LEFT;
+    pub const TOP_CENTER: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::TOP_CENTER;
+    pub const TOP_RIGHT: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::TOP_RIGHT;
+    pub const CENTER_LEFT: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::CENTER_LEFT;
+    pub const CENTER: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::CENTER;
+    pub const CENTER_RIGHT: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::CENTER_RIGHT;
+    pub const BOT_LEFT: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::BOT_LEFT;
+    pub const BOT_CENTER: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::BOT_CENTER;
+    pub const BOT_RIGHT: RegionAlign = RegionAlign::BOT_RIGHT;
+    pub const LEFT: CardinalAlign = CardinalAlign::LEFT;
+    pub const H_CENTER: CardinalAlign = CardinalAlign::H_CENTER;
+    pub const RIGHT: CardinalAlign = CardinalAlign::RIGHT;
+    pub const TOP: CardinalAlign = CardinalAlign::TOP;
+    pub const V_CENTER: CardinalAlign = CardinalAlign::V_CENTER;
+    pub const BOT: CardinalAlign = CardinalAlign::BOT;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AxisAlign {
+    Neg,
+    Center,
+    Pos,
+}
+
+impl AxisAlign {
+    pub const fn rel(&self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Neg => 0.0,
+            Self::Center => 0.5,
+            Self::Pos => 1.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CardinalAlign {
+    axis: Axis,
+    align: AxisAlign,
+}
+
+impl CardinalAlign {
+    pub const LEFT: Self = Self::new(Axis::X, AxisAlign::Neg);
+    pub const H_CENTER: Self = Self::new(Axis::X, AxisAlign::Center);
+    pub const RIGHT: Self = Self::new(Axis::X, AxisAlign::Pos);
+    pub const TOP: Self = Self::new(Axis::Y, AxisAlign::Neg);
+    pub const V_CENTER: Self = Self::new(Axis::Y, AxisAlign::Center);
+    pub const BOT: Self = Self::new(Axis::Y, AxisAlign::Pos);
+
+    pub const fn new(axis: Axis, align: AxisAlign) -> Self {
+        Self { axis, align }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RegionAlign {
+    pub x: AxisAlign,
+    pub y: AxisAlign,
+}
+
+impl RegionAlign {
+    pub const TOP_LEFT: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Neg, AxisAlign::Neg);
+    pub const TOP_CENTER: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Center, AxisAlign::Neg);
+    pub const TOP_RIGHT: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Pos, AxisAlign::Neg);
+    pub const CENTER_LEFT: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Neg, AxisAlign::Center);
+    pub const CENTER: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Center, AxisAlign::Center);
+    pub const CENTER_RIGHT: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Pos, AxisAlign::Center);
+    pub const BOT_LEFT: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Neg, AxisAlign::Pos);
+    pub const BOT_CENTER: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Center, AxisAlign::Pos);
+    pub const BOT_RIGHT: Self = Self::new(AxisAlign::Pos, AxisAlign::Pos);
+
+    pub const fn new(x: AxisAlign, y: AxisAlign) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
+    }
+    pub const fn rel(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        vec2(self.x.rel(), self.y.rel())
+    }
+}
+
+impl UiVec2 {
+    pub fn partial_align(&self, align: Align) -> UiRegion {
+        UiRegion {
+            x: if let Some(align) = align.x {
+                self.x.align(align)
+            } else {
+                UiSpan::FULL
+            },
+            y: if let Some(align) = align.y {
+                self.y.align(align)
+            } else {
+                UiSpan::FULL
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn align(&self, align: RegionAlign) -> UiRegion {
+        UiRegion {
+            x: self.x.align(align.x),
+            y: self.y.align(align.y),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Vec2 {
+    pub fn partial_align(&self, align: Align) -> UiRegion {
+        let s = UiVec2::from(*self);
+        UiRegion {
+            x: if let Some(align) = align.x {
+                s.x.align(align)
+            } else {
+                UiSpan::FULL
+            },
+            y: if let Some(align) = align.y {
+                s.y.align(align)
+            } else {
+                UiSpan::FULL
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn align(&self, align: RegionAlign) -> UiRegion {
+        let s = UiVec2::from(*self);
+        UiRegion {
+            x: s.x.align(align.x),
+            y: s.y.align(align.y),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl UiScalar {
+    pub const fn align(&self, align: AxisAlign) -> UiSpan {
+        let rel = align.rel();
+        let mut start = UiScalar::rel(rel);
+        start.abs -= self.abs * rel;
+        start.rel -= self.rel * rel;
+        let mut end = UiScalar::rel(rel);
+        end.abs += self.abs * (1.0 - rel);
+        end.rel += self.rel * (1.0 - rel);
+        UiSpan { start, end }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RegionAlign> for Align {
+    fn from(region: RegionAlign) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: Some(region.x),
+            y: Some(region.y),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Align> for RegionAlign {
+    fn from(align: Align) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: align.x.unwrap_or(AxisAlign::Center),
+            y: align.y.unwrap_or(AxisAlign::Center),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CardinalAlign> for RegionAlign {
+    fn from(align: CardinalAlign) -> Self {
+        Align::from(align).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CardinalAlign> for Align {
+    fn from(cardinal: CardinalAlign) -> Self {
+        let align = Some(cardinal.align);
+        match cardinal.axis {
+            Axis::X => Self { x: align, y: None },
+            Axis::Y => Self { x: None, y: align },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl const From<RegionAlign> for UiVec2 {
+    fn from(align: RegionAlign) -> Self {
+        Self::rel(align.rel())
+    }
+}
+
+impl RegionAlign {
+    pub const fn pos(self) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2::from(self)
+    }
+}

src/layout/orientation/axis.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Axis {
+    X,
+    Y,
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Not for Axis {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn not(self) -> Self::Output {
+        match self {
+            Self::X => Self::Y,
+            Self::Y => Self::X,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Dir {
+    pub axis: Axis,
+    pub sign: Sign,
+}
+
+impl Dir {
+    pub const fn new(axis: Axis, dir: Sign) -> Self {
+        Self { axis, sign: dir }
+    }
+
+    pub const LEFT: Self = Self::new(Axis::X, Sign::Neg);
+    pub const RIGHT: Self = Self::new(Axis::X, Sign::Pos);
+    pub const UP: Self = Self::new(Axis::Y, Sign::Neg);
+    pub const DOWN: Self = Self::new(Axis::Y, Sign::Pos);
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Sign {
+    Neg,
+    Pos,
+}
+
+impl Vec2 {
+    pub fn axis(&self, axis: Axis) -> f32 {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.x,
+            Axis::Y => self.y,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn axis_mut(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> &mut f32 {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => &mut self.x,
+            Axis::Y => &mut self.y,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn from_axis(axis: Axis, aligned: f32, ortho: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: match axis {
+                Axis::X => aligned,
+                Axis::Y => ortho,
+            },
+            y: match axis {
+                Axis::Y => aligned,
+                Axis::X => ortho,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}

src/layout/orientation/len.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::{layout::UiNum, util::impl_op};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Size {
+    pub x: Len,
+    pub y: Len,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Len {
+    pub abs: f32,
+    pub rel: f32,
+    pub rest: f32,
+}
+
+impl<N: UiNum> From<N> for Len {
+    fn from(value: N) -> Self {
+        Len::abs(value.to_f32())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Nx: UiNum, Ny: UiNum> From<(Nx, Ny)> for Size {
+    fn from((x, y): (Nx, Ny)) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: x.into(),
+            y: y.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Size {
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self {
+        x: Len::ZERO,
+        y: Len::ZERO,
+    };
+
+    pub fn abs(v: Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: Len::abs(v.x),
+            y: Len::abs(v.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn rel(v: Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: Len::rel(v.x),
+            y: Len::rel(v.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn rest(v: Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: Len::rest(v.x),
+            y: Len::rest(v.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_uivec2(self) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2 {
+            x: self.x.apply_rest(),
+            y: self.y.apply_rest(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_axis(axis: Axis, aligned: Len, ortho: Len) -> Self {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => Self {
+                x: aligned,
+                y: ortho,
+            },
+            Axis::Y => Self {
+                x: ortho,
+                y: aligned,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn axis(&self, axis: Axis) -> Len {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.x,
+            Axis::Y => self.y,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Len {
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self {
+        abs: 0.0,
+        rel: 0.0,
+        rest: 0.0,
+    };
+
+    pub fn apply_rest(&self) -> UiScalar {
+        UiScalar {
+            rel: self.rel + if self.rest > 0.0 { 1.0 } else { 0.0 },
+            abs: self.abs,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn abs(abs: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            abs: abs.to_f32(),
+            rel: 0.0,
+            rest: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn rel(rel: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            abs: 0.0,
+            rel: rel.to_f32(),
+            rest: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn rest(ratio: impl UiNum) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            abs: 0.0,
+            rel: 0.0,
+            rest: ratio.to_f32(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub mod len_fns {
+    use super::*;
+
+    pub fn abs(abs: impl UiNum) -> Len {
+        Len {
+            abs: abs.to_f32(),
+            rel: 0.0,
+            rest: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn rel(rel: impl UiNum) -> Len {
+        Len {
+            abs: 0.0,
+            rel: rel.to_f32(),
+            rest: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn rest(ratio: impl UiNum) -> Len {
+        Len {
+            abs: 0.0,
+            rel: 0.0,
+            rest: ratio.to_f32(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl_op!(Len Add add; abs rel rest);
+impl_op!(Len Sub sub; abs rel rest);
+
+impl_op!(Size Add add; x y);
+impl_op!(Size Sub sub; x y);
+
+impl Default for Len {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::rest(1.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Size {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Len {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        if self.abs != 0.0 {
+            write!(f, "{} abs;", self.abs)?;
+        }
+        if self.rel != 0.0 {
+            write!(f, "{} rel;", self.abs)?;
+        }
+        if self.rest != 0.0 {
+            write!(f, "{} leftover;", self.abs)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

src/layout/orientation/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+mod align;
+mod axis;
+mod len;
+mod pos;
+
+use super::vec2::*;
+
+pub use align::*;
+pub use axis::*;
+pub use len::*;
+pub use pos::*;

src/layout/orientation/pos.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+use std::{fmt::Display, hash::Hash, marker::Destruct};
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::{
+    layout::UiNum,
+    util::{LerpUtil, impl_op},
+};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable, Default)]
+pub struct UiVec2 {
+    pub x: UiScalar,
+    pub y: UiScalar,
+}
+
+impl UiVec2 {
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self {
+        x: UiScalar::ZERO,
+        y: UiScalar::ZERO,
+    };
+
+    pub const fn new(x: UiScalar, y: UiScalar) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn abs(abs: impl const Into<Vec2>) -> Self {
+        let abs = abs.into();
+        Self {
+            x: UiScalar::abs(abs.x),
+            y: UiScalar::abs(abs.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn rel(rel: impl const Into<Vec2>) -> Self {
+        let rel = rel.into();
+        Self {
+            x: UiScalar::rel(rel.x),
+            y: UiScalar::rel(rel.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn shift(&mut self, offset: impl const Into<UiVec2>) {
+        let offset = offset.into();
+        *self += offset;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn offset(mut self, offset: impl const Into<UiVec2>) -> Self {
+        self.shift(offset);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub const fn within(&self, region: &UiRegion) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2 {
+            x: self.x.within(&region.x),
+            y: self.y.within(&region.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn outside(&self, region: &UiRegion) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2 {
+            x: self.x.outside(&region.x),
+            y: self.y.outside(&region.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn axis_mut(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> &mut UiScalar {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => &mut self.x,
+            Axis::Y => &mut self.y,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn axis(&self, axis: Axis) -> UiScalar {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.x,
+            Axis::Y => self.y,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_abs(&self, rel: Vec2) -> Vec2 {
+        self.get_rel() * rel + self.get_abs()
+    }
+
+    pub const FULL_SIZE: Self = Self::rel(Vec2::ONE);
+
+    pub const fn from_axis(axis: Axis, aligned: UiScalar, ortho: UiScalar) -> Self {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => Self {
+                x: aligned,
+                y: ortho,
+            },
+            Axis::Y => Self {
+                x: ortho,
+                y: aligned,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_abs(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        (self.x.abs, self.y.abs).into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_rel(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        (self.x.rel, self.y.rel).into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn abs_mut(&mut self) -> Vec2View<'_> {
+        Vec2View {
+            x: &mut self.x.abs,
+            y: &mut self.y.abs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for UiVec2 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "rel{};abs{}", self.get_rel(), self.get_abs())
+    }
+}
+
+impl_op!(UiVec2 Add add; x y);
+impl_op!(UiVec2 Sub sub; x y);
+
+impl const From<Vec2> for UiVec2 {
+    fn from(abs: Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self::abs(abs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: const UiNum, U: const UiNum> const From<(T, U)> for UiVec2
+where
+    (T, U): const Destruct,
+{
+    fn from(abs: (T, U)) -> Self {
+        Self::abs(abs)
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, bytemuck::Pod, Default, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct UiScalar {
+    pub rel: f32,
+    pub abs: f32,
+}
+
+impl Eq for UiScalar {}
+impl Hash for UiScalar {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        state.write_u32(self.rel.to_bits());
+        state.write_u32(self.abs.to_bits());
+    }
+}
+
+impl_op!(UiScalar Add add; rel abs);
+impl_op!(UiScalar Sub sub; rel abs);
+
+impl UiScalar {
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self { rel: 0.0, abs: 0.0 };
+    pub const FULL: Self = Self { rel: 1.0, abs: 0.0 };
+
+    pub const fn new(rel: f32, abs: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { rel, abs }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn rel(rel: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { rel, abs: 0.0 }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn abs(abs: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { rel: 0.0, abs }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn rel_min() -> Self {
+        Self::new(0.0, 0.0)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn rel_max() -> Self {
+        Self::new(1.0, 0.0)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn max(&self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rel: self.rel.max(other.rel),
+            abs: self.abs.max(other.abs),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn min(&self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rel: self.rel.min(other.rel),
+            abs: self.abs.min(other.abs),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn offset(mut self, amt: f32) -> Self {
+        self.abs += amt;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub const fn within(&self, span: &UiSpan) -> Self {
+        let anchor = self.rel.lerp(span.start.rel, span.end.rel);
+        let offset = self.abs + self.rel.lerp(span.start.abs, span.end.abs);
+        Self {
+            rel: anchor,
+            abs: offset,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn outside(&self, span: &UiSpan) -> Self {
+        let rel = self.rel.lerp_inv(span.start.rel, span.end.rel);
+        let abs = self.abs - rel.lerp(span.start.abs, span.end.abs);
+        Self { rel, abs }
+    }
+
+    pub fn within_len(&self, len: UiScalar) -> Self {
+        self.within(&UiSpan {
+            start: UiScalar::ZERO,
+            end: len,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn select_len(&self, len: UiScalar) -> Self {
+        len.within_len(*self)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn flip(&mut self) {
+        self.rel = 1.0 - self.rel;
+        self.abs = -self.abs;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn to(&self, end: Self) -> UiSpan {
+        UiSpan { start: *self, end }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct UiSpan {
+    pub start: UiScalar,
+    pub end: UiScalar,
+}
+
+impl UiSpan {
+    pub const FULL: Self = Self {
+        start: UiScalar::ZERO,
+        end: UiScalar::FULL,
+    };
+
+    pub const fn rel(rel: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            start: UiScalar::rel(rel),
+            end: UiScalar::rel(rel),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn new(start: UiScalar, end: UiScalar) -> Self {
+        Self { start, end }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn flip(&mut self) {
+        self.start.flip();
+        self.end.flip();
+        std::mem::swap(&mut self.start.rel, &mut self.end.rel);
+        std::mem::swap(&mut self.start.abs, &mut self.end.abs);
+    }
+
+    pub const fn shift(&mut self, offset: UiScalar) {
+        self.start += offset;
+        self.end += offset;
+    }
+
+    pub const fn within(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            start: self.start.within(parent),
+            end: self.end.within(parent),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn outside(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            start: self.start.outside(parent),
+            end: self.end.outside(parent),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn len(&self) -> UiScalar {
+        self.end - self.start
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct UiRegion {
+    pub x: UiSpan,
+    pub y: UiSpan,
+}
+
+impl UiRegion {
+    pub const FULL: Self = Self {
+        x: UiSpan::FULL,
+        y: UiSpan::FULL,
+    };
+
+    pub const fn new(x: UiSpan, y: UiSpan) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn rel(rel: Vec2) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: UiSpan::rel(rel.x),
+            y: UiSpan::rel(rel.y),
+        }
+    }
+    pub const fn within(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.within(&parent.x),
+            y: self.y.within(&parent.y),
+        }
+    }
+    pub const fn outside(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.outside(&parent.x),
+            y: self.y.outside(&parent.y),
+        }
+    }
+    pub const fn axis_mut(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> &mut UiSpan {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => &mut self.x,
+            Axis::Y => &mut self.y,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn flip(&mut self, axis: Axis) {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.x.flip(),
+            Axis::Y => self.y.flip(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn shift(&mut self, offset: impl Into<UiVec2>) {
+        let offset = offset.into();
+        self.x.shift(offset.x);
+        self.y.shift(offset.y);
+    }
+
+    pub fn offset(mut self, offset: impl Into<UiVec2>) -> Self {
+        self.shift(offset);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_px(&self, size: Vec2) -> PixelRegion {
+        PixelRegion {
+            top_left: self.top_left().get_rel() * size + self.top_left().get_abs(),
+            bot_right: self.bot_right().get_rel() * size + self.bot_right().get_abs(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn center(&self) -> UiVec2 {
+        Align::CENTER.pos().within(self)
+    }
+
+    pub const fn size(&self) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2 {
+            x: self.x.len(),
+            y: self.y.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn top_left(&self) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2 {
+            x: self.x.start,
+            y: self.y.start,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn bot_right(&self) -> UiVec2 {
+        UiVec2 {
+            x: self.x.end,
+            y: self.y.end,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn from_axis(axis: Axis, aligned: UiSpan, ortho: UiSpan) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: match axis {
+                Axis::X => aligned,
+                Axis::Y => ortho,
+            },
+            y: match axis {
+                Axis::X => ortho,
+                Axis::Y => aligned,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for UiRegion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{} -> {} (size: {})",
+            self.top_left(),
+            self.bot_right(),
+            self.size()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PixelRegion {
+    pub top_left: Vec2,
+    pub bot_right: Vec2,
+}
+
+impl PixelRegion {
+    pub fn contains(&self, pos: Vec2) -> bool {
+        pos.x >= self.top_left.x
+            && pos.x <= self.bot_right.x
+            && pos.y >= self.top_left.y
+            && pos.y <= self.bot_right.y
+    }
+
+    pub fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.bot_right - self.top_left
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for PixelRegion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{} -> {}", self.top_left, self.bot_right)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Vec2View<'a> {
+    pub x: &'a mut f32,
+    pub y: &'a mut f32,
+}
+
+impl Vec2View<'_> {
+    pub fn set(&mut self, other: Vec2) {
+        *self.x = other.x;
+        *self.y = other.y;
+    }
+
+    pub fn add(&mut self, other: Vec2) {
+        *self.x += other.x;
+        *self.y += other.y;
+    }
+}

