Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into split/08-parley-text

Reviewed-on: #7

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 [package]
 name = "iris"
-default-run = "test"
 version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 
@@ -9,13 +8,16 @@ edition.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 iris-core = { workspace = true }
 iris-macro = { workspace = true }
-cosmic-text = { workspace = true }
-unicode-segmentation = { workspace = true }
+parley = { workspace = true }
 winit = { workspace = true }
 arboard = { workspace = true, features = ["wayland-data-control"] }
 pollster = { workspace = true }
 wgpu = { workspace = true }
 image = { workspace = true }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "rt", "rt-multi-thread"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "rt", "rt-multi-thread", "time"] }
 
 [workspace]
 members = ["core", "macro"]
@@ -27,12 +29,13 @@ edition = "2024"
 [workspace.dependencies]
 pollster = "0.4.0"
 winit = "0.30.12"
-wgpu = "27.0.1"
+wgpu = "28.0.0"
 bytemuck = "1.23.1"
 image = "0.25.6"
-cosmic-text = "0.15.0"
-unicode-segmentation = "1.12.0"
+parley = "0.11.1"
+swash = "0.2.10"
 fxhash = "0.2.1"
 arboard = "3.6.1"
 iris-core = { path = "core" }
 iris-macro = { path = "macro" }
+tokio = "1.49.0"

core/Cargo.toml

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ version.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-winit = { workspace = true }
 wgpu = { workspace = true }
 bytemuck ={ workspace = true }
 image = { workspace = true }
-cosmic-text = { workspace = true }
+parley = { workspace = true }
+swash = { workspace = true }
 fxhash = { workspace = true }

core/src/attr.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
-use crate::{HasUi, StateLike, WidgetIdFn, WidgetLike, WidgetRef};
+use crate::{UiRsc, WeakWidget, WidgetIdFn, WidgetLike};
 
-pub trait WidgetAttr<State, W: ?Sized> {
+pub trait WidgetAttr<Rsc, W: ?Sized> {
     type Input;
-    fn run(state: &mut State, id: WidgetRef<W>, input: Self::Input);
+    fn run(rsc: &mut Rsc, id: WeakWidget<W>, input: Self::Input);
 }
 
-pub trait Attrable<State, W: ?Sized, Tag> {
-    fn attr<A: WidgetAttr<State, W>>(self, input: A::Input) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, W>;
+pub trait Attrable<Rsc, W: ?Sized, Tag> {
+    fn attr<A: WidgetAttr<Rsc, W>>(self, input: A::Input) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, W>;
 }
 
-impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, WL: WidgetLike<State, Tag>, Tag>
-    Attrable<State, WL::Widget, Tag> for WL
-{
-    fn attr<A: WidgetAttr<State, WL::Widget>>(
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, WL: WidgetLike<Rsc, Tag>, Tag> Attrable<Rsc, WL::Widget, Tag> for WL {
+    fn attr<A: WidgetAttr<Rsc, WL::Widget>>(
         self,
         input: A::Input,
-    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, WL::Widget> {
-        |state| {
-            let id = self.add(state);
-            A::run(state, id, input);
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, WL::Widget> {
+        |rsc| {
+            let id = self.add(rsc);
+            A::run(rsc, id, input);
             id
         }
     }

core/src/event/ctx.rs

@@ -1,116 +1,18 @@
-use crate::{HasEvents, HasState, HasUi, StateLike, Ui, Widget, WidgetRef};
-use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use crate::{HasEvents, WeakWidget, Widget};
 
-pub struct EventCtx<'a, State, Data> {
-    pub state: &'a mut State,
-    pub data: &'a mut Data,
+pub struct EventCtx<'a, Rsc: HasEvents, Data> {
+    pub state: &'a mut Rsc::State,
+    pub data: Data,
 }
 
-pub struct EventIdCtx<'a, State, Data, W: ?Sized> {
-    pub widget: WidgetRef<W>,
-    pub state: &'a mut State,
-    pub data: &'a mut Data,
+pub struct EventIdCtx<'a, Rsc: HasEvents, Data, W: ?Sized> {
+    pub widget: WeakWidget<W>,
+    pub state: &'a mut Rsc::State,
+    pub data: Data,
 }
 