src/layout/painter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+use crate::{
+    layout::{
+        Axis, Layers, Len, Modules, Size, TextAttrs, TextBuffer, TextData, TextTexture,
+        TextureHandle, Textures, UiRegion, UiVec2, Vec2, WidgetId, Widgets,
+    },
+    render::{Mask, MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst},
+    util::{HashMap, HashSet, Id, TrackedArena},
+};
+
+pub struct Painter<'a, 'c> {
+    ctx: &'a mut PainterCtx<'c>,
+    region: UiRegion,
+    mask: MaskIdx,
+    textures: Vec<TextureHandle>,
+    primitives: Vec<PrimitiveHandle>,
+    children: Vec<Id>,
+    children_width: HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    children_height: HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    /// whether this widget depends on region's final pixel size or not
+    /// TODO: decide if point (pt) should be used here instead of px
+    pub layer: usize,
+    id: Id,
+}
+
+pub struct PainterCtx<'a> {
+    pub widgets: &'a Widgets,
+    pub active: &'a mut HashMap<Id, WidgetInstance>,
+    pub layers: &'a mut Layers,
+    pub textures: &'a mut Textures,
+    pub masks: &'a mut TrackedArena<Mask, u32>,
+    pub text: &'a mut TextData,
+    pub screen_size: Vec2,
+    pub modules: &'a mut Modules,
+    pub cache_width: HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    pub cache_height: HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    draw_started: HashSet<Id>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ResizeRef {
+    x: Option<(Id, (UiVec2, Len))>,
+    y: Option<(Id, (UiVec2, Len))>,
+}
+
+pub struct WidgetInstance {
+    pub id: Id,
+    pub region: UiRegion,
+    pub parent: Option<Id>,
+    pub textures: Vec<TextureHandle>,
+    pub primitives: Vec<PrimitiveHandle>,
+    pub children: Vec<Id>,
+    pub resize: ResizeRef,
+    pub mask: MaskIdx,
+    pub layer: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PainterData {
+    pub widgets: Widgets,
+    pub active: HashMap<Id, WidgetInstance>,
+    pub layers: Layers,
+    pub textures: Textures,
+    pub text: TextData,
+    pub output_size: Vec2,
+    pub modules: Modules,
+    pub px_dependent: HashSet<Id>,
+    pub masks: TrackedArena<Mask, u32>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> PainterCtx<'a> {
+    pub fn new(data: &'a mut PainterData) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            widgets: &data.widgets,
+            active: &mut data.active,
+            layers: &mut data.layers,
+            textures: &mut data.textures,
+            text: &mut data.text,
+            screen_size: data.output_size,
+            modules: &mut data.modules,
+            masks: &mut data.masks,
+            cache_width: Default::default(),
+            cache_height: Default::default(),
+            draw_started: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn redraw(&mut self, id: Id) {
+        if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(active) = self.active.get(&id) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        // TODO: this is stupid having 2 of these
+        if let Some((rid, (outer, old_desired))) = active.resize.x {
+            let new_desired = SizeCtx {
+                source: id,
+                cache_width: &mut self.cache_width,
+                cache_height: &mut self.cache_height,
+                text: self.text,
+                textures: self.textures,
+                widgets: self.widgets,
+                outer,
+                output_size: self.screen_size,
+                checked_width: &mut Default::default(),
+                checked_height: &mut Default::default(),
+                id,
+            }
+            .width_inner(id);
+            if new_desired != old_desired {
+                self.redraw(rid);
+                if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let Some(active) = self.active.get(&id) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if let Some((rid, (outer, old_desired))) = active.resize.y {
+            let new_desired = SizeCtx {
+                source: id,
+                cache_width: &mut self.cache_width,
+                cache_height: &mut self.cache_height,
+                text: self.text,
+                textures: self.textures,
+                widgets: self.widgets,
+                outer,
+                output_size: self.screen_size,
+                checked_width: &mut Default::default(),
+                checked_height: &mut Default::default(),
+                id,
+            }
+            .height_inner(id);
+            if new_desired != old_desired {
+                self.redraw(rid);
+                if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let Some(active) = self.remove(id) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        self.draw_inner(
+            active.layer,
+            id,
+            active.region,
+            active.parent,
+            active.mask,
+            Some(active.children),
+        );
+        self.active.get_mut(&id).unwrap().resize = active.resize;
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw(&mut self, id: Id) {
+        self.draw_started.clear();
+        self.layers.clear();
+        self.draw_inner(0, id, UiRegion::FULL, None, MaskIdx::NONE, None);
+    }
+
+    fn draw_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        layer: usize,
+        id: Id,
+        region: UiRegion,
+        parent: Option<Id>,
+        mask: MaskIdx,
+        old_children: Option<Vec<Id>>,
+    ) {
+        // I have no idea if these checks work lol
+        // the idea is u can't redraw stuff u already drew,
+        // and if parent is different then there's another copy with a different parent
+        // but this has a very weird issue where you can't move widgets unless u remove first
+        // so swapping is impossible rn I think?
+        // there's definitely better solutions like a counter (>1 = panic) but don't care rn
+        if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
+            panic!(
+                "Cannot draw the same widget ({}) twice (1)",
+                self.widgets.data(&id).unwrap().label
+            );
+        }
+        let mut old_children = old_children.unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut resize = ResizeRef::default();
+        if let Some(active) = self.active.get_mut(&id) {
+            if active.parent != parent {
+                panic!("Cannot draw the same widget twice (2)");
+            }
+            if active.region == region {
+                return;
+            } else if active.region.size() == region.size() {
+                // TODO: epsilon?
+                let from = active.region;
+                self.mov(id, from, region);
+                return;
+            }
+            let active = self.remove(id).unwrap();
+            old_children = active.children;
+            resize = active.resize;
+        }
+
+        self.draw_started.insert(id);
+
+        let mut painter = Painter {
+            region,
+            mask,
+            layer,
+            id,
+            textures: Vec::new(),
+            primitives: Vec::new(),
+            ctx: self,
+            children: Vec::new(),
+            children_width: Default::default(),
+            children_height: Default::default(),
+        };
+
+        // draw widgets
+        painter.ctx.widgets.get_dyn_dynamic(id).draw(&mut painter);
+
+        let children_width = painter.children_width;
+        let children_height = painter.children_height;
+
+        // add to active
+        let instance = WidgetInstance {
+            id,
+            region,
+            parent,
+            textures: painter.textures,
+            primitives: painter.primitives,
+            children: painter.children,
+            resize,
+            mask: painter.mask,
+            layer,
+        };
+        for (cid, outer) in children_width {
+            if let Some(w) = self.active.get_mut(&cid)
+                && w.resize.x.is_none()
+            {
+                w.resize.x = Some((id, outer))
+            }
+        }
+        for (cid, outer) in children_height {
+            if let Some(w) = self.active.get_mut(&cid)
+                && w.resize.y.is_none()
+            {
+                w.resize.y = Some((id, outer))
+            }
+        }
+        for c in &old_children {
+            if !instance.children.contains(c) {
+                self.remove_rec(*c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for m in self.modules.iter_mut() {
+            m.on_draw(&instance);
+        }
+        self.active.insert(id, instance);
+    }
+
+    fn mov(&mut self, id: Id, from: UiRegion, to: UiRegion) {
+        let active = self.active.get_mut(&id).unwrap();
+        for h in &active.primitives {
+            let region = self.layers[h.layer].primitives.region_mut(h);
+            *region = region.outside(&from).within(&to);
+        }
+        active.region = active.region.outside(&from).within(&to);
+        for m in self.modules.iter_mut() {
+            m.on_move(active);
+        }
+        // children will not be changed, so this technically should not be needed
+        // probably need unsafe
+        let children = active.children.clone();
+        for child in children {
+            self.mov(child, from, to);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// NOTE: instance textures are cleared and self.textures freed
+    fn remove(&mut self, id: Id) -> Option<WidgetInstance> {
+        let mut inst = self.active.remove(&id);
+        if let Some(inst) = &mut inst {
+            for h in &inst.primitives {
+                let mask = self.layers.free(h);
+                if mask != MaskIdx::NONE {
+                    self.masks.remove(mask);
+                }
+            }
+            inst.textures.clear();
+            self.textures.free();
+            for m in self.modules.iter_mut() {
+                m.on_undraw(inst);
+            }
+        }
+        inst
+    }
+
+    fn remove_rec(&mut self, id: Id) -> Option<WidgetInstance> {
+        let inst = self.remove(id);
+        if let Some(inst) = &inst {
+            for c in &inst.children {
+                self.remove_rec(*c);
+            }
+        }
+        inst
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
+    fn primitive_at<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P, region: UiRegion) {
+        let h = self.ctx.layers.write(
+            self.layer,
+            PrimitiveInst {
+                id: self.id,
+                primitive,
+                region,
+                mask_idx: self.mask,
+            },
+        );
+        if self.mask != MaskIdx::NONE {
+            // TODO: I have no clue if this works at all :joy:
+            self.ctx.masks.push_ref(self.mask);
+        }
+        self.primitives.push(h);
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a primitive to be rendered
+    pub fn primitive<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P) {
+        self.primitive_at(primitive, self.region)
+    }
+
+    pub fn primitive_within<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P, region: UiRegion) {
+        self.primitive_at(primitive, region.within(&self.region));
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_mask(&mut self, region: UiRegion) {
+        assert!(self.mask == MaskIdx::NONE);
+        self.mask = self.ctx.masks.push(Mask { region });
+    }
+
+    /// Draws a widget within this widget's region.
+    pub fn widget<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) {
+        self.widget_at(id, self.region);
+    }
+
+    /// Draws a widget somewhere within this one.
+    /// Useful for drawing child widgets in select areas.
+    pub fn widget_within<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, region: UiRegion) {
+        self.widget_at(id, region.within(&self.region));
+    }
+
+    fn widget_at<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, region: UiRegion) {
+        self.children.push(id.id);
+        self.ctx
+            .draw_inner(self.layer, id.id, region, Some(self.id), self.mask, None);
+    }
+
+    pub fn texture_within(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, region: UiRegion) {
+        self.textures.push(handle.clone());
+        self.primitive_at(handle.primitive(), region.within(&self.region));
+    }
+
+    pub fn texture(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle) {
+        self.textures.push(handle.clone());
+        self.primitive(handle.primitive());
+    }
+
+    pub fn texture_at(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, region: UiRegion) {
+        self.textures.push(handle.clone());
+        self.primitive_at(handle.primitive(), region);
+    }
+
+    /// returns (handle, offset from top left)
+    pub fn render_text(&mut self, buffer: &mut TextBuffer, attrs: &TextAttrs) -> TextTexture {
+        self.ctx.text.draw(buffer, attrs, self.ctx.textures)
+    }
+
+    pub fn region(&self) -> UiRegion {
+        self.region
+    }
+
+    pub fn size<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> Size {
+        self.size_ctx().size(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn len_axis<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, axis: Axis) -> Len {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.size_ctx().width(id),
+            Axis::Y => self.size_ctx().height(id),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn size_ctx(&mut self) -> SizeCtx<'_> {
+        SizeCtx {
+            text: self.ctx.text,
+            textures: self.ctx.textures,
+            widgets: self.ctx.widgets,
+            output_size: self.ctx.screen_size,
+            checked_width: &mut self.children_width,
+            checked_height: &mut self.children_height,
+            cache_width: &mut self.ctx.cache_width,
+            cache_height: &mut self.ctx.cache_height,
+            source: self.id,
+            id: self.id,
+            outer: self.region.size(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn px_size(&mut self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.region.size().to_abs(self.ctx.screen_size)
+    }
+
+    pub fn text_data(&mut self) -> &mut TextData {
+        self.ctx.text
+    }
+
+    pub fn child_layer(&mut self) {
+        self.layer = self.ctx.layers.child(self.layer);
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_layer(&mut self) {
+        self.layer = self.ctx.layers.next(self.layer);
+    }
+
+    pub fn label(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.ctx.widgets.data(&self.id).unwrap().label
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SizeCtx<'a> {
+    pub text: &'a mut TextData,
+    pub textures: &'a mut Textures,
+    source: Id,
+    widgets: &'a Widgets,
+    cache_width: &'a mut HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    cache_height: &'a mut HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    checked_width: &'a mut HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    checked_height: &'a mut HashMap<Id, (UiVec2, Len)>,
+    /// TODO: should this be pub? rn used for sized
+    pub outer: UiVec2,
+    output_size: Vec2,
+    id: Id,
+}
+
+impl SizeCtx<'_> {
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &Id {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    pub fn source(&self) -> &Id {
+        &self.source
+    }
+
+    fn width_inner(&mut self, id: Id) -> Len {
+        if let Some(&(outer, len)) = self.cache_width.get(&id)
+            && outer == self.outer
+        {
+            self.checked_width.insert(id, (self.outer, len));
+            return len;
+        }
+        let self_outer = self.outer;
+        let self_id = self.id;
+        self.id = id;
+        let len = self.widgets.get_dyn_dynamic(id).desired_width(self);
+        self.outer = self_outer;
+        self.id = self_id;
+        self.cache_width.insert(id, (self.outer, len));
+        self.checked_width.insert(id, (self.outer, len));
+        len
+    }
+
+    // TODO: should be refactored to share code w width_inner
+    fn height_inner(&mut self, id: Id) -> Len {
+        if let Some(&(outer, len)) = self.cache_height.get(&id)
+            && outer == self.outer
+        {
+            self.checked_height.insert(id, (self.outer, len));
+            return len;
+        }
+        let self_outer = self.outer;
+        let self_id = self.id;
+        self.id = id;
+        let len = self.widgets.get_dyn_dynamic(id).desired_height(self);
+        self.outer = self_outer;
+        self.id = self_id;
+        self.cache_height.insert(id, (self.outer, len));
+        self.checked_height.insert(id, (self.outer, len));
+        len
+    }
+
+    pub fn width<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> Len {
+        self.width_inner(id.id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn height<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> Len {
+        self.height_inner(id.id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn len_axis<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, axis: Axis) -> Len {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.width(id),
+            Axis::Y => self.height(id),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn size<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> Size {
+        Size {
+            x: self.width(id),
+            y: self.height(id),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn px_size(&mut self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.outer.to_abs(self.output_size)
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_text(&mut self, buffer: &mut TextBuffer, attrs: &TextAttrs) -> TextTexture {
+        self.text.draw(buffer, attrs, self.textures)
+    }
+
+    pub fn label(&self, id: &Id) -> &String {
+        self.widgets.label(id)
+    }
+}

src/layout/text.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+use cosmic_text::{
+    Attrs, AttrsList, Buffer, Family, FontSystem, Metrics, SwashCache, SwashContent,
+};
+use image::{Rgba, RgbaImage};
+
+use crate::{
+    layout::{Align, RegionAlign, TextureHandle, Textures, UiColor, Vec2},
+    util::HashMap,
+};
+
+/// TODO: properly wrap this
+pub mod text_lib {
+    pub use cosmic_text::*;
+}
+
+pub struct TextData {
+    pub font_system: FontSystem,
+    pub swash_cache: SwashCache,
+}
+
+impl Default for TextData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            font_system: FontSystem::new(),
+            swash_cache: SwashCache::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TextAttrs {
+    pub color: UiColor,
+    pub font_size: f32,
+    pub line_height: f32,
+    pub family: Family<'static>,
+    pub wrap: bool,
+    /// inner alignment of text region (within where its drawn)
+    pub align: RegionAlign,
+}
+
+impl TextAttrs {
+    pub fn apply(&self, font_system: &mut FontSystem, buf: &mut Buffer, width: Option<f32>) {
+        buf.set_metrics_and_size(
+            font_system,
+            Metrics::new(self.font_size, self.line_height),
+            width,
+            None,
+        );
+        let attrs = Attrs::new().family(self.family);
+        let list = AttrsList::new(&attrs);
+        for line in &mut buf.lines {
+            line.set_attrs_list(list.clone());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub type TextBuffer = Buffer;
+
+impl Default for TextAttrs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let size = 14.0;
+        Self {
+            color: UiColor::WHITE,
+            font_size: size,
+            line_height: size * 1.2,
+            family: Family::SansSerif,
+            wrap: false,
+            align: Align::CENTER,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TextData {
+    pub fn draw(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
+        attrs: &TextAttrs,
+        textures: &mut Textures,
+    ) -> TextTexture {
+        // TODO: either this or the layout stuff (or both) is super slow,
+        // should probably do texture packing and things if possible.
+        // very visible if you add just a couple of wrapping texts and resize window
+        // should also be timed to figure out exactly what points need to be sped up
+        let mut pixels = HashMap::<_, [u8; 4]>::default();
+        let mut min_x = 0;
+        let mut min_y = 0;
+        let mut max_x = 0;
+        let mut max_y = 0;
+        let cosmic_color = {
+            let c = attrs.color;
+            cosmic_text::Color::rgba(c.r, c.g, c.b, c.a)
+        };
+        let mut max_width = 0.0f32;
+        let mut height = 0.0;
+        for run in buffer.layout_runs() {
+            for glyph in run.glyphs.iter() {
+                let physical_glyph = glyph.physical((0., 0.), 1.0);
+
+                let glyph_color = match glyph.color_opt {
+                    Some(some) => some,
+                    None => cosmic_color,
+                };
+
+                if let Some(img) = self
+                    .swash_cache
+                    .get_image(&mut self.font_system, physical_glyph.cache_key)
+                {
+                    let mut pos = img.placement;
+                    pos.left += physical_glyph.x;
+                    pos.top = physical_glyph.y + run.line_y as i32 - pos.top;
+                    min_x = min_x.min(pos.left);
+                    min_y = min_y.min(pos.top);
+                    max_x = max_x.max(pos.left + pos.width as i32);
+                    max_y = max_y.max(pos.top + pos.height as i32);
+                    let mut merge = |i, color: [u8; 4]| {
+                        let x = i % pos.width as usize;
+                        let y = i / pos.width as usize;
+                        let pos = (x as i32 + pos.left, y as i32 + pos.top);
+                        if let Some(pixel) = pixels.get_mut(&pos) {
+                            for i in 0..4 {
+                                // TODO: no clue if proper alpha blending should be done
+                                pixel[i] = color[i].saturating_add(pixel[i]);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            pixels.insert(pos, color);
+                        }
+                    };
+                    match img.content {
+                        SwashContent::Mask => {
+                            for (i, a) in img.data.iter().enumerate() {
+                                let mut color = glyph_color.as_rgba();
+                                color[3] = ((color[3] as u32 * *a as u32) / u8::MAX as u32) as u8;
+                                merge(i, color);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        SwashContent::SubpixelMask => todo!(),
+                        SwashContent::Color => {
+                            let (colors, _) = img.data.as_chunks::<4>();
+                            for (i, color) in colors.iter().enumerate() {
+                                merge(i, *color);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            max_width = max_width.max(run.line_w);
+            height += run.line_height;
+        }
+        let img_width = (max_x - min_x + 1) as u32;
+        let img_height = (max_y - min_y + 1) as u32;
+        let mut image = RgbaImage::new(img_width, img_height);
+
+        for ((x, y), color) in pixels {
+            let x = (x - min_x) as u32;
+            let y = (y - min_y) as u32;
+            image.put_pixel(x, y, Rgba(color));
+        }
+        TextTexture {
+            handle: textures.add(image),
+            top_left: Vec2::new(min_x as f32, min_y as f32),
+            bot_right: Vec2::new(max_width - max_x as f32, height - max_y as f32),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TextTexture {
+    pub handle: TextureHandle,
+    pub top_left: Vec2,
+    pub bot_right: Vec2,
+}
+
+impl TextTexture {
+    pub fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.handle.size() - self.top_left + self.bot_right
+    }
+}

src/layout/texture.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+use std::{
+    ops::Index,
+    sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender, channel},
+};
+
+use image::{DynamicImage, GenericImageView};
+
+use crate::{layout::Vec2, render::TexturePrimitive, util::RefCounter};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TextureHandle {
+    inner: TexturePrimitive,
+    size: Vec2,
+    counter: RefCounter,
+    send: Sender<u32>,
+}
+
+/// a texture manager for a ui
+/// note that this is heavily oriented towards wgpu's renderer so the primitives don't need mapped
+pub struct Textures {
+    free: Vec<u32>,
+    images: Vec<Option<DynamicImage>>,
+    updates: Vec<Update>,
+    send: Sender<u32>,
+    recv: Receiver<u32>,
+}
+
+pub enum TextureUpdate<'a> {
+    Push(&'a DynamicImage),
+    Set(u32, &'a DynamicImage),
+    Free(u32),
+    PushFree,
+    SetFree,
+}
+
+enum Update {
+    Push(u32),
+    Set(u32),
+    Free(u32),
+}
+
+impl Textures {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let (send, recv) = channel();
+        Self {
+            free: Vec::new(),
+            images: Vec::new(),
+            updates: Vec::new(),
+            send,
+            recv,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn add(&mut self, image: impl Into<DynamicImage>) -> TextureHandle {
+        let image = image.into();
+        let size = image.dimensions().into();
+        let view_idx = self.push(image);
+        // 0 == default in renderer; TODO: actually create samplers here
+        let sampler_idx = 0;
+        TextureHandle {
+            inner: TexturePrimitive {
+                view_idx,
+                sampler_idx,
+            },
+            size,
+            counter: RefCounter::new(),
+            send: self.send.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, image: DynamicImage) -> u32 {
+        if let Some(i) = self.free.pop() {
+            self.images[i as usize] = Some(image);
+            self.updates.push(Update::Set(i));
+            i
+        } else {
+            let i = self.images.len() as u32;
+            self.images.push(Some(image));
+            self.updates.push(Update::Push(i));
+            i
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free(&mut self) {
+        for idx in self.recv.try_iter() {
+            self.images[idx as usize] = None;
+            self.updates.push(Update::Free(idx));
+            self.free.push(idx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn updates(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TextureUpdate<'_>> {
+        self.updates.drain(..).map(|u| match u {
+            Update::Push(i) => self.images[i as usize]
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(TextureUpdate::Push)
+                .unwrap_or(TextureUpdate::PushFree),
+            Update::Set(i) => self.images[i as usize]
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|img| TextureUpdate::Set(i, img))
+                .unwrap_or(TextureUpdate::SetFree),
+            Update::Free(i) => TextureUpdate::Free(i),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TextureHandle {
+    pub fn primitive(&self) -> TexturePrimitive {
+        self.inner
+    }
+    pub fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.size
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TextureHandle {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.counter.drop() {
+            let _ = self.send.send(self.inner.view_idx);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Index<&TextureHandle> for Textures {
+    type Output = DynamicImage;
+
+    fn index(&self, index: &TextureHandle) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.images[index.inner.view_idx as usize].as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Textures {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}

src/layout/ui.rs

@@ -1,101 +1,257 @@
+use image::DynamicImage;
+
 use crate::{
-    primitive::{Painter, Primitives},
-    util::{IDTracker, ID},
-    HashMap, Widget, WidgetId, WidgetLike, WidgetRef,
+    core::{TextEdit, TextEditCtx},
+    layout::{
+        IdLike, PainterCtx, PainterData, PixelRegion, StaticWidgetId, TextureHandle, Vec2, Widget,
+        WidgetId, WidgetLike,
+    },
+    util::{HashSet, Id},
 };
 use std::{
     any::{Any, TypeId},
-    cell::RefCell,
-    rc::Rc,
+    ops::{Index, IndexMut},
+    sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender, channel},
 };
 
-pub struct UI {
-    ids: IDTracker,
-    base: Option<WidgetId>,
-    pub widgets: Widgets,
+pub struct Ui {
+    // TODO: make this at least pub(super)
+    pub(crate) data: PainterData,
+    root: Option<WidgetId>,
+    updates: HashSet<Id>,
+    recv: Receiver<Id>,
+    pub(super) send: Sender<Id>,
+    full_redraw: bool,
+    resized: bool,
 }
 
-pub struct Widgets(HashMap<ID, Box<dyn Widget>>);
+impl Ui {
+    pub fn add<W: Widget, Tag>(&mut self, w: impl WidgetLike<Tag, Widget = W>) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        w.add(self)
+    }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct UIBuilder {
-    ui: Rc<RefCell<UI>>,
-}
+    pub fn add_static<W: Widget, Tag>(
+        &mut self,
+        w: impl WidgetLike<Tag, Widget = W>,
+    ) -> StaticWidgetId<W> {
+        let id = w.add(self);
+        id.into_static()
+    }
 
-impl From<UI> for UIBuilder {
-    fn from(ui: UI) -> Self {
-        UIBuilder {
-            ui: Rc::new(RefCell::new(ui)),
+    /// useful for debugging
+    pub fn set_label<W>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, label: String) {
+        self.data.widgets.data_mut(&id.id).unwrap().label = label;
+    }
+
+    pub fn label<W>(&self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> &String {
+        &self.data.widgets.data(&id.id).unwrap().label
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_widget<W: Widget>(&mut self, w: W) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self.push(w)
+    }
+
+    pub fn push<W: Widget>(&mut self, w: W) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        let id = self.id();
+        self.data.widgets.insert(id.id, w);
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn set<W: Widget>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>, w: W) {
+        self.data.widgets.insert(id.id, w);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_root<Tag>(&mut self, w: impl WidgetLike<Tag>) {
+        self.root = Some(w.add(self).any());
+        self.full_redraw = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get<W: Widget>(&self, id: &impl IdLike<W>) -> Option<&W> {
+        self.data.widgets.get(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut<W: Widget>(&mut self, id: &impl IdLike<W>) -> Option<&mut W> {
+        self.data.widgets.get_mut(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn id<W: Widget>(&mut self) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        WidgetId::new(
+            self.data.widgets.reserve(),
+            TypeId::of::<W>(),
+            self.send.clone(),
+            false,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn id_static<W: Widget>(&mut self) -> StaticWidgetId<W> {
+        let id = self.id();
+        id.into_static()
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_texture(&mut self, image: DynamicImage) -> TextureHandle {
+        self.data.textures.add(image)
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: impl Into<Vec2>) {
+        self.data.output_size = size.into();
+        self.resized = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn redraw_all(&mut self) {
+        for (_, inst) in self.data.active.drain() {
+            for m in self.data.modules.iter_mut() {
+                m.on_undraw(&inst);
+            }
+        }
+        // free before bc nothing should exist
+        self.free();
+        let mut ctx = PainterCtx::new(&mut self.data);
+        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
+            ctx.draw(root.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self) {
+        if self.full_redraw {
+            self.redraw_all();
+            self.full_redraw = false;
+        } else if !self.updates.is_empty() {
+            self.redraw_updates();
+        }
+        if self.resized {
+            self.resized = false;
+            self.redraw_size();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn redraw_size(&mut self) {
+        // let mut ctx = PainterCtx::new(&mut self.data);
+        // let dep = ctx.px_dependent.clone();
+        // for id in dep {
+        //     ctx.redraw(id);
+        // }
+        self.redraw_all();
+    }
+
+    fn redraw_updates(&mut self) {
+        // if self.updates.drain(..).next().is_some() {
+        //     self.redraw_all();
+        // }
+        let mut ctx = PainterCtx::new(&mut self.data);
+        for id in self.updates.drain() {
+            ctx.redraw(id);
+        }
+        self.free();
+    }
+
+    /// free any resources that don't have references anymore
+    fn free(&mut self) {
+        for id in self.recv.try_iter() {
+            for m in self.data.modules.iter_mut() {
+                m.on_remove(&id);
+            }
+            self.data.widgets.delete(id);
+        }
+        self.data.textures.free();
+    }
+
+    pub fn needs_redraw(&self) -> bool {
+        self.full_redraw || !self.updates.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_widgets(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.widgets.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_widgets(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.active.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn text(&mut self, id: &impl IdLike<TextEdit>) -> TextEditCtx<'_> {
+        self.updates.insert(id.id());
+        TextEditCtx {
+            text: self.data.widgets.get_mut(id).unwrap(),
+            font_system: &mut self.data.text.font_system,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_region<W>(&self, id: &impl IdLike<W>) -> Option<PixelRegion> {
+        let region = self.data.active.get(&id.id())?.region;
+        Some(region.to_px(self.data.output_size))
+    }
+
+    pub fn debug(&self, label: &str) {
+        for (id, inst) in &self.data.active {
+            let l = &self.data.widgets.data(id).unwrap().label;
+            if l != label {
+                continue;
+            }
+            println!("\"{label}\" {{");
+            println!("    region: {}", inst.region);
+            println!(
+                "    pixel region: {}",
+                inst.region.to_px(self.data.output_size)
+            );
+            println!("}}");
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl UIBuilder {
-    pub fn add<W: Widget>(&mut self, w: W) -> WidgetRef<W> {
-        WidgetRef::new(self.clone(), [self.push(w)])
-    }
+impl<W: Widget> Index<&WidgetId<W>> for Ui {
+    type Output = W;
 