-impl<State: HasUi, Data, W: ?Sized> Deref for EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W> {
-    type Target = State;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        self.state
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, Data, W: Widget> EventIdCtx<'_, Rsc, Data, W> {
+    pub fn widget<'a>(&self, rsc: &'a mut Rsc) -> &'a mut W {
+        &mut rsc.ui_mut().widgets[self.widget]
     }
 }
-
-impl<State: HasUi, Data, W: ?Sized> DerefMut for EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W> {
-    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
-        self.state
-    }
-}
-
-impl<State: HasUi, Data, W: Widget> EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W> {
-    pub fn widget(&mut self) -> &mut W {
-        &mut self.state.get_mut()[self.widget]
-    }
-}
-
-impl<State: HasUi, Data, W: Widget> HasUi for EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W> {
-    fn get(&self) -> &Ui {
-        self.state.ui()
-    }
-
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
-        self.state.ui_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<State: HasUi, Data, W: Widget> HasState for EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W> {
-    type State = State;
-}
-
-impl<State: HasEvents<State = State>, Data, W: Widget> HasEvents
-    for EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W>
-{
-    fn get(&self) -> &super::EventManager<Self::State> {
-        self.state.events()
-    }
-
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut super::EventManager<Self::State> {
-        self.state.events_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<State, Data, W: Widget> StateLike<State> for EventIdCtx<'_, State, Data, W> {
-    fn as_state(&mut self) -> &mut State {
-        self.state
-    }
-}
-
-// fn test() {
-//     use crate::*;
-//     struct ClientRsc;
-//     impl<State, Data> HasUi for EventCtx<'_, State, Data> {
-//         fn get(&self) -> &Ui {
-//             todo!()
-//         }
-//
-//         fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
-//             todo!()
-//         }
-//     }
-//     fn on(_: impl for<'a> EventFn<ClientRsc, &'a mut i32>) {}
-//
-//     pub trait WidgetLike<State: HasUi, Tag>: Sized {
-//         type Widget: Widget + ?Sized + std::marker::Unsize<dyn Widget>;
-//
-//         fn add(self, state: &mut State) -> WidgetHandle<Self::Widget>;
-//
-//         fn with_id<W2>(
-//             self,
-//             f: impl FnOnce(&mut State, WidgetHandle<Self::Widget>) -> WidgetHandle<W2>,
-//         ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, W2> {
-//             move |state| {
-//                 let id = self.add(state);
-//                 f(state, id)
-//             }
-//         }
-//
-//         fn set_root(self, state: &mut State) {
-//             state.get_mut().root = Some(self.add(state));
-//         }
-//
-//         fn handles(self, state: &mut State) -> WidgetHandles<Self::Widget> {
-//             self.add(state).handles()
-//         }
-//     }
-//
-//     pub struct WidgetTag;
-//     impl<State: HasUi, W: Widget> WidgetLike<State, WidgetTag> for W {
-//         type Widget = W;
-//         fn add(self, state: &mut State) -> WidgetHandle<W> {
-//             state.get_mut().add_widget(self)
-//         }
-//     }
-//
-//     on(move |ctx| {
-//         ().add(ctx);
-//     });
-// }

core/src/event/manager.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 use crate::{
-    ActiveData, Event, EventCtx, EventFn, EventIdCtx, EventLike, IdLike, LayerId, Widget,
-    WidgetEventFn, WidgetId, WidgetRef,
+    ActiveData, Event, EventCtx, EventFn, EventIdCtx, EventLike, HasEvents, IdLike, LayerId,
+    WeakWidget, WidgetEventFn, WidgetId,
     util::{HashMap, HashSet, TypeMap},
 };
 use std::{any::TypeId, rc::Rc};
 
-pub struct EventManager<State> {
+pub struct EventManager<Rsc> {
     widget_to_types: HashMap<WidgetId, HashSet<TypeId>>,
-    types: TypeMap<dyn EventManagerLike<State>>,
+    types: TypeMap<dyn EventManagerLike<Rsc>>,
 }
 
-impl<State> Default for EventManager<State> {
+impl<Rsc> Default for EventManager<Rsc> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             widget_to_types: Default::default(),
@@ -19,26 +19,27 @@ impl<State> Default for EventManager<State> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<State: 'static> EventManager<State> {
-    pub fn get_type<E: EventLike>(&mut self) -> &mut TypeEventManager<State, E::Event> {
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents + 'static> EventManager<Rsc> {
+    pub fn get_type<E: EventLike>(&mut self) -> &mut TypeEventManager<Rsc, E::Event> {
         self.types.type_or_default()
     }
 