-    pub fn push<W: Widget>(&mut self, w: W) -> WidgetId {
-        let mut ui = self.ui.borrow_mut();
-        let id = ui.ids.next();
-        ui.widgets.insert(id.duplicate(), w);
-        WidgetId::new(id, TypeId::of::<W>())
-    }
-
-    pub fn finish<WL: WidgetLike<W>, W>(mut self, base: WL) -> UI {
-        let base = base.id(&mut self).erase_type();
-        let mut ui = Rc::into_inner(self.ui).unwrap().into_inner();
-        ui.base = Some(base);
-        ui
+    fn index(&self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.get(id).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
-impl UI {
-    pub fn build() -> UIBuilder {
-        Self::empty().into()
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ids: IDTracker::new(),
-            base: None,
-            widgets: Widgets::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn to_primitives(&self) -> Primitives {
-        let mut painter = Painter::new(&self.widgets);
-        if let Some(base) = &self.base {
-            painter.draw(base);
-        }
-        painter.finish()
+impl<W: Widget> IndexMut<&WidgetId<W>> for Ui {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        self.updates.insert(id.id);
+        self.get_mut(id).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
-impl Widgets {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self(HashMap::new())
-    }
+impl<W: Widget> Index<StaticWidgetId<W>> for Ui {
+    type Output = W;
 
-    pub fn get(&self, id: &WidgetId) -> &dyn Widget {
-        self.0.get(&id.id).unwrap().as_ref()
+    fn index(&self, id: StaticWidgetId<W>) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.data.widgets.get(&id).unwrap()
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn get_mut<W: Widget>(&mut self, id: &WidgetId<W>) -> Option<&mut W> {
-        self.0.get_mut(&id.id).unwrap().as_any_mut().downcast_mut()
-    }
-
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, id: ID, widget: impl Widget) {
-        self.0.insert(id, Box::new(widget));
-    }
-
-    pub fn insert_any(&mut self, id: ID, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {
-        self.0.insert(id, widget);
+impl<W: Widget> IndexMut<StaticWidgetId<W>> for Ui {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, id: StaticWidgetId<W>) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        self.updates.insert(id.id);
+        self.data.widgets.get_mut(&id).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
 impl dyn Widget {
+    pub fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
         self
     }
 }
+
+impl Default for Ui {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        let (send, recv) = channel();
+        Self {
+            data: PainterData::default(),
+            root: Default::default(),
+            updates: Default::default(),
+            full_redraw: false,
+            send,
+            recv,
+            resized: false,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/layout/vec2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+use crate::{
+    layout::UiNum,
+    util::{DivOr, impl_op},
+};
+use std::{hash::Hash, marker::Destruct, ops::*};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct Vec2 {
+    pub x: f32,
+    pub y: f32,
+}
+
+impl Eq for Vec2 {}
+
+impl Hash for Vec2 {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        state.write_u32(self.x.to_bits());
+        state.write_u32(self.y.to_bits());
+    }
+}
+
+pub const fn vec2(x: impl const UiNum, y: impl const UiNum) -> Vec2 {
+    Vec2::new(x.to_f32(), y.to_f32())
+}
+
+impl Vec2 {
+    pub const ZERO: Self = Self::new(0.0, 0.0);
+    pub const ONE: Self = Self::new(1.0, 1.0);
+
+    pub const fn new(x: f32, y: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn round(self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.round(),
+            y: self.y.round(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn floor(self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.floor(),
+            y: self.y.floor(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn ceil(self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.ceil(),
+            y: self.y.ceil(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn tuple(&self) -> (f32, f32) {
+        (self.x, self.y)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: const UiNum + Copy> const From<T> for Vec2 {
+    fn from(v: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: v.to_f32(),
+            y: v.to_f32(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// this version looks kinda cool... is it more readable? more annoying to copy and change though
+impl_op!(impl Add for Vec2: add x y);
+impl_op!(Vec2 Sub sub; x y);
+impl_op!(Vec2 Mul mul; x y);
+impl_op!(Vec2 Div div; x y);
+
+impl const DivOr for Vec2 {
+    fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: self.x.div_or(rhs.x, other.x),
+            y: self.y.div_or(rhs.y, other.y),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Neg for Vec2 {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn neg(mut self) -> Self::Output {
+        self.x = -self.x;
+        self.y = -self.y;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: const UiNum, U: const UiNum> const From<(T, U)> for Vec2
+where
+    (T, U): const Destruct,
+{
+    fn from((x, y): (T, U)) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: x.to_f32(),
+            y: y.to_f32(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Vec2 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Vec2 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
+    }
+}

src/layout/widget.rs

@@ -1,157 +1,137 @@
-use std::{
-    any::{Any, TypeId},
-    marker::PhantomData,
-};
+use crate::layout::{Len, Painter, SizeCtx, StaticWidgetId, Ui, WidgetId, WidgetIdFn};
 
-use crate::{primitive::Painter, util::ID, UIBuilder};
+use std::{any::Any, marker::PhantomData};
 
-pub trait Widget: 'static + Any {
-    fn draw(&self, painter: &mut Painter);
+pub trait Widget: Any {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter);
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len;
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len;
 }
 
-impl<W: Widget> Widget for (W,) {
-    fn draw(&self, painter: &mut Painter) {
-        self.0.draw(painter);
+impl Widget for () {
+    fn draw(&mut self, _: &mut Painter) {}
+    fn desired_width(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::ZERO
+    }
+    fn desired_height(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        Len::ZERO
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub struct WidgetId<W = ()> {
-    pub(super) ty: TypeId,
-    pub(super) id: ID,
-    _pd: PhantomData<W>,
-}
+pub struct WidgetTag;
+pub struct FnTag;
 
-// TODO: temp
-impl Clone for WidgetId {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ty: self.ty,
-            id: self.id.duplicate(),
-            _pd: self._pd,
+pub trait WidgetLike<Tag> {
+    type Widget: 'static;
+    fn add(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetId<Self::Widget>;
+    fn with_id<W2>(
+        self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, WidgetId<Self::Widget>) -> WidgetId<W2>,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<W2>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        move |ui| {
+            let id = self.add(ui);
+            f(ui, id)
         }
     }
-}
-
-impl<W> WidgetId<W> {
-    pub(super) fn new(id: ID, ty: TypeId) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ty,
-            id,
-            _pd: PhantomData,
-        }
+    fn add_static(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> StaticWidgetId<Self::Widget>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.add(ui).into_static()
     }
-    pub fn erase_type(self) -> WidgetId<()> {
-        self.cast_type()
-    }
-
-    fn cast_type<W2>(self) -> WidgetId<W2> {
-        WidgetId {
-            ty: self.ty,
-            id: self.id,
-            _pd: PhantomData,
-        }
+    fn set_root(self, ui: &mut Ui)
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        ui.set_root(self);
     }
 }
 
-pub trait WidgetLike<W> {
-    fn id(self, ui: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetId<W>;
-}
+/// A function that returns a widget given a UI.
+/// Useful for defining trait functions on widgets that create a parent widget so that the children
+/// don't need to be IDs yet
+pub trait WidgetFn<W: Widget>: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> W {}
+impl<W: Widget, F: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> W> WidgetFn<W> for F {}
 
-/// wouldn't be needed if negative trait bounds & disjoint impls existed
-pub struct WidgetFn<F: FnOnce(&mut UIBuilder) -> W, W>(pub F);
-
-impl<W: Widget, F: FnOnce(&mut UIBuilder) -> W> WidgetLike<W> for WidgetFn<F, W> {
-    fn id(self, ui: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetId<W> {
-        let w = (self.0)(ui);
-        ui.add(w).to_id()
+impl<W: Widget, F: FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> W> WidgetLike<FnTag> for F {
+    type Widget = W;
+    fn add(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        self(ui).add(ui)
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: Widget> WidgetLike<W> for W {
-    fn id(self, ui: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetId<W> {
-        ui.add(self).to_id()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<W> WidgetLike<W> for WidgetId<W> {
-    fn id(self, _: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetId<W> {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl<W> WidgetLike<W> for WidgetArr<1, (W,)> {
-    fn id(self, _: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetId<W> {
-        let [id] = self.arr;
-        id.cast_type()
+impl<W: Widget> WidgetLike<WidgetTag> for W {
+    type Widget = W;
+    fn add(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetId<W> {
+        ui.add_widget(self)
     }
 }
 
 pub struct WidgetArr<const LEN: usize, Ws> {
-    pub ui: UIBuilder,
-    pub arr: [WidgetId<()>; LEN],
+    pub arr: [WidgetId; LEN],
     _pd: PhantomData<Ws>,
 }
 
 impl<const LEN: usize, Ws> WidgetArr<LEN, Ws> {
-    pub fn new(ui: UIBuilder, arr: [WidgetId<()>; LEN]) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(arr: [WidgetId; LEN]) -> Self {
         Self {
-            ui,
             arr,
             _pd: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub type WidgetRef<W> = WidgetArr<1, (W,)>;
-
-impl<W> WidgetRef<W> {
-    pub fn handle(&self) -> WidgetId<W> {
-        let [id] = &self.arr;
-        id.clone().cast_type()
-    }
-    pub fn to_id(self) -> WidgetId<W> {
-        let [id] = self.arr;
-        id.cast_type()
-    }
+pub struct ArrTag;
+pub trait WidgetArrLike<const LEN: usize, Tag> {
+    type Ws;
+    fn ui(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetArr<LEN, Self::Ws>;
 }
 
-pub trait WidgetArrLike<const LEN: usize, Ws> {
-    fn ui(self, ui: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetArr<LEN, Ws>;
-}
-
-impl<const LEN: usize, Ws> WidgetArrLike<LEN, Ws> for WidgetArr<LEN, Ws> {
-    fn ui(self, _: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetArr<LEN, Ws> {
+impl<const LEN: usize, Ws> WidgetArrLike<LEN, ArrTag> for WidgetArr<LEN, Ws> {
+    type Ws = Ws;
+    fn ui(self, _: &mut Ui) -> WidgetArr<LEN, Ws> {
         self
     }
 }
 
+impl<W: WidgetLike<WidgetTag>> WidgetArrLike<1, WidgetTag> for W {
+    type Ws = (W::Widget,);
+    fn ui(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetArr<1, (W::Widget,)> {
+        WidgetArr::new([self.add(ui).any()])
+    }
+}
+
 // I hate this language it's so bad why do I even use it
-macro_rules! impl_node_arr {
-    ($n:expr;$($T:tt)*) => {
-        impl<$($T,${concat($T,$T)}: WidgetLike<$T>,)*> WidgetArrLike<$n, ($($T,)*)> for ($(${concat($T,$T)},)*) {
-            #[allow(unused_variables)]
-            fn ui(self, ui: &mut UIBuilder) -> WidgetArr<$n, ($($T,)*)> {
+macro_rules! impl_widget_arr {
+    ($n:expr;$($W:ident)*) => {
+        impl_widget_arr!($n;$($W)*;$(${concat($W,Tag)})*);
+    };
+    ($n:expr;$($W:ident)*;$($Tag:ident)*) => {
+        impl<$($W: WidgetLike<$Tag>,$Tag,)*> WidgetArrLike<$n, ($($Tag,)*)> for ($($W,)*) {
+            type Ws = ($($W::Widget,)*);
+            fn ui(self, ui: &mut Ui) -> WidgetArr<$n, ($($W::Widget,)*)> {
                 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-                let ($($T,)*) = self;
+                let ($($W,)*) = self;
                 WidgetArr::new(
-                    ui.clone(),
-                    [$($T.id(ui).cast_type(),)*],
+                    [$($W.add(ui).cast_type(),)*],
                 )
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
-impl_node_arr!(1;A);
-impl_node_arr!(2;A B);
-impl_node_arr!(3;A B C);
-impl_node_arr!(4;A B C D);
-impl_node_arr!(5;A B C D E);
-impl_node_arr!(6;A B C D E F);
-impl_node_arr!(7;A B C D E F G);
-impl_node_arr!(8;A B C D E F G H);
-impl_node_arr!(9;A B C D E F G H I);
-impl_node_arr!(10;A B C D E F G H I J);
-impl_node_arr!(11;A B C D E F G H I J K);
-impl_node_arr!(12;A B C D E F G H I J K L);
+impl_widget_arr!(1;A);
+impl_widget_arr!(2;A B);
+impl_widget_arr!(3;A B C);
+impl_widget_arr!(4;A B C D);
+impl_widget_arr!(5;A B C D E);
+impl_widget_arr!(6;A B C D E F);
+impl_widget_arr!(7;A B C D E F G);
+impl_widget_arr!(8;A B C D E F G H);
+impl_widget_arr!(9;A B C D E F G H I);
+impl_widget_arr!(10;A B C D E F G H I J);
+impl_widget_arr!(11;A B C D E F G H I J K);
+impl_widget_arr!(12;A B C D E F G H I J K L);

src/layout/widgets.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use crate::{
+    layout::{IdLike, Widget},
+    util::{DynBorrower, HashMap, Id, IdTracker},
+};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Widgets {
+    ids: IdTracker,
+    map: HashMap<Id, WidgetData>,
+}
+
+pub struct WidgetData {
+    pub widget: Box<dyn Widget>,
+    pub label: String,
+    /// dynamic borrow checking
+    pub borrowed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Widgets {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ids: IdTracker::default(),
+            map: HashMap::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_dyn(&self, id: Id) -> Option<&dyn Widget> {
+        Some(self.map.get(&id)?.widget.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_dyn_mut(&mut self, id: Id) -> Option<&mut dyn Widget> {
+        Some(self.map.get_mut(&id)?.widget.as_mut())
+    }
+
+    /// get_dyn but dynamic borrow checking of widgets
+    /// lets you do recursive (tree) operations, like the painter does
+    pub fn get_dyn_dynamic(&self, id: Id) -> WidgetWrapper<'_> {
+        // SAFETY: must guarantee no other mutable references to this widget exist
+        // done through the borrow variable
+        #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
+        let data = unsafe {
+            std::mem::transmute::<&WidgetData, &mut WidgetData>(self.map.get(&id).unwrap())
+        };
+        if data.borrowed {
+            panic!("tried to mutably borrow the same widget twice");
+        }
+        WidgetWrapper::new(data.widget.as_mut(), &mut data.borrowed)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get<W: Widget>(&self, id: &impl IdLike<W>) -> Option<&W> {
+        self.get_dyn(id.id())?.as_any().downcast_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut<W: Widget>(&mut self, id: &impl IdLike<W>) -> Option<&mut W> {
+        self.get_dyn_mut(id.id())?.as_any_mut().downcast_mut()
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert<W: Widget>(&mut self, id: Id, widget: W) {
+        self.insert_any(id, Box::new(widget), std::any::type_name::<W>().to_string());
+    }
+
+    pub fn data(&self, id: &Id) -> Option<&WidgetData> {
+        self.map.get(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn label(&self, id: &Id) -> &String {
+        &self.data(id).unwrap().label
+    }
+
+    pub fn data_mut(&mut self, id: &Id) -> Option<&mut WidgetData> {
+        self.map.get_mut(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_any(&mut self, id: Id, widget: Box<dyn Widget>, label: String) {
+        self.map.insert(
+            id,
+            WidgetData {
+                widget,
+                label,
+                borrowed: false,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete(&mut self, id: Id) {
+        self.map.remove(&id);
+        self.ids.free(id);
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserve(&mut self) -> Id {
+        self.ids.next()
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.map.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.map.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+pub type WidgetWrapper<'a> = DynBorrower<'a, dyn Widget>;

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 #![feature(macro_metavar_expr_concat)]
 #![feature(const_ops)]
 #![feature(const_trait_impl)]
-#![feature(const_from)]
-#![feature(trait_alias)]
+#![feature(const_convert)]
+#![feature(map_try_insert)]
+#![feature(unboxed_closures)]
+#![feature(fn_traits)]
+#![feature(const_cmp)]
+#![feature(const_destruct)]
 
-mod layout;
-mod render;
-mod util;
-mod base;
+pub mod core;
+pub mod layout;
+pub mod render;
+pub mod util;
 
-pub use layout::*;
-pub use render::*;
-pub use base::*;
-
-pub type HashMap<K, V> = std::collections::HashMap<K, V>;
+pub mod prelude {
+    pub use crate::core::*;
+    pub use crate::layout::*;
+    pub use crate::render::*;
+}

src/render/data.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
-use crate::primitive::UIRegion;
-use wgpu::VertexAttribute;
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-pub struct PrimitiveInstance {
-    pub region: UIRegion,
-    pub ptr: u32,
-}
+use crate::{layout::UiRegion, util::Id};
+use wgpu::*;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable, Default)]
@@ -15,20 +8,43 @@ pub struct WindowUniform {
     pub height: f32,
 }
 
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct PrimitiveInstance {
+    pub region: UiRegion,
+    pub binding: u32,
+    pub idx: u32,
+    pub mask_idx: MaskIdx,
+}
+
 impl PrimitiveInstance {
-    const ATTRIBS: [VertexAttribute; 5] = wgpu::vertex_attr_array![
+    const ATTRIBS: [VertexAttribute; 7] = vertex_attr_array![
         0 => Float32x2,
         1 => Float32x2,
         2 => Float32x2,
         3 => Float32x2,
         4 => Uint32,
+        5 => Uint32,
+        6 => Uint32,
     ];
 
-    pub fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
-        wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
-            array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<Self>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
-            step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+    pub fn desc() -> VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
+        VertexBufferLayout {
+            array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<Self>() as BufferAddress,
+            step_mode: VertexStepMode::Instance,
             attributes: &Self::ATTRIBS,
         }
     }
 }
+
+pub type MaskIdx = Id<u32>;
+
+impl MaskIdx {
+    pub const NONE: Self = Self::preset(u32::MAX);
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct Mask {
+    pub region: UiRegion,
+}

src/render/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+use std::num::NonZero;
+
 use crate::{
-    render::{data::PrimitiveInstance, util::ArrBuf},
-    UI,
+    layout::Ui,
+    render::{data::PrimitiveInstance, texture::GpuTextures, util::ArrBuf},
+    util::HashMap,
 };
 use data::WindowUniform;
 use wgpu::{
@@ -10,41 +13,100 @@ use wgpu::{
 use winit::dpi::PhysicalSize;
 
 mod data;
-pub mod primitive;
+mod primitive;
+mod texture;
 mod util;
 
+pub use data::{Mask, MaskIdx};
+pub use primitive::*;
+
 const SHAPE_SHADER: &str = include_str!("./shader.wgsl");
 
-pub struct UIRenderNode {
-    bind_group_layout: BindGroupLayout,
-    bind_group: BindGroup,
+pub struct UiRenderer {
+    uniform_group: BindGroup,
+    primitive_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    rsc_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    rsc_group: BindGroup,
+
     pipeline: RenderPipeline,
 
+    layers: HashMap<usize, RenderLayer>,
+    active: Vec<usize>,
     window_buffer: Buffer,
-    instance: ArrBuf<PrimitiveInstance>,
-    data: ArrBuf<u32>,
+    textures: GpuTextures,
+    masks: ArrBuf<Mask>,
 }
 
-impl UIRenderNode {
+struct RenderLayer {
+    instance: ArrBuf<PrimitiveInstance>,
+    primitives: PrimitiveBuffers,
+    primitive_group: BindGroup,
+}
+
+impl UiRenderer {
     pub fn draw<'a>(&'a self, pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>) {
         pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
-        pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.bind_group, &[]);
-        if self.instance.len() != 0 {
-            pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.instance.buffer.slice(..));
-            pass.draw(0..4, 0..self.instance.len() as u32);
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.uniform_group, &[]);
+        pass.set_bind_group(2, &self.rsc_group, &[]);
+        for i in &self.active {
+            let layer = &self.layers[i];
+            if layer.instance.len() == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            pass.set_bind_group(1, &layer.primitive_group, &[]);
+            pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, layer.instance.buffer.slice(..));
+            pass.draw(0..4, 0..layer.instance.len() as u32);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, ui: &UI) {
-        let primitives = ui.to_primitives();
-        self.instance.update(device, queue, &primitives.instances);
-        self.data.update(device, queue, &primitives.data);
-        self.bind_group = Self::bind_group(
-            device,
-            &self.bind_group_layout,
-            &self.window_buffer,
-            &self.data.buffer,
-        )
+    pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, ui: &mut Ui) {
+        self.active.clear();
+        for (i, ulayer) in ui.data.layers.iter_mut() {
+            self.active.push(i);
+            let primitives = &mut ulayer.primitives;
+            for change in primitives.apply_free() {
+                if let Some(inst) = ui.data.active.get_mut(&change.id) {
+                    for h in &mut inst.primitives {
+                        if h.inst_idx == change.old {
+                            h.inst_idx = change.new;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            let rlayer = self.layers.entry(i).or_insert_with(|| {
+                let primitives = PrimitiveBuffers::new(device);
+                let primitive_group =
+                    Self::primitive_group(device, &self.primitive_layout, primitives.buffers());
+                RenderLayer {
+                    instance: ArrBuf::new(
+                        device,
+                        BufferUsages::VERTEX | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                        "instance",
+                    ),
+                    primitives,
+                    primitive_group,
+                }
+            });
+            if primitives.updated {
+                rlayer
+                    .instance
+                    .update(device, queue, primitives.instances());
+                rlayer.primitives.update(device, queue, primitives.data());
+                rlayer.primitive_group = Self::primitive_group(
+                    device,
+                    &self.primitive_layout,
+                    rlayer.primitives.buffers(),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+        if self.textures.update(&mut ui.data.textures) {
+            self.rsc_group = Self::rsc_group(device, &self.rsc_layout, &self.textures, &self.masks)
+        }
+        if ui.data.masks.changed {
+            ui.data.masks.changed = false;
+            self.masks.update(device, queue, &ui.data.masks[..]);
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn resize(&mut self, size: &PhysicalSize<u32>, queue: &Queue) {
@@ -55,7 +117,12 @@ impl UIRenderNode {
         queue.write_buffer(&self.window_buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(slice));
     }
 
-    pub fn new(device: &Device, config: &SurfaceConfiguration) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        device: &Device,
+        queue: &Queue,
+        config: &SurfaceConfiguration,
+        limits: UiLimits,
+    ) -> Self {
         let shader = device.create_shader_module(ShaderModuleDescriptor {
             label: Some("UI Shape Shader"),
             source: ShaderSource::Wgsl(SHAPE_SHADER.into()),
@@ -63,36 +130,31 @@ impl UIRenderNode {
 
         let window_uniform = WindowUniform::default();
         let window_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&BufferInitDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Camera Buffer"),
+            label: Some("window"),
             contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&[window_uniform]),
             usage: BufferUsages::UNIFORM | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
         });
 
-        let instance = ArrBuf::new(
-            device,
-            BufferUsages::VERTEX | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-            "instance",
-        );
-        let data = ArrBuf::new(
-            device,
-            BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-            "data",
-        );
-
-        let bind_group_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-            entries: &[
-                BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                    binding: 0,
-                    visibility: ShaderStages::VERTEX,
-                    ty: BindingType::Buffer {
-                        ty: BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                        min_binding_size: None,
-                    },
-                    count: None,
+        let uniform_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            entries: &[BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                visibility: ShaderStages::VERTEX | ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                ty: BindingType::Buffer {
+                    ty: BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                    has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                    min_binding_size: None,
                 },
+                count: None,
+            }],
+            label: Some("window"),
+        });
+
+        let uniform_group = Self::bind_group_0(device, &uniform_layout, &window_buffer);
+
+        let primitive_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            entries: &core::array::from_fn::<_, { PrimitiveBuffers::LEN }, _>(|i| {
                 BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                    binding: 1,
+                    binding: i as u32,
                     visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
                     ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                         ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
@@ -100,16 +162,24 @@ impl UIRenderNode {
                         min_binding_size: None,
                     },
                     count: None,
-                },
-            ],
-            label: Some("camera_bind_group_layout"),
+                }
+            }),
+            label: Some("primitive"),
         });
 
-        let bind_group = Self::bind_group(device, &bind_group_layout, &window_buffer, &data.buffer);
+        let tex_manager = GpuTextures::new(device, queue);
+        let masks = ArrBuf::new(
+            device,
+            BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            "ui masks",
+        );
+
+        let rsc_layout = Self::rsc_layout(device, &limits);
+        let rsc_group = Self::rsc_group(device, &rsc_layout, &tex_manager, &masks);
 
         let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
             label: Some("UI Shape Pipeline Layout"),
-            bind_group_layouts: &[&bind_group_layout],
+            bind_group_layouts: &[&uniform_layout, &primitive_layout, &rsc_layout],
             push_constant_ranges: &[],
         });
         let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&RenderPipelineDescriptor {
@@ -151,34 +221,133 @@ impl UIRenderNode {
         });
 
         Self {
-            bind_group_layout,
-            bind_group,
+            uniform_group,
+            primitive_layout,
+            rsc_layout,
+            rsc_group,
             pipeline,
             window_buffer,
-            instance,
-            data,
+            layers: HashMap::default(),
+            active: Vec::new(),
+            textures: tex_manager,
+            masks,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn bind_group(
+    fn bind_group_0(
         device: &Device,
         layout: &BindGroupLayout,
         window_buffer: &Buffer,
-        data: &Buffer,
+    ) -> BindGroup {
+        device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
+            layout,
+            entries: &[BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                resource: window_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+            }],
+            label: Some("ui window"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn primitive_group(
+        device: &Device,
+        layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        buffers: [(u32, &Buffer); PrimitiveBuffers::LEN],
+    ) -> BindGroup {
+        device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
+            layout,
+            entries: &buffers.map(|(binding, buf)| BindGroupEntry {
+                binding,
+                resource: buf.as_entire_binding(),
+            }),
+            label: Some("ui primitives"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rsc_layout(device: &Device, limits: &UiLimits) -> BindGroupLayout {
+        device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            entries: &[
+                BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: BindingType::Texture {
+                        sample_type: TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: false },
+                        view_dimension: TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                        multisampled: false,
+                    },
+                    count: Some(NonZero::new(limits.max_textures).unwrap()),
+                },
+                BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 1,
+                    visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: BindingType::Sampler(SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering),
+                    count: Some(NonZero::new(limits.max_samplers).unwrap()),
+                },
+                BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 2,
+                    visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
+                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                        min_binding_size: None,
+                    },
+                    count: None,
+                },
+            ],
+            label: Some("ui rsc"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rsc_group(
+        device: &Device,
+        layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        tex_manager: &GpuTextures,
+        masks: &ArrBuf<Mask>,
     ) -> BindGroup {
         device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
             layout,
             entries: &[
                 BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 0,
-                    resource: window_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                    resource: BindingResource::TextureViewArray(&tex_manager.views()),
                 },
                 BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 1,
-                    resource: data.as_entire_binding(),
+                    resource: BindingResource::SamplerArray(&tex_manager.samplers()),
+                },
+                BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 2,
+                    resource: masks.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
                 },
             ],
-            label: Some("ui_bind_group"),
+            label: Some("ui rsc"),
         })
     }
+
+    pub fn view_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.textures.view_count()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct UiLimits {
+    max_textures: u32,
+    max_samplers: u32,
+}
+
+impl Default for UiLimits {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            max_textures: 100000,
+            max_samplers: 1000,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl UiLimits {
+    pub fn max_binding_array_elements_per_shader_stage(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_textures + self.max_samplers
+    }
+    pub fn max_binding_array_sampler_elements_per_shader_stage(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.max_samplers
+    }
 }