-    pub fn register<W: Widget + ?Sized, E: EventLike>(
+    pub fn register<I: IdLike + 'static, E: EventLike>(
         &mut self,
-        id: WidgetRef<W>,
+        id: I,
         event: E,
-        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<State, <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>, W>,
+        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<Rsc, <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>, I::Widget>,
     ) {
+        let i = id.id();
         self.get_type::<E>().register(id, event, f);
         self.widget_to_types
-            .entry(id.id())
+            .entry(i)
             .or_default()
             .insert(Self::type_key::<E>());
     }
 
     pub fn type_key<E: EventLike>() -> TypeId {
-        TypeId::of::<TypeEventManager<State, E::Event>>()
+        TypeId::of::<TypeEventManager<Rsc, E::Event>>()
     }
 }
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ pub trait EventsLike {
     fn undraw(&mut self, active: &ActiveData);
 }
 
-impl<State: 'static> EventsLike for EventManager<State> {
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents + 'static> EventsLike for EventManager<Rsc> {
     fn remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
         for t in self.widget_to_types.get(&id).into_flat_iter() {
             self.types.get_mut(t).unwrap().remove(id);
@@ -74,14 +75,14 @@ pub trait EventManagerLike<State> {
     fn undraw(&mut self, data: &ActiveData);
 }
 
-type EventData<State, E> = (E, Rc<dyn for<'a> EventFn<State, <E as Event>::Data<'a>>>);
-pub struct TypeEventManager<State, E: Event> {
+type EventData<Rsc, E> = (E, Rc<dyn for<'a> EventFn<Rsc, <E as Event>::Data<'a>>>);
+pub struct TypeEventManager<Rsc: HasEvents, E: Event> {
     // TODO: reduce visiblity!!
     pub active: HashMap<LayerId, HashMap<WidgetId, E::State>>,
-    map: HashMap<WidgetId, Vec<EventData<State, E>>>,
+    map: HashMap<WidgetId, Vec<EventData<Rsc, E>>>,
 }
 
-impl<State, E: Event> EventManagerLike<State> for TypeEventManager<State, E> {
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, E: Event> EventManagerLike<Rsc> for TypeEventManager<Rsc, E> {
     fn remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
         self.map.remove(&id);
         for layer in self.active.values_mut() {
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ impl<State, E: Event> EventManagerLike<State> for TypeEventManager<State, E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<State, E: Event> Default for TypeEventManager<State, E> {
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, E: Event> Default for TypeEventManager<Rsc, E> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             active: Default::default(),
@@ -111,23 +112,25 @@ impl<State, E: Event> Default for TypeEventManager<State, E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<State: 'static, E: Event> TypeEventManager<State, E> {
-    fn register<W: Widget + ?Sized>(
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents + 'static, E: Event> TypeEventManager<Rsc, E> {
+    fn register<I: IdLike + 'static>(
         &mut self,
-        widget: WidgetRef<W>,
+        widget: I,
         event: impl EventLike<Event = E>,
-        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<State, E::Data<'a>, W>,
+        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<Rsc, E::Data<'a>, I::Widget>,
     ) {
         let event = event.into_event();
         self.map.entry(widget.id()).or_default().push((
             event,
-            Rc::new(move |ctx| {
-                let mut test = EventIdCtx {
-                    widget,
-                    state: ctx.state,
-                    data: ctx.data,
-                };
-                f(&mut test);
+            Rc::new(move |ctx, rsc| {
+                f(
+                    EventIdCtx {
+                        widget: WeakWidget::new(widget.id()),
+                        state: ctx.state,
+                        data: ctx.data,
+                    },
+                    rsc,
+                );
             }),
         ));
     }
@@ -135,15 +138,18 @@ impl<State: 'static, E: Event> TypeEventManager<State, E> {
     pub fn run_fn<'a>(
         &mut self,
         id: impl IdLike,
-    ) -> impl for<'b> FnOnce(EventCtx<'_, State, E::Data<'b>>) + 'a {
+    ) -> impl for<'b> FnOnce(EventCtx<'_, Rsc, E::Data<'b>>, &mut Rsc) + 'a {
         let fs = self.map.get(&id.id()).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-        move |ctx| {
+        move |ctx, rsc| {
             for (e, f) in fs {
-                if e.should_run(ctx.data) {
-                    f(&mut EventCtx {
-                        state: ctx.state,
-                        data: ctx.data,
-                    })
+                if let Some(data) = e.should_run(&ctx.data) {
+                    f(
+                        EventCtx {
+                            state: ctx.state,
+                            data,
+                        },
+                        rsc,
+                    )
                 }
             }
         }

core/src/event/mod.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ pub use manager::*;
 pub use rsc::*;
 
 pub trait Event: Sized + 'static + Clone {
-    type Data<'a> = ();
+    type Data<'a>: Clone = ();
     type State: Default = ();
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn should_run(&self, data: &mut Self::Data<'_>) -> bool {
-        true
+    fn should_run<'a>(&self, data: &Self::Data<'a>) -> Option<Self::Data<'a>> {
+        Some(data.clone())
     }
 }
 