src/render/primitive.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+use crate::{
+    layout::{Color, UiRegion},
+    render::{
+        ArrBuf,
+        data::{MaskIdx, PrimitiveInstance},
+    },
+    util::Id,
+};
+use bytemuck::Pod;
+use wgpu::*;
+
+pub struct Primitives {
+    instances: Vec<PrimitiveInstance>,
+    assoc: Vec<Id>,
+    data: PrimitiveData,
+    free: Vec<usize>,
+    pub updated: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for Primitives {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            instances: Default::default(),
+            assoc: Default::default(),
+            data: Default::default(),
+            free: Vec::new(),
+            updated: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Primitive: Pod {
+    const BINDING: u32;
+    fn vec(data: &mut PrimitiveData) -> &mut PrimitiveVec<Self>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! primitives {
+    ($($name:ident: $ty:ty => $binding:expr,)*) => {
+        #[derive(Default)]
+        pub struct PrimitiveData {
+            $($name: PrimitiveVec<$ty>,)*
+        }
+
+        pub struct PrimitiveBuffers {
+            $($name: ArrBuf<$ty>,)*
+        }
+
+        impl PrimitiveBuffers {
+            pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, data: &PrimitiveData) {
+                $(self.$name.update(device, queue, &data.$name);)*
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl PrimitiveBuffers {
+            pub const LEN: usize = primitives!(@count $($name)*);
+            pub fn buffers(&self) -> [(u32, &Buffer); Self::LEN] {
+                [
+                    $((<$ty>::BINDING, &self.$name.buffer),)*
+                ]
+            }
+            pub fn new(device: &Device) -> Self {
+                Self {
+                    $($name: ArrBuf::new(
+                        device,
+                        BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                        stringify!($name),
+                    ),)*
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl PrimitiveData {
+            pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+                $(self.$name.clear();)*
+            }
+            pub fn free(&mut self, binding: u32, idx: usize) {
+                match binding {
+                    $(<$ty>::BINDING => self.$name.free(idx),)*
+                    _ => unreachable!()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        $(
+            unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for $ty {}
+            unsafe impl bytemuck::Zeroable for $ty {}
+            impl Primitive for $ty {
+                const BINDING: u32 = $binding;
+                fn vec(data: &mut PrimitiveData) -> &mut PrimitiveVec<Self> {
+                    &mut data.$name
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    };
+    (@count $t1:tt $($t:tt)+) => { 1 + primitives!(@count $($t),+) };
+    (@count $t:tt) => { 1 };
+}
+
+pub struct PrimitiveInst<P> {
+    pub id: Id,
+    pub primitive: P,
+    pub region: UiRegion,
+    pub mask_idx: MaskIdx,
+}
+
+impl Primitives {
+    pub fn write<P: Primitive>(
+        &mut self,
+        layer: usize,
+        PrimitiveInst {
+            id,
+            primitive,
+            region,
+            mask_idx,
+        }: PrimitiveInst<P>,
+    ) -> PrimitiveHandle {
+        let vec = P::vec(&mut self.data);
+        let i = vec.add(primitive);
+        let inst = PrimitiveInstance {
+            region,
+            idx: i as u32,
+            mask_idx,
+            binding: P::BINDING,
+        };
+        let inst_i = if let Some(i) = self.free.pop() {
+            self.instances[i] = inst;
+            self.assoc[i] = id;
+            i
+        } else {
+            let i = self.instances.len();
+            self.instances.push(inst);
+            self.assoc.push(id);
+            i
+        };
+        PrimitiveHandle::new::<P>(layer, inst_i, i)
+    }
+
+    /// returns (old index, new index)
+    pub fn apply_free(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PrimitiveChange> {
+        self.free.sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
+        self.free.drain(..).filter_map(|i| {
+            self.instances.swap_remove(i);
+            self.assoc.swap_remove(i);
+            if i == self.instances.len() {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let id = self.assoc[i];
+            let old = self.instances.len();
+            Some(PrimitiveChange { id, old, new: i })
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn free(&mut self, h: &PrimitiveHandle) -> MaskIdx {
+        self.data.free(h.binding, h.data_idx);
+        self.free.push(h.inst_idx);
+        self.instances[h.inst_idx].mask_idx
+    }
+
+    pub fn data(&self) -> &PrimitiveData {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    pub fn instances(&self) -> &Vec<PrimitiveInstance> {
+        &self.instances
+    }
+
+    pub fn region_mut(&mut self, h: &PrimitiveHandle) -> &mut UiRegion {
+        self.updated = true;
+        &mut self.instances[h.inst_idx].region
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PrimitiveChange {
+    pub id: Id,
+    pub old: usize,
+    pub new: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PrimitiveHandle {
+    pub layer: usize,
+    pub inst_idx: usize,
+    pub data_idx: usize,
+    pub binding: u32,
+}
+
+impl PrimitiveHandle {
+    fn new<P: Primitive>(layer: usize, inst_idx: usize, data_idx: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            layer,
+            inst_idx,
+            data_idx,
+            binding: P::BINDING,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+primitives!(
+    rects: RectPrimitive => 0,
+    textures: TexturePrimitive => 1,
+);
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct RectPrimitive {
+    pub color: Color<u8>,
+    pub radius: f32,
+    pub thickness: f32,
+    pub inner_radius: f32,
+}
+
+impl RectPrimitive {
+    pub fn color(color: Color<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            color,
+            radius: 0.0,
+            thickness: 0.0,
+            inner_radius: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct TexturePrimitive {
+    pub view_idx: u32,
+    pub sampler_idx: u32,
+}
+
+pub struct PrimitiveVec<T> {
+    vec: Vec<T>,
+    free: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<T> PrimitiveVec<T> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            vec: Vec::new(),
+            free: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn add(&mut self, t: T) -> usize {
+        if let Some(i) = self.free.pop() {
+            self.vec[i] = t;
+            i
+        } else {
+            let i = self.vec.len();
+            self.vec.push(t);
+            i
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn free(&mut self, i: usize) {
+        self.free.push(i);
+    }
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.free.clear();
+        self.vec.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for PrimitiveVec<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Deref for PrimitiveVec<T> {
+    type Target = Vec<T>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.vec
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> DerefMut for PrimitiveVec<T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.vec
+    }
+}

src/render/primitive/color.rs

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(clippy::multiple_bound_locations)]
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-pub struct Color<T: ColorNum> {
-    r: T,
-    g: T,
-    b: T,
-    a: T,
-}
-
-impl<T: ColorNum> Color<T> {
-    pub const BLACK: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MIN);
-    pub const WHITE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MAX, T::MAX);
-
-    pub const RED: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MIN, T::MIN);
-    pub const ORANGE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MID, T::MIN);
-    pub const YELLOW: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MAX, T::MIN);
-    pub const LIME: Self = Self::rgb(T::MID, T::MAX, T::MIN);
-    pub const GREEN: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MAX, T::MIN);
-    pub const CYAN: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MAX, T::MAX);
-    pub const BLUE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MAX);
-    pub const MAGENTA: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MIN, T::MAX);
-}
-
-impl<T: ColorNum> Color<T> {
-    pub const fn new(r: T, g: T, b: T, a: T) -> Self {
-        Self { r, g, b, a }
-    }
-    pub const fn rgb(r: T, g: T, b: T) -> Self {
-        Self { r, g, b, a: T::MAX }
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait ColorNum {
-    const MIN: Self;
-    const MID: Self;
-    const MAX: Self;
-}
-
-impl ColorNum for u8 {
-    const MIN: Self = u8::MIN;
-    const MID: Self = u8::MAX / 2;
-    const MAX: Self = u8::MAX;
-}
-
-unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for Color<u8> {}

src/render/primitive/def.rs

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-use crate::primitive::{Color, PrimitiveData};
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-pub struct RoundedRectData {
-    pub color: Color<u8>,
-    pub radius: f32,
-    pub thickness: f32,
-    pub inner_radius: f32,
-}
-
-impl PrimitiveData for RoundedRectData {
-    const DISCRIM: u32 = 0;
-}

src/render/primitive/format.rs

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-use crate::primitive::{point::point, Point};
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable, Default)]
-pub struct UIPos {
-    pub anchor: Point,
-    pub offset: Point,
-}
-
-impl UIPos {
-    pub const fn anchor_offset(anchor_x: f32, anchor_y: f32, offset_x: f32, offset_y: f32) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            anchor: point(anchor_x, anchor_y),
-            offset: point(offset_x, offset_y),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn top_left() -> Self {
-        Self::anchor_offset(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-    }
-
-    pub const fn bottom_right() -> Self {
-        Self::anchor_offset(1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-    }
-
-    pub const fn within(&self, region: &UIRegion) -> UIPos {
-        let range = region.bot_right.anchor - region.top_left.anchor;
-        let region_offset = region
-            .top_left
-            .offset
-            .lerp(region.bot_right.offset, self.anchor);
-        UIPos {
-            anchor: region.top_left.anchor + self.anchor * range,
-            offset: self.offset + region_offset,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn axis_mut(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> UIPosAxisView<'_> {
-        match axis {
-            Axis::X => UIPosAxisView {
-                anchor: &mut self.anchor.x,
-                offset: &mut self.offset.x,
-            },
-            Axis::Y => UIPosAxisView {
-                anchor: &mut self.anchor.y,
-                offset: &mut self.offset.y,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct UIPosAxisView<'a> {
-    pub anchor: &'a mut f32,
-    pub offset: &'a mut f32,
-}
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-pub struct UIRegion {
-    pub top_left: UIPos,
-    pub bot_right: UIPos,
-}
-
-impl UIRegion {
-    pub const fn full() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            top_left: UIPos::top_left(),
-            bot_right: UIPos::bottom_right(),
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn within(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            top_left: self.top_left.within(parent),
-            bot_right: self.bot_right.within(parent),
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn select(&mut self, inner: &Self) {
-        *self = inner.within(self);
-    }
-    pub fn axis_mut(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> UIRegionAxisView<'_> {
-        UIRegionAxisView {
-            top_left: self.top_left.axis_mut(axis),
-            bot_right: self.bot_right.axis_mut(axis),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct UIRegionAxisView<'a> {
-    pub top_left: UIPosAxisView<'a>,
-    pub bot_right: UIPosAxisView<'a>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub enum Axis {
-    X,
-    Y,
-}

src/render/primitive/mod.rs

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-mod color;
-mod def;
-mod format;
-mod point;
-
-pub use color::*;
-pub use def::*;
-pub use format::*;
-pub use point::*;
-
-use crate::{render::data::PrimitiveInstance, WidgetId, Widgets};
-use bytemuck::Pod;
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct Primitives {
-    pub instances: Vec<PrimitiveInstance>,
-    pub data: Vec<u32>,
-}
-
-pub struct Painter<'a> {
-    nodes: &'a Widgets,
-    primitives: Primitives,
-    pub region: UIRegion,
-}
-
-/// NOTE: Self must have at least u32 alignment
-pub trait PrimitiveData: Pod {
-    const DISCRIM: u32;
-}
-
-impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
-    pub fn new(nodes: &'a Widgets) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            nodes,
-            primitives: Primitives::default(),
-            region: UIRegion::full(),
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn write<Data: PrimitiveData>(&mut self, data: Data) {
-        let ptr = self.primitives.data.len() as u32;
-        let region = self.region;
-        self.primitives
-            .instances
-            .push(PrimitiveInstance { region, ptr });
-        self.primitives.data.push(Data::DISCRIM);
-        self.primitives
-            .data
-            .extend_from_slice(bytemuck::cast_slice::<_, u32>(&[data]));
-    }
-    pub fn draw(&mut self, node: &WidgetId) {
-        self.nodes.get(node).draw(self);
-    }
-    pub fn draw_within(&mut self, node: &WidgetId, region: UIRegion) {
-        let old = self.region;
-        self.region.select(&region);
-        self.draw(node);
-        self.region = old;
-    }
-
-    pub fn finish(self) -> Primitives {
-        self.primitives
-    }
-}

src/render/primitive/point.rs

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-use std::ops::*;
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-pub struct Point {
-    pub x: f32,
-    pub y: f32,
-}
-
-pub const fn point(x: f32, y: f32) -> Point {
-    Point::new(x, y)
-}
-
-impl Point {
-    pub const fn new(x: f32, y: f32) -> Self {
-        Self { x, y }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn lerp(self, to: Self, amt: impl const Into<Self>) -> Self {
-        let amt = amt.into();
-        Self {
-            x: lerp(self.x, to.x, amt.x),
-            y: lerp(self.y, to.y, amt.y),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-const fn lerp(x: f32, y: f32, amt: f32) -> f32 {
-    (1.0 - amt) * x + y * amt
-}
-
-impl const From<f32> for Point {
-    fn from(v: f32) -> Self {
-        Self { x: v, y: v }
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_op_inner {
-    ($op:ident $fn:ident $opa:ident $fna:ident) => {
-        impl const $op for Point {
-            type Output = Self;
-
-            fn $fn(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
-                Self {
-                    x: self.x.$fn(rhs.x),
-                    y: self.y.$fn(rhs.y),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        impl $opa for Point {
-            fn $fna(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
-                self.x.$fna(rhs.x);
-                self.y.$fna(rhs.y);
-            }
-        }
-        impl const $op<f32> for Point {
-            type Output = Self;
-
-            fn $fn(self, rhs: f32) -> Self::Output {
-                Self {
-                    x: self.x.$fn(rhs),
-                    y: self.y.$fn(rhs),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        impl $opa<f32> for Point {
-            fn $fna(&mut self, rhs: f32) {
-                self.x.$fna(rhs);
-                self.y.$fna(rhs);
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_op {
-    ($op:ident $fn:ident) => {
-        impl_op_inner!($op $fn ${concat($op,Assign)} ${concat($fn,_assign)});
-    };
-}
-
-impl_op!(Add add);
-impl_op!(Sub sub);
-impl_op!(Mul mul);
-impl_op!(Div div);

src/render/shader.wgsl

@@ -1,36 +1,69 @@
+const RECT: u32 = 0u;
+const TEXTURE: u32 = 1u;
+
 @group(0) @binding(0)
 var<uniform> window: WindowUniform;
-@group(0) @binding(1)
-var<storage> data: array<u32>;
+@group(1) @binding(RECT)
+var<storage> rects: array<Rect>;
+@group(1) @binding(TEXTURE)
+var<storage> textures: array<TextureInfo>;
 
-struct WindowUniform {
-    dim: vec2<f32>,
-};
-
-struct InstanceInput {
-    @location(0) top_left_anchor: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(1) top_left_offset: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(2) bottom_right_anchor: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(3) bottom_right_offset: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(4) pointer: u32,
-}
-
-struct RoundedRect {
+struct Rect {
     color: u32,
     radius: f32,
     thickness: f32,
     inner_radius: f32,
 }
 
+struct TextureInfo {
+    view_idx: u32,
+    sampler_idx: u32,
+}
+
+struct Mask {
+    top_left: UiVec2,
+    bot_right: UiVec2,
+}
+
+struct UiVec2 {
+    rel: vec2<f32>,
+    abs: vec2<f32>,
+}
+
+@group(2) @binding(0)
+var views: binding_array<texture_2d<f32>>;
+@group(2) @binding(1)
+var samplers: binding_array<sampler>;
+@group(2) @binding(2)
+var<storage> masks: array<Mask>;
+
+struct WindowUniform {
+    dim: vec2<f32>,
+};
+
+struct InstanceInput {
+    @location(0) x_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) x_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(2) y_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) y_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(4) binding: u32,
+    @location(5) idx: u32,
+    @location(6) mask_idx: u32,
+}
+
 struct VertexOutput {
-    @location(0) pointer: u32,
-    @location(1) top_left: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(2) bot_right: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(0) top_left: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) bot_right: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(2) uv: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) binding: u32,
+    @location(4) idx: u32,
+    @location(5) mask_idx: u32,
     @builtin(position) clip_position: vec4<f32>,
 };
 
 struct Region {
     pos: vec2<f32>,
+    uv: vec2<f32>,
     top_left: vec2<f32>,
     bot_right: vec2<f32>,
 }
@@ -42,19 +75,27 @@ fn vs_main(
 ) -> VertexOutput {
     var out: VertexOutput;
 
-    let top_left = in.top_left_anchor * window.dim + in.top_left_offset;
-    let bot_right = in.bottom_right_anchor * window.dim + in.bottom_right_offset;
+    let top_left_rel = vec2(in.x_start.x, in.y_start.x);
+    let top_left_abs = vec2(in.x_start.y, in.y_start.y);
+    let bot_right_rel = vec2(in.x_end.x, in.y_end.x);
+    let bot_right_abs = vec2(in.x_end.y, in.y_end.y);
+
+    let top_left = floor(top_left_rel * window.dim) + floor(top_left_abs);
+    let bot_right = floor(bot_right_rel * window.dim) + floor(bot_right_abs);
     let size = bot_right - top_left;
 
-    var pos = top_left + vec2<f32>(
+    let uv = vec2<f32>(
         f32(vi % 2u),
         f32(vi / 2u)
-    ) * size;
-    pos = pos / window.dim * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    );
+    let pos = (top_left + uv * size) / window.dim * 2.0 - 1.0;
     out.clip_position = vec4<f32>(pos.x, -pos.y, 0.0, 1.0);
-    out.pointer = in.pointer;
+    out.uv = uv;
+    out.binding = in.binding;
+    out.idx = in.idx;
     out.top_left = top_left;
     out.bot_right = bot_right;
+    out.mask_idx = in.mask_idx;
 
     return out;
 }
@@ -64,24 +105,37 @@ fn fs_main(
     in: VertexOutput
 ) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let pos = in.clip_position.xy;
-    let ty = data[in.pointer];
-    let dp = in.pointer + 1u;
-    let region = Region(pos, in.top_left, in.bot_right);
-    switch ty {
-        case 0u: {
-            return draw_rounded_rect(region, RoundedRect(
-                data[dp + 0u],
-                bitcast<f32>(data[dp + 1u]),
-                bitcast<f32>(data[dp + 2u]),
-                bitcast<f32>(data[dp + 3u]),
-            ));
+    let region = Region(pos, in.uv, in.top_left, in.bot_right);
+    let i = in.idx;
+    var color: vec4<f32>;
+    switch in.binding {
+        case RECT: {
+            color = draw_rounded_rect(region, rects[i]);
+        }
+        case TEXTURE: {
+            color = draw_texture(region, textures[i]);
+        }
+        default: {
+            color = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
         }
-        default: {}
     }
-    return vec4(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    if in.mask_idx != 4294967295u {
+        let mask = masks[in.mask_idx];
+        let top_left = floor(mask.top_left.rel * window.dim) + floor(mask.top_left.abs);
+        let bot_right = floor(mask.bot_right.rel * window.dim) + floor(mask.bot_right.abs);
+        if pos.x < top_left.x || pos.x > bot_right.x || pos.y < top_left.y || pos.y > bot_right.y {
+            color *= 0.0;
+        }
+    }
+    return color;
 }
 