@@ -28,14 +28,17 @@ impl<E: Event> EventLike for E {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait EventFn<State, Data>: Fn(&mut EventCtx<State, Data>) + 'static {}
-impl<State, F: Fn(&mut EventCtx<State, Data>) + 'static, Data> EventFn<State, Data> for F {}
+pub trait EventFn<Rsc: HasEvents, Data>: Fn(EventCtx<Rsc, Data>, &mut Rsc) + 'static {}
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, F: Fn(EventCtx<Rsc, Data>, &mut Rsc) + 'static, Data> EventFn<Rsc, Data>
+    for F
+{
+}
 
-pub trait WidgetEventFn<State, Data, W: ?Sized>:
-    Fn(&mut EventIdCtx<State, Data, W>) + 'static
+pub trait WidgetEventFn<Rsc: HasEvents, Data, W: ?Sized>:
+    Fn(EventIdCtx<Rsc, Data, W>, &mut Rsc) + 'static
 {
 }
-impl<State, F: Fn(&mut EventIdCtx<State, Data, W>) + 'static, Data, W: ?Sized>
-    WidgetEventFn<State, Data, W> for F
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, F: Fn(EventIdCtx<Rsc, Data, W>, &mut Rsc) + 'static, Data, W: ?Sized>
+    WidgetEventFn<Rsc, Data, W> for F
 {
 }

core/src/event/rsc.rs

@@ -1,41 +1,34 @@
 use crate::{
-    Event, EventCtx, EventLike, EventManager, HasUi, IdLike, Widget, WidgetEventFn, WidgetRef,
+    Event, EventCtx, EventLike, EventManager, IdLike, UiRsc, WeakWidget, Widget, WidgetEventFn,
 };
 
-pub trait HasState {
-    type State: HasUi;
+pub trait HasState: 'static {
+    type State;
 }
 
-pub trait HasEvents: Sized + HasState + HasUi {
-    fn get(&self) -> &EventManager<Self::State>;
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EventManager<Self::State>;
-    fn events(&self) -> &EventManager<Self::State> {
-        HasEvents::get(self)
-    }
-    fn events_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EventManager<Self::State> {
-        HasEvents::get_mut(self)
-    }
+pub trait HasEvents: Sized + UiRsc + HasState {
+    fn events(&self) -> &EventManager<Self>;
+    fn events_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EventManager<Self>;
 
     fn register_event<W: Widget + ?Sized, E: EventLike>(
         &mut self,
-        id: WidgetRef<W>,
+        id: WeakWidget<W>,
         event: E,
-        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<Self::State, <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>, W>,
-    ) where
-        Self::State: 'static,
-    {
+        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<Self, <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>, W>,
+    ) {
         self.events_mut().register(id, event, f);
     }
 }
 
-pub trait RunEvents: HasEvents + HasState<State = Self> + 'static {
+pub trait RunEvents: HasEvents {
     fn run_event<E: EventLike>(
         &mut self,
         id: impl IdLike,
-        data: &mut <E::Event as Event>::Data<'_>,
+        data: <E::Event as Event>::Data<'_>,
+        state: &mut Self::State,
     ) {
         let f = self.events_mut().get_type::<E>().run_fn(id);
-        f(EventCtx { state: self, data })
+        f(EventCtx { state, data }, self)
     }
 }
-impl<T: HasEvents + HasState<State = Self> + 'static> RunEvents for T {}
+impl<T: HasEvents> RunEvents for T {}

core/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,9 @@
 #![feature(const_ops)]
 #![feature(const_trait_impl)]
 #![feature(const_convert)]
-#![feature(map_try_insert)]
 #![feature(unboxed_closures)]
 #![feature(fn_traits)]
-#![feature(const_cmp)]
 #![feature(const_destruct)]
-#![feature(portable_simd)]
 #![feature(associated_type_defaults)]
 #![feature(unsize)]
 #![feature(coerce_unsized)]

core/src/num.rs

@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ pub const trait UiNum {
     fn to_f32(self) -> f32;
 }
 
-impl const UiNum for f32 {
+const impl UiNum for f32 {
     fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
         self
     }
 }
 
-impl const UiNum for u32 {
+const impl UiNum for u32 {
     fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
         self as f32
     }
 }
 
-impl const UiNum for i32 {
+const impl UiNum for i32 {
     fn to_f32(self) -> f32 {
         self as f32
     }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub const fn vec2(x: impl const UiNum, y: impl const UiNum) -> Vec2 {
     Vec2::new(x.to_f32(), y.to_f32())
 }
 
-impl<T: const UiNum + Copy> const From<T> for Vec2 {
+const impl<T: const UiNum + Copy> From<T> for Vec2 {
     fn from(v: T) -> Self {
         Self {
             x: v.to_f32(),
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl<T: const UiNum + Copy> const From<T> for Vec2 {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: const UiNum, U: const UiNum> const From<(T, U)> for Vec2
+const impl<T: const UiNum, U: const UiNum> From<(T, U)> for Vec2
 where
     (T, U): const Destruct,
 {

core/src/orientation/align.rs

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl From<CardinalAlign> for Align {
     }
 }
 
-impl const From<RegionAlign> for UiVec2 {
+const impl From<RegionAlign> for UiVec2 {
     fn from(align: RegionAlign) -> Self {
         Self::rel(align.rel())
     }

core/src/orientation/axis.rs

@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ pub const trait AxisT {
 }
 
 pub struct XAxis;
-impl const AxisT for XAxis {
+const impl AxisT for XAxis {
     fn get() -> Axis {
         Axis::X
     }
 }
 
 pub struct YAxis;
-impl const AxisT for YAxis {
+const impl AxisT for YAxis {
     fn get() -> Axis {
         Axis::Y
     }

core/src/orientation/pos.rs

@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@ impl Display for UiVec2 {
 impl_op!(UiVec2 Add add; x y);
 impl_op!(UiVec2 Sub sub; x y);
 
-impl const From<Vec2> for UiVec2 {
+const impl From<Vec2> for UiVec2 {
     fn from(abs: Vec2) -> Self {
         Self::abs(abs)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: const UiNum, U: const UiNum> const From<(T, U)> for UiVec2
+const impl<T: const UiNum, U: const UiNum> From<(T, U)> for UiVec2
 where
     (T, U): const Destruct,
 {

core/src/primitive/color.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ pub struct Color<T> {
     pub a: T,
 }
 
+/// Defaults to visible, unstyled text for Parley's brush requirement.
+impl<T: ColorNum> Default for Color<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::BLACK
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: ColorNum> Color<T> {
     pub const BLACK: Self = Self::rgb(T::MIN, T::MIN, T::MIN);
     pub const WHITE: Self = Self::rgb(T::MAX, T::MAX, T::MAX);
@@ -144,7 +151,7 @@ impl ColorNum for f32 {
 
 unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for Color<u8> {}
 
-impl const F32Conversion for f32 {
+const impl F32Conversion for f32 {
     fn to(self) -> f32 {
         self
     }
@@ -153,7 +160,7 @@ impl const F32Conversion for f32 {
     }
 }
 
-impl const F32Conversion for u8 {
+const impl F32Conversion for u8 {
     fn to(self) -> f32 {
         self as f32 / 255.0
     }

core/src/primitive/text.rs

@@ -1,60 +1,66 @@
-use crate::{Align, RegionAlign, TextureHandle, Textures, UiColor, util::Vec2};
-use cosmic_text::{
-    Attrs, AttrsList, Buffer, CacheKey, Color, Family, FontSystem, Metrics, Placement, SwashCache,
-    SwashContent,
+use crate::{Align, GlyphAtlas, GlyphKey, PlacedGlyph, RegionAlign, Textures, UiColor, util::Vec2};
+use parley::{
+    Alignment, AlignmentOptions, FontContext, FontFamily, FontFamilyName, GenericFamily, Layout,
+    LayoutContext, LineHeight, PositionedLayoutItem, StyleProperty,
+};
+use swash::{
+    FontRef,
+    scale::{Render, ScaleContext, Source, StrikeWith},
+    zeno::{Format, Vector},
 };
-use image::{GenericImageView, RgbaImage};
-use std::simd::{Simd, num::SimdUint};
-
-/// TODO: properly wrap this
-pub mod text_lib {
-    pub use cosmic_text::*;
-}
 