-fn draw_rounded_rect(region: Region, rect: RoundedRect) -> vec4<f32> {
+// TODO: this seems really inefficient (per frag indexing)?
+fn draw_texture(region: Region, info: TextureInfo) -> vec4<f32> {
+    return textureSample(views[info.view_idx], samplers[info.sampler_idx], region.uv);
+}
+
+fn draw_rounded_rect(region: Region, rect: Rect) -> vec4<f32> {
     var color = unpack4x8unorm(rect.color);
 
     let edge = 0.5;
@@ -106,5 +160,6 @@ fn distance_from_rect(pixel_pos: vec2<f32>, rect_center: vec2<f32>, rect_corner:
     let p = pixel_pos - rect_center;
     // vec from inner rect corner to pixel
     let q = abs(p) - (rect_corner - radius);
-    return length(max(q, vec2<f32>(0.0, 0.0))) - radius;
+    return length(max(q, vec2(0.0))) - radius;
 }
+

src/render/texture.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+use image::{DynamicImage, EncodableLayout};
+use wgpu::{util::DeviceExt, *};
+
+use crate::layout::{TextureUpdate, Textures};
+
+pub struct GpuTextures {
+    device: Device,
+    queue: Queue,
+    views: Vec<TextureView>,
+    view_count: usize,
+    samplers: Vec<Sampler>,
+    null_view: TextureView,
+    no_views: Vec<TextureView>,
+}
+
+impl GpuTextures {
+    pub fn update(&mut self, textures: &mut Textures) -> bool {
+        let mut changed = false;
+        for update in textures.updates() {
+            changed = true;
+            match update {
+                TextureUpdate::Push(image) => self.push(image),
+                TextureUpdate::Set(i, image) => self.set(i, image),
+                TextureUpdate::SetFree => self.view_count += 1,
+                TextureUpdate::Free(i) => self.free(i),
+                TextureUpdate::PushFree => self.push_free(),
+            }
+        }
+        changed
+    }
+    fn set(&mut self, i: u32, image: &DynamicImage) {
+        self.view_count += 1;
+        let view = self.create_view(image);
+        self.views[i as usize] = view;
+    }
+    fn free(&mut self, i: u32) {
+        self.view_count -= 1;
+        self.views[i as usize] = self.null_view.clone();
+    }
+    fn push(&mut self, image: &DynamicImage) {
+        self.view_count += 1;
+        let view = self.create_view(image);
+        self.views.push(view);
+    }
+    fn push_free(&mut self) {
+        self.view_count += 1;
+        self.views.push(self.null_view.clone());
+    }
+
+    fn create_view(&self, image: &DynamicImage) -> TextureView {
+        let image = image.to_rgba8();
+        let (width, height) = image.dimensions();
+        let texture = self.device.create_texture_with_data(
+            &self.queue,
+            &TextureDescriptor {
+                label: None,
+                size: Extent3d {
+                    width,
+                    height,
+                    depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                },
+                mip_level_count: 1,
+                sample_count: 1,
+                dimension: TextureDimension::D2,
+                format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+                usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+                view_formats: &[],
+            },
+            wgt::TextureDataOrder::MipMajor,
+            image.as_bytes(),
+        );
+        texture.create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default())
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Self {
+        let null_view = null_texture_view(device);
+        Self {
+            device: device.clone(),
+            queue: queue.clone(),
+            views: Vec::new(),
+            samplers: vec![default_sampler(device)],
+            no_views: vec![null_view.clone()],
+            null_view,
+            view_count: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn views(&self) -> Vec<&TextureView> {
+        if self.views.is_empty() {
+            &self.no_views
+        } else {
+            &self.views
+        }
+        .iter()
+        .by_ref()
+        .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn samplers(&self) -> Vec<&Sampler> {
+        self.samplers.iter().by_ref().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn view_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.view_count
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn null_texture_view(device: &Device) -> TextureView {
+    device
+        .create_texture(&TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("null"),
+            size: Extent3d {
+                width: 1,
+                height: 1,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+            usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        })
+        .create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default())
+}
+
+pub fn default_sampler(device: &Device) -> Sampler {
+    device.create_sampler(&SamplerDescriptor::default())
+}

src/render/util/mod.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl<T: Pod> ArrBuf<T> {
     fn init_buf(device: &Device, size: usize, usage: BufferUsages, label: &'static str) -> Buffer {
         let mut size = size as u64;
         if usage.contains(BufferUsages::STORAGE) {
-            size = size.max(1);
+            size = size.max(std::mem::size_of::<T>() as u64);
         }
         device.create_buffer(&BufferDescriptor {
             label: Some(label),

src/testing/app.rs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for App {
     }
 
     fn window_event(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, _id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent) {
-        self.client.as_mut().unwrap().event(event, event_loop);
+        let client = self.client.as_mut().unwrap();
+        client.event(event, event_loop);
     }
 }

src/testing/input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+use iris::{
+    core::{CursorState, Modifiers},
+    layout::Vec2,
+};
+use winit::{
+    event::{MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, WindowEvent},
+    keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
+};
+
+use crate::testing::Client;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Input {
+    cursor: CursorState,
+    pub modifiers: Modifiers,
+}
+
+impl Input {
+    pub fn event(&mut self, event: &WindowEvent) -> bool {
+        match event {
+            WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => {
+                self.cursor.pos = Vec2::new(position.x as f32, position.y as f32);
+                self.cursor.exists = true;
+            }
+            WindowEvent::MouseInput { state, button, .. } => {
+                let buttons = &mut self.cursor.buttons;
+                let pressed = state.is_pressed();
+                match button {
+                    MouseButton::Left => buttons.left.update(pressed),
+                    MouseButton::Right => buttons.right.update(pressed),
+                    MouseButton::Middle => buttons.middle.update(pressed),
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+            }
+            WindowEvent::MouseWheel { delta, .. } => {
+                let delta = match *delta {
+                    MouseScrollDelta::LineDelta(x, y) => Vec2::new(x, y),
+                    MouseScrollDelta::PixelDelta(pos) => Vec2::new(pos.x as f32, pos.y as f32),
+                };
+                self.cursor.scroll_delta = delta;
+            }
+            WindowEvent::CursorLeft { .. } => {
+                self.cursor.exists = false;
+                self.modifiers.clear();
+            }
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. } => {
+                if let Key::Named(named) = event.logical_key {
+                    let pressed = event.state.is_pressed();
+                    match named {
+                        NamedKey::Control => {
+                            self.modifiers.control = pressed;
+                        }
+                        NamedKey::Shift => {
+                            self.modifiers.shift = pressed;
+                        }
+                        _ => (),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn end_frame(&mut self) {
+        self.cursor.end_frame();
+    }
+}
+
+impl Client {
+    pub fn window_size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        let size = self.renderer.window().inner_size();
+        (size.width, size.height).into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn cursor_state(&self) -> &CursorState {
+        &self.input.cursor
+    }
+}

src/testing/mod.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use app::App;
-use gui::{primitive::Axis, RoundedRect, UIColor, WidgetArrLike, WidgetArrUtil, WidgetUtil, UI};
+use arboard::Clipboard;
+use cosmic_text::Family;
+use iris::prelude::*;
 use render::Renderer;
 use winit::{event::WindowEvent, event_loop::ActiveEventLoop, window::Window};
 
+use crate::testing::input::Input;
+use len_fns::*;
+
 mod app;
+mod input;
 mod render;
 
 pub fn main() {
@@ -14,53 +20,276 @@ pub fn main() {
 
 pub struct Client {
     renderer: Renderer,
+    input: Input,
+    ui: Ui,
+    info: WidgetId<Text>,
+    focus: Option<WidgetId<TextEdit>>,
+    clipboard: Clipboard,
+}
+
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Clone)]
+struct Submit;
+
+impl DefaultEvent for Submit {
+    type Data = ();
 }
 
 impl Client {
     pub fn new(window: Arc<Window>) -> Self {
-        let mut renderer = Renderer::new(window);
-        let rect = RoundedRect {
-            color: UIColor::WHITE,
-            radius: 10.0,
-            thickness: 0.0,
-            inner_radius: 0.0,
-        };
-        let mut ui = UI::build();
-        let blue = ui.add(rect.color(UIColor::BLUE));
-        let handle = blue.handle();
-        let mut ui = ui.finish(
+        let renderer = Renderer::new(window);
+
+        let mut ui = Ui::new();
+        let rrect = rect(Color::WHITE).radius(20);
+        let pad_test = (
+            rrect.color(Color::BLUE),
             (
+                rrect
+                    .color(Color::RED)
+                    .sized((100, 100))
+                    .center()
+                    .width(rest(2)),
                 (
-                    blue,
-                    (
-                        rect.color(UIColor::RED),
-                        (
-                            rect.color(UIColor::ORANGE),
-                            rect.color(UIColor::LIME).pad(10.0),
-                        )
-                            .span(Axis::Y, [1, 1]),
-                        rect.color(UIColor::YELLOW),
-                    )
-                        .span(Axis::X, [2, 2, 1])
-                        .pad(10),
+                    rrect.color(Color::ORANGE),
+                    rrect.color(Color::LIME).pad(10.0),
                 )
-                    .span(Axis::X, [1, 3]),
-                rect.color(UIColor::GREEN),
+                    .span(Dir::RIGHT)
+                    .width(rest(2)),
+                rrect.color(Color::YELLOW),
             )
-                .span(Axis::Y, [3, 1])
-                .pad(10),
-        );
-        ui.widgets.get_mut(&handle).unwrap().color = UIColor::MAGENTA;
-        renderer.update(&ui);
-        Self { renderer }
+                .span(Dir::RIGHT)
+                .pad(10)
+                .width(rest(3)),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::RIGHT)
+            .add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let span_test = (
+            rrect.color(Color::GREEN).width(100),
+            rrect.color(Color::ORANGE),
+            rrect.color(Color::CYAN),
+            rrect.color(Color::BLUE).width(rel(0.5)),
+            rrect.color(Color::MAGENTA).width(100),
+            rrect.color(Color::RED).width(100),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::LEFT)
+            .add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let span_add = Span::empty(Dir::RIGHT).add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let add_button = rect(Color::LIME)
+            .radius(30)
+            .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx: &mut Client, _| {
+                let child = ctx
+                    .ui
+                    .add(image(include_bytes!("assets/sungals.png")).center())
+                    .any();
+                ctx.ui[span_add].children.push(child);
+            })
+            .sized((150, 150))
+            .align(Align::BOT_RIGHT);
+
+        let del_button = rect(Color::RED)
+            .radius(30)
+            .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx: &mut Client, _| {
+                ctx.ui[span_add].children.pop();
+            })
+            .sized((150, 150))
+            .align(Align::BOT_LEFT);
+
+        let span_add_test = (span_add, add_button, del_button)
+            .stack()
+            .add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let main = pad_test.pad(10).add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let btext = |content| text(content).size(30);
+
+        let text_test = (
+            btext("this is a").align(Align::LEFT),
+            btext("teeeeeeeest").align(Align::RIGHT),
+            btext("okkk\nokkkkkk!").align(Align::LEFT),
+            btext("hmm"),
+            btext("a"),
+            (
+                btext("'").family(Family::Monospace).align(Align::TOP),
+                btext("'").family(Family::Monospace),
+                btext(":gamer mode").family(Family::Monospace),
+                rect(Color::CYAN).sized((10, 10)).center(),
+                rect(Color::RED).sized((100, 100)).center(),
+                rect(Color::PURPLE).sized((50, 50)).align(Align::TOP),
+            )
+                .span(Dir::RIGHT)
+                .center(),
+            text("pretty cool right?").size(50),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::DOWN)
+            .add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let texts = Span::empty(Dir::DOWN).gap(10).add_static(&mut ui);
+        let msg_area = (Rect::new(Color::SKY), texts.scroll().masked()).stack();
+        let add_text = text("add")
+            .editable()
+            .text_align(Align::LEFT)
+            .size(30)
+            .id_on(CursorSense::click(), |id, client: &mut Client, ctx| {
+                client.ui.text(id).select(ctx.cursor, ctx.size);
+                client.focus = Some(id.clone());
+            })
+            .id_on(Submit, move |id, client: &mut Client, _| {
+                let content = client.ui.text(id).take();
+                let text = text(content)
+                    .editable()
+                    .size(30)
+                    .text_align(Align::LEFT)
+                    .wrap(true)
+                    .id_on(CursorSense::click(), |id, client: &mut Client, ctx| {
+                        client.ui.text(id).select(ctx.cursor, ctx.size);
+                        client.focus = Some(id.clone());
+                    });
+                let msg_box = (rect(Color::WHITE.darker(0.5)), text)
+                    .stack()
+                    .size(StackSize::Child(1))
+                    .add(&mut client.ui);
+                client.ui[texts].children.push(msg_box.any());
+            })
+            .add(&mut ui);
+        let text_edit_scroll = (
+            msg_area,
+            (
+                Rect::new(Color::WHITE.darker(0.9)),
+                (
+                    add_text.clone().width(rest(1)),
+                    Rect::new(Color::GREEN)
+                        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |client: &mut Client, _| {
+                            client.run_event(&add_text, Submit, ());
+                        })
+                        .sized((40, 40)),
+                )
+                    .span(Dir::RIGHT)
+                    .pad(10),
+            )
+                .stack()
+                .size(StackSize::Child(1))
+                .offset_layer(1)
+                .align(Align::BOT),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::DOWN)
+            .add_static(&mut ui);
+
+        let switch_button = |color, to, label| {
+            let rect = rect(color)
+                .id_on(CursorSense::click(), move |id, ui: &mut Ui, _| {
+                    ui[main].inner.set_static(to);
+                    ui[id].color = color.darker(0.3);
+                })
+                .edit_on(
+                    CursorSense::HoverStart | CursorSense::unclick(),
+                    move |r, _| {
+                        r.color = color.brighter(0.2);
+                    },
+                )
+                .edit_on(CursorSense::HoverEnd, move |r, _| {
+                    r.color = color;
+                });
+            (rect, text(label).size(30)).stack()
+        };
+
+        let tabs = (
+            switch_button(Color::RED, pad_test.any(), "pad"),
+            switch_button(Color::GREEN, span_test.any(), "span"),
+            switch_button(Color::BLUE, span_add_test.any(), "image span"),
+            switch_button(Color::MAGENTA, text_test.any(), "text layout"),
+            switch_button(
+                Color::YELLOW.mul_rgb(0.5),
+                text_edit_scroll.any(),
+                "text edit scroll",
+            ),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::RIGHT);
+
+        let info = text("").add(&mut ui);
+        let info_sect = info.clone().pad(10).align(Align::RIGHT);
+
+        ((tabs.height(40), main).span(Dir::DOWN), info_sect)
+            .stack()
+            .set_root(&mut ui);
+
+        Self {
+            renderer,
+            input: Input::default(),
+            ui,
+            info,
+            focus: None,
+            clipboard: Clipboard::new().unwrap(),
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn event(&mut self, event: WindowEvent, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let input_changed = self.input.event(&event);
+        let cursor_state = self.cursor_state().clone();
+        if let Some(focus) = &self.focus
+            && cursor_state.buttons.left.is_start()
+        {
+            self.ui.text(focus).deselect();
+            self.focus = None;
+        }
+        if input_changed {
+            let window_size = self.window_size();
+            self.run_sensors(&cursor_state, window_size);
+            self.ui.run_sensors(&cursor_state, window_size);
+        }
         match event {
             WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
-            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => self.renderer.draw(),
-            WindowEvent::Resized(size) => self.renderer.resize(&size),
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                self.ui.update();
+                self.renderer.update(&mut self.ui);
+                self.renderer.draw()
+            }
+            WindowEvent::Resized(size) => {
+                self.ui.resize((size.width, size.height));
+                self.renderer.resize(&size)
+            }
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. } => {
+                if let Some(sel) = &self.focus
+                    && event.state.is_pressed()
+                {
+                    let mut text = self.ui.text(sel);
+                    match text.apply_event(&event, &self.input.modifiers) {
+                        TextInputResult::Unfocus => {
+                            self.focus = None;
+                        }
+                        TextInputResult::Submit => {
+                            self.run_event(&sel.clone(), Submit, ());
+                        }
+                        TextInputResult::Paste => {
+                            if let Ok(t) = self.clipboard.get_text() {
+                                text.insert(&t);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        TextInputResult::Unused | TextInputResult::Used => (),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             _ => (),
         }
+        let new = format!(
+            "widgets: {}\nactive:{}\nviews: {}",
+            self.ui.num_widgets(),
+            self.ui.active_widgets(),
+            self.renderer.ui.view_count()
+        );
+        if new != *self.ui[&self.info].content {
+            *self.ui[&self.info].content = new;
+        }
+        if self.ui.needs_redraw() {
+            self.renderer.window().request_redraw();
+        }
+        self.input.end_frame();
+    }
+}
+
+impl UiCtx for Client {
+    fn ui(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
+        &mut self.ui
     }
 }