+/// Shared font, layout, rasterization, and glyph-atlas state.
 pub struct TextData {
-    pub font_system: FontSystem,
-    pub swash_cache: SwashCache,
-    glyph_cache: Vec<(Placement, CacheKey, Color)>,
+    pub font_cx: FontContext,
+    pub layout_cx: LayoutContext<UiColor>,
+    scale_cx: ScaleContext,
+    pub atlas: GlyphAtlas,
 }
 
 impl Default for TextData {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            font_system: FontSystem::new(),
-            swash_cache: SwashCache::new(),
-            glyph_cache: Default::default(),
+            font_cx: FontContext::new(),
+            layout_cx: LayoutContext::new(),
+            scale_cx: ScaleContext::new(),
+            atlas: GlyphAtlas::default(),
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+/// An owned font family that can be stored by a widget.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Family {
+    SansSerif,
+    Serif,
+    Monospace,
+    Named(String),
+}
+
+impl Family {
+    fn family(&self) -> FontFamily<'_> {
+        let name = match self {
+            Self::SansSerif => FontFamilyName::Generic(GenericFamily::SansSerif),
+            Self::Serif => FontFamilyName::Generic(GenericFamily::Serif),
+            Self::Monospace => FontFamilyName::Generic(GenericFamily::Monospace),
+            Self::Named(name) => FontFamilyName::Named(name.as_str().into()),
+        };
+        FontFamily::Single(name)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct TextAttrs {
     pub color: UiColor,
     pub font_size: f32,
     pub line_height: f32,
-    pub family: Family<'static>,
+    pub family: Family,
     pub wrap: bool,
-    /// inner alignment of text region (within where it's drawn)
+    /// Alignment within the text's region.
     pub align: RegionAlign,
 }
 
-impl TextAttrs {
-    pub fn apply(&self, font_system: &mut FontSystem, buf: &mut Buffer, width: Option<f32>) {
-        buf.set_metrics_and_size(
-            font_system,
-            Metrics::new(self.font_size, self.line_height),
-            width,
-            None,
-        );
-        let attrs = Attrs::new().family(self.family);
-        let list = AttrsList::new(&attrs);
-        for line in &mut buf.lines {
-            line.set_attrs_list(list.clone());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub type TextBuffer = Buffer;
+pub const LINE_HEIGHT_MULT: f32 = 1.1;
 
 impl Default for TextAttrs {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -70,118 +76,181 @@ impl Default for TextAttrs {
     }
 }
 
-pub const LINE_HEIGHT_MULT: f32 = 1.1;
+/// Keeps text and its corresponding layout from getting out of sync.
+pub struct TextBuffer {
+    text: String,
+    layout: Layout<UiColor>,
+    /// The inputs used to build the cached layout.
+    shaped: Option<(TextAttrs, Option<f32>)>,
+}
 
-impl TextData {
-    pub fn draw(
-        &mut self,
-        buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
-        attrs: &TextAttrs,
-        textures: &mut Textures,
-    ) -> RenderedText {
-        // TODO: either this or the layout stuff (or both) is super slow,
-        // should probably do texture packing and things if possible.
-        // very visible if you add just a couple of wrapping texts and resize window
-        // should also be timed to figure out exactly what points need to be sped up
-        // let mut pixels = HashMap::<_, [u8; 4]>::default();
-        let mut min_x = 0;
-        let mut min_y = 0;
-        let mut max_x = 0;
-        let mut max_y = 0;
-        let text_color = {
-            let c = attrs.color;
-            cosmic_text::Color::rgba(c.r, c.g, c.b, c.a)
-        };
-        let mut max_width = 0.0f32;
-        let mut height = 0.0;
-
-        for run in buffer.layout_runs() {
-            for glyph in run.glyphs.iter() {
-                let physical_glyph = glyph.physical((0., 0.), 1.0);
-
-                let glyph_color = match glyph.color_opt {
-                    Some(some) => some,
-                    None => text_color,
-                };
-
-                if let Some(img) = self
-                    .swash_cache
-                    .get_image(&mut self.font_system, physical_glyph.cache_key)
-                {
-                    let mut pos = img.placement;
-                    pos.left += physical_glyph.x;
-                    pos.top = physical_glyph.y + run.line_y as i32 - pos.top;
-                    min_x = min_x.min(pos.left);
-                    min_y = min_y.min(pos.top);
-                    max_x = max_x.max(pos.left + pos.width as i32);
-                    max_y = max_y.max(pos.top + pos.height as i32);
-                    self.glyph_cache
-                        .push((pos, physical_glyph.cache_key, glyph_color));
-                }
-            }
-            max_width = max_width.max(run.line_w);
-            height += run.line_height;
+impl TextBuffer {
+    pub fn new(text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            text: text.into(),
+            layout: Layout::new(),
+            shaped: None,
         }
-        let img_width = (max_x - min_x + 1) as u32;
-        let img_height = (max_y - min_y + 1) as u32;
-        let mut image = RgbaImage::new(img_width, img_height);
+    }
 
-        for (pos, key, color) in self.glyph_cache.drain(..) {
-            let img = self
-                .swash_cache
-                .get_image(&mut self.font_system, key)
-                .as_ref()
-                .unwrap();
-            let mut merge = |i, color: [u8; 4]| {
-                let i = i as i32;
-                let x = (i % pos.width as i32 + pos.left - min_x) as u32;
-                let y = (i / pos.width as i32 + pos.top - min_y) as u32;
-                let pixel = &mut image[(x, y)].0;
-                // TODO: no clue if proper alpha blending should be done
-                *pixel = Simd::from(color).saturating_add(Simd::from(*pixel)).into();
-            };
+    pub fn new_empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new("")
+    }
 
-            match img.content {
-                SwashContent::Mask => {
-                    for (i, a) in img.data.iter().enumerate() {
-                        let mut color = color.as_rgba();
-                        color[3] = ((color[3] as u32 * *a as u32) / u8::MAX as u32) as u8;
-                        merge(i, color);
-                    }
-                }
-                SwashContent::SubpixelMask => todo!("subpixel mask text rendering"),
-                SwashContent::Color => {
-                    let (colors, _) = img.data.as_chunks::<4>();
-                    for (i, color) in colors.iter().enumerate() {
-                        merge(i, *color);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+    pub fn text(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.text
+    }
+
+    pub fn layout(&self) -> &Layout<UiColor> {
+        &self.layout
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.text.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_text(&mut self, text: impl Into<String>) {
+        let text = text.into();
+        if text != self.text {
+            self.text = text;
+            self.shaped = None;
         }
+    }
 
-        let max_dim = 8192;
-        if image.width() > max_dim || image.height() > max_dim {
-            let width = image.width().min(max_dim);
-            let height = image.height().min(max_dim);
-            eprintln!(
-                "WARNING: image of size {:?} cropped to {:?} (texture too big)",
-                image.dimensions(),
-                (width, height)
-            );
-            image = image.view(0, 0, width, height).to_image();
-        }
+    /// Invalidates the layout and returns the underlying string for editing.
+    pub fn edit(&mut self) -> &mut String {
+        self.shaped = None;
+        &mut self.text
+    }
 
-        RenderedText {
-            handle: textures.add(image),
-            top_left_offset: Vec2::new(min_x as f32, min_y as f32),
-            size: Vec2::new(max_width, height),
+    pub fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        Vec2::new(self.layout.width(), self.layout.height())
+    }
+
+    pub fn shape(&mut self, data: &mut TextData, attrs: &TextAttrs, width: Option<f32>) {
+        if self.shaped.as_ref() == Some(&(attrs.clone(), width)) {
+            return;
         }
+        let mut builder = data
+            .layout_cx
+            .ranged_builder(&mut data.font_cx, &self.text, 1.0, true);
+        builder.push_default(StyleProperty::FontFamily(attrs.family.family()));
+        builder.push_default(StyleProperty::FontSize(attrs.font_size));
+        builder.push_default(StyleProperty::LineHeight(LineHeight::Absolute(
+            attrs.line_height,
+        )));
+        builder.push_default(StyleProperty::Brush(attrs.color));
+        builder.build_into(&mut self.layout, &self.text);
+        self.layout.break_all_lines(width);
+        self.layout
+            .align(Alignment::Start, AlignmentOptions::default());
+        self.shaped = Some((attrs.clone(), width));
     }
 }
 