src/testing/render/mod.rs

@@ -1,47 +1,51 @@
-use gui::{UIRenderNode, UI};
 use pollster::FutureExt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use wgpu::util::StagingBelt;
+use iris::{
+    layout::Ui,
+    render::{UiLimits, UiRenderer},
+};
+use wgpu::{util::StagingBelt, *};
 use winit::{dpi::PhysicalSize, window::Window};
 
-pub const CLEAR_COLOR: wgpu::Color = wgpu::Color::BLACK;
+pub const CLEAR_COLOR: Color = Color::BLACK;
 
 pub struct Renderer {
-    surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
-    device: wgpu::Device,
-    queue: wgpu::Queue,
-    config: wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
-    encoder: wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+    window: Arc<Window>,
+    surface: Surface<'static>,
+    device: Device,
+    queue: Queue,
+    config: SurfaceConfiguration,
+    encoder: CommandEncoder,
     staging_belt: StagingBelt,
-    ui_node: UIRenderNode,
+    pub ui: UiRenderer,
 }
 
 impl Renderer {
-    pub fn update(&mut self, ui: &UI) {
-        self.ui_node.update(&self.device, &self.queue, ui);
+    pub fn update(&mut self, updates: &mut Ui) {
+        self.ui.update(&self.device, &self.queue, updates);
     }
 
     pub fn draw(&mut self) {
         let output = self.surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
         let view = output
             .texture
-            .create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+            .create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default());
 
         let mut encoder = std::mem::replace(&mut self.encoder, Self::create_encoder(&self.device));
         {
-            let render_pass = &mut encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+            let render_pass = &mut encoder.begin_render_pass(&RenderPassDescriptor {
+                color_attachments: &[Some(RenderPassColorAttachment {
                     view: &view,
                     resolve_target: None,
-                    ops: wgpu::Operations {
-                        load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(CLEAR_COLOR),
-                        store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+                    ops: Operations {
+                        load: LoadOp::Clear(CLEAR_COLOR),
+                        store: StoreOp::Store,
                     },
                     depth_slice: None,
                 })],
                 ..Default::default()
             });
-            self.ui_node.draw(render_pass);
+            self.ui.draw(render_pass);
         }
 
         self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
@@ -54,11 +58,11 @@ impl Renderer {
         self.config.width = size.width;
         self.config.height = size.height;
         self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
-        self.ui_node.resize(size, &self.queue);
+        self.ui.resize(size, &self.queue);
     }
 
-    fn create_encoder(device: &wgpu::Device) -> wgpu::CommandEncoder {
-        device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
+    fn create_encoder(device: &Device) -> CommandEncoder {
+        device.create_command_encoder(&CommandEncoderDescriptor {
             label: Some("Render Encoder"),
         })
     }
@@ -66,8 +70,8 @@ impl Renderer {
     pub fn new(window: Arc<Window>) -> Self {
         let size = window.inner_size();
 
-        let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(&wgpu::InstanceDescriptor {
-            backends: wgpu::Backends::PRIMARY,
+        let instance = Instance::new(&InstanceDescriptor {
+            backends: Backends::PRIMARY,
             ..Default::default()
         });
 
@@ -76,18 +80,28 @@ impl Renderer {
             .expect("Could not create window surface!");
 
         let adapter = instance
-            .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
-                power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::default(),
+            .request_adapter(&RequestAdapterOptions {
+                power_preference: PowerPreference::default(),
                 compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
                 force_fallback_adapter: false,
             })
             .block_on()
             .expect("Could not get adapter!");
 
+        let ui_limits = UiLimits::default();
+
         let (device, queue) = adapter
-            .request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
-                required_features: wgpu::Features::empty(),
-                required_limits: wgpu::Limits::default(),
+            .request_device(&DeviceDescriptor {
+                required_features: Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
+                    | Features::PARTIALLY_BOUND_BINDING_ARRAY
+                    | Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
+                required_limits: Limits {
+                    max_binding_array_elements_per_shader_stage: ui_limits
+                        .max_binding_array_elements_per_shader_stage(),
+                    max_binding_array_sampler_elements_per_shader_stage: ui_limits
+                        .max_binding_array_sampler_elements_per_shader_stage(),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
                 ..Default::default()
             })
             .block_on()
@@ -101,12 +115,12 @@ impl Renderer {
             .find(|f| f.is_srgb())
             .unwrap_or(surface_caps.formats[0]);
 
-        let config = wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
-            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+        let config = SurfaceConfiguration {
+            usage: TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
             format: surface_format,
             width: size.width,
             height: size.height,
-            present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::AutoVsync,
+            present_mode: PresentMode::AutoVsync,
             alpha_mode: surface_caps.alpha_modes[0],
             desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
             view_formats: vec![],
@@ -117,7 +131,7 @@ impl Renderer {
         let staging_belt = StagingBelt::new(4096 * 4);
         let encoder = Self::create_encoder(&device);
 
-        let shape_pipeline = UIRenderNode::new(&device, &config);
+        let shape_pipeline = UiRenderer::new(&device, &queue, &config, ui_limits);
 
         Self {
             surface,
@@ -126,7 +140,12 @@ impl Renderer {
             config,
             encoder,
             staging_belt,
-            ui_node: shape_pipeline,
+            ui: shape_pipeline,
+            window,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn window(&self) -> &Window {
+        self.window.as_ref()
+    }
 }

src/util/arena.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+use crate::util::{Id, IdNum, IdTracker};
+
+pub struct Arena<T, I> {
+    data: Vec<T>,
+    tracker: IdTracker<I>,
+}
+
+impl<T, I: IdNum> Arena<T, I> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: Vec::new(),
+            tracker: IdTracker::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) -> Id<I> {
+        let id = self.tracker.next();
+        let i = id.idx();
+        if i == self.data.len() {
+            self.data.push(value);
+        } else {
+            self.data[i] = value;
+        }
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: Id<I>) -> T
+    where
+        T: Copy,
+    {
+        let i = id.idx();
+        self.tracker.free(id);
+        self.data[i]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, I: IdNum> Default for Arena<T, I> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TrackedArena<T, I> {
+    inner: Arena<T, I>,
+    refs: Vec<u32>,
+    pub changed: bool,
+}
+
+impl<T, I: IdNum> TrackedArena<T, I> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arena::default(),
+            refs: Vec::new(),
+            changed: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) -> Id<I> {
+        self.changed = true;
+        let id = self.inner.push(value);
+        let i = id.idx();
+        if i == self.refs.len() {
+            self.refs.push(0);
+        }
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_ref(&mut self, i: Id<I>) {
+        self.refs[i.idx()] += 1;
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: Id<I>) -> T
+    where
+        T: Copy,
+    {
+        let i = id.idx();
+        self.refs[i] -= 1;
+        if self.refs[i] == 0 {
+            self.changed = true;
+            self.inner.remove(id)
+        } else {
+            self[i]
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, I: IdNum> Default for TrackedArena<T, I> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, I> Deref for TrackedArena<T, I> {
+    type Target = Vec<T>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.inner.data
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, I> Deref for Arena<T, I> {
+    type Target = Vec<T>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.data
+    }
+}

src/util/borrow.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+pub struct DynBorrower<'a, T: ?Sized> {
+    data: &'a mut T,
+    borrowed: &'a mut bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> DynBorrower<'a, T> {
+    pub fn new(data: &'a mut T, borrowed: &'a mut bool) -> Self {
+        if *borrowed {
+            panic!("tried to mutably borrow the same thing twice");
+        }
+        Self { data, borrowed }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for DynBorrower<'_, T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        *self.borrowed = false;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for DynBorrower<'_, T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.data
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for DynBorrower<'_, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        self.data
+    }
+}

src/util/change.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+pub struct MutDetect<T> {
+    inner: T,
+    pub changed: bool,
+}
+
+impl<T> Deref for MutDetect<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> DerefMut for MutDetect<T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        self.changed = true;
+        &mut self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<T> for MutDetect<T> {
+    fn from(inner: T) -> Self {
+        MutDetect {
+            inner,
+            changed: true,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/util/id.rs

@@ -1,43 +1,81 @@
-/// intentionally does not implement copy or clone
-/// which should make it harder to misuse;
-/// the idea is to generally try to guarantee all IDs
-/// point to something valid, although duplicate
-/// gets around this if needed
-#[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Debug)]
-pub struct ID(usize);
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct Id<I = u64>(I);
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct IDTracker {
-    free: Vec<ID>,
-    cur: usize,
+unsafe impl<I: Copy + bytemuck::Zeroable + 'static> bytemuck::Pod for Id<I> {}
+
+pub struct IdTracker<I = u64> {
+    free: Vec<Id<I>>,
+    cur: Id<I>,
 }
 
-impl IDTracker {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
-    }
-
+impl<I: IdNum> IdTracker<I> {
     #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
-    pub fn next(&mut self) -> ID {
+    pub fn next(&mut self) -> Id<I> {
         if let Some(id) = self.free.pop() {
             return id;
         }
-        let id = ID(self.cur);
-        self.cur += 1;
-        id
+        let next = self.cur.next();
+        std::mem::replace(&mut self.cur, next)
     }
 
-    pub fn free(&mut self, id: ID) {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn free(&mut self, id: Id<I>) {
         self.free.push(id);
     }
 }
 
-impl ID {
-    /// this must be used carefully to make sure
-    /// all IDs are still valid references;
-    /// named weirdly to indicate this.
-    /// generally should not be used in "user" code
-    pub fn duplicate(&self) -> Self {
-        Self(self.0)
+impl<I: IdNum> Id<I> {
+    pub fn idx(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.idx()
+    }
+    pub fn next(&self) -> Id<I> {
+        Self(self.0.next())
+    }
+    pub const fn preset(value: I) -> Self {
+        Self(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: IdNum> Default for IdTracker<I> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            free: Vec::new(),
+            cur: Id(I::first()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait IdNum {
+    fn first() -> Self;
+    fn next(&self) -> Self;
+    fn idx(&self) -> usize;
+}
+
+impl IdNum for u64 {
+    fn first() -> Self {
+        0
+    }
+
+    fn next(&self) -> Self {
+        self + 1
+    }
+
+    fn idx(&self) -> usize {
+        *self as usize
+    }
+}
+
+impl IdNum for u32 {
+    fn first() -> Self {
+        0
+    }
+
+    fn next(&self) -> Self {
+        self + 1
+    }
+
+    fn idx(&self) -> usize {
+        *self as usize
     }
 }

src/util/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use std::ops::*;
+
+pub const trait LerpUtil {
+    fn lerp(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self;
+    fn lerp_inv(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self;
+}
+
+pub const trait DivOr {
+    fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl const DivOr for f32 {
+    fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        let res = self / rhs;
+        if res.is_nan() { other } else { res }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: const Add<Output = T> + const Sub<Output = T> + const Mul<Output = T> + const DivOr + Copy> const
+    LerpUtil for T
+{
+    /// linear interpolation
+    /// from * (1.0 - self) + to * self
+    fn lerp(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self {
+        from + (to - from) * self
+    }
+    /// inverse of lerp
+    fn lerp_inv(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self {
+        (self - from).div_or(to - from, from)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_op {
+    ($T:ident $op:ident $fn:ident $opa:ident $fna:ident; $($field:ident)*) => {
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        mod ${concat($T, _op_, $fn, _impl)} {
+            use super::*;
+            #[allow(unused_imports)]
+            use std::ops::*;
+            impl const $op for $T {
+                type Output = Self;
+
+                fn $fn(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+                    Self {
+                        $($field: self.$field.$fn(rhs.$field),)*
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            impl const $opa for $T {
+                fn $fna(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+                    $(self.$field.$fna(rhs.$field);)*
+                }
+            }
+            impl const $op<f32> for $T {
+                type Output = Self;
+
+                fn $fn(self, rhs: f32) -> Self::Output {
+                    Self {
+                        $($field: self.$field.$fn(rhs),)*
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            impl const $op<$T> for f32 {
+                type Output = $T;
+
+                fn $fn(self, rhs: $T) -> Self::Output {
+                    $T {
+                        $($field: self.$fn(rhs.$field),)*
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            impl const $opa<f32> for $T {
+                fn $fna(&mut self, rhs: f32) {
+                    $(self.$field.$fna(rhs);)*
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    ($T:ident $op:ident $fn:ident; $($field:ident)*) => {
+        impl_op!($T $op $fn ${concat($op,Assign)} ${concat($fn,_assign)}; $($field)*);
+    };
+    (impl $op:ident for $T:ident: $fn:ident $($field:ident)*) => {
+        impl_op!($T $op $fn ${concat($op,Assign)} ${concat($fn,_assign)}; $($field)*);
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) use impl_op;

src/util/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,16 @@
+mod arena;
+mod borrow;
+mod change;
 mod id;
+mod math;
+mod refcount;
 
-pub use id::*;
+pub(crate) use arena::*;
+pub(crate) use borrow::*;
+pub use change::*;
+pub(crate) use id::*;
+pub(crate) use math::*;
+pub(crate) use refcount::*;
+
+pub type HashMap<K, V> = fxhash::FxHashMap<K, V>;
+pub type HashSet<K> = fxhash::FxHashSet<K>;

src/util/refcount.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use std::sync::{
+    Arc,
+    atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering},
+};
+
+pub struct RefCounter(Arc<AtomicU32>);
+
+impl RefCounter {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(0.into()))
+    }
+    pub fn refs(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.0.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+    pub fn drop(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let refs = self.0.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Release);
+        refs == 0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for RefCounter {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        self.0.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        Self(self.0.clone())
+    }
+}