+impl TextData {
+    /// Rasterizes uncached glyphs and places them relative to the text origin.
+    pub fn place(&mut self, buffer: &TextBuffer, textures: &mut Textures) -> Vec<PlacedGlyph> {
+        let mut placed = Vec::new();
+        for line in buffer.layout.lines() {
+            for item in line.items() {
+                let PositionedLayoutItem::GlyphRun(run) = item else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let font = run.run().font();
+                let font_size = run.run().font_size();
+                let coords = run.run().normalized_coords();
+                let Some(font_ref) = FontRef::from_index(font.data.as_ref(), font.index as usize)
+                else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let coords_hash = hash_coords(coords);
+                // `font.data.id()` rather than the pointer, so the same font
+                // loaded twice is still one set of entries.
+                let font_id = font.data.id();
+
+                for glyph in run.positioned_glyphs() {
+                    let subpixel = ((glyph.x.fract() * 4.0).round() as i32).rem_euclid(4) as u8;
+                    let key = GlyphKey {
+                        font: font_id,
+                        glyph: glyph.id,
+                        size: (font_size * 16.0).round() as u32,
+                        subpixel,
+                        coords: coords_hash,
+                    };
+                    let entry = match self.atlas.get(&key) {
+                        Some(entry) => entry,
+                        None => {
+                            let mut scaler = self
+                                .scale_cx
+                                .builder(font_ref)
+                                .size(font_size)
+                                .hint(true)
+                                .normalized_coords(coords)
+                                .build();
+                            let image = Render::new(&[
+                                Source::ColorOutline(0),
+                                Source::ColorBitmap(StrikeWith::BestFit),
+                                Source::Outline,
+                            ])
+                            .format(Format::Alpha)
+                            .offset(Vector::new(subpixel as f32 / 4.0, 0.0))
+                            .render(&mut scaler, glyph.id as u16);
+                            match image {
+                                Some(image) => self.atlas.insert(key, &image, textures),
+                                None => {
+                                    self.atlas.insert_empty(key);
+                                    None
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let Some(entry) = entry else { continue };
+                    placed.push(PlacedGlyph {
+                        entry,
+                        offset: Vec2::new(
+                            glyph.x.floor() + entry.left as f32,
+                            glyph.y.floor() - entry.top as f32,
+                        ),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        placed
+    }
+}
+
+fn hash_coords(coords: &[i16]) -> u64 {
+    let mut h: u64 = 0xcbf2_9ce4_8422_2325;
+    for c in coords {
+        h ^= *c as u16 as u64;
+        h = h.wrapping_mul(0x1000_0000_01b3);
+    }
+    h
+}
+
+/// Cached glyph placement for a laid-out string.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct RenderedText {
-    pub handle: TextureHandle,
-    pub top_left_offset: Vec2,
+    pub glyphs: std::sync::Arc<Vec<PlacedGlyph>>,
     pub size: Vec2,
+    pub color: UiColor,
+}
+
+impl TextData {
+    pub fn render(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
+        attrs: &TextAttrs,
+        width: Option<f32>,
+        textures: &mut Textures,
+    ) -> RenderedText {
+        buffer.shape(self, attrs, width);
+        let glyphs = self.place(buffer, textures);
+        RenderedText {
+            glyphs: std::sync::Arc::new(glyphs),
+            size: buffer.size(),
+            color: attrs.color,
+        }
+    }
 }

core/src/primitive/texture.rs

@@ -29,14 +29,25 @@ pub struct Textures {
 pub enum TextureUpdate<'a> {
     Push(&'a DynamicImage),
     Set(u32, &'a DynamicImage),
+    /// Overwrite one rectangle without uploading the entire texture.
+    Patch(u32, PatchRect, &'a DynamicImage),
     Free(u32),
     PushFree,
     SetFree,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PatchRect {
+    pub x: u32,
+    pub y: u32,
+    pub width: u32,
+    pub height: u32,
+}
+
 enum Update {
     Push(u32),
     Set(u32),
+    Patch(u32, PatchRect),
     Free(u32),
 }
 
@@ -81,6 +92,19 @@ impl Textures {
         }
     }
 
+    /// The stored image for a handle, to be written into before `patch`.
+    pub fn image_mut(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle) -> &mut DynamicImage {
+        self.images[handle.inner.view_idx as usize]
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("texture was freed while still held")
+    }
+
+    /// Queue an upload of just `rect`, after writing it with `image_mut`.
+    pub fn patch(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, rect: PatchRect) {
+        self.updates
+            .push(Update::Patch(handle.inner.view_idx, rect));
+    }
+
     pub fn free(&mut self) {
         for idx in self.recv.try_iter() {
             self.images[idx as usize] = None;
@@ -99,6 +123,10 @@ impl Textures {
                 .as_ref()
                 .map(|img| TextureUpdate::Set(i, img))
                 .unwrap_or(TextureUpdate::SetFree),
+            Update::Patch(i, rect) => self.images[i as usize]
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|img| TextureUpdate::Patch(i, rect, img))
+                .unwrap_or(TextureUpdate::SetFree),
             Update::Free(i) => TextureUpdate::Free(i),
         })
     }

core/src/render/atlas.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+//! Packs reusable rasterized glyphs into shared texture pages.
+
+use crate::{
+    PatchRect, TextureHandle, Textures,
+    util::{HashMap, Vec2},
+};
+use image::RgbaImage;
+use swash::scale::image::{Content, Image};
+
+/// A 1024-pixel RGBA8 page occupies 4 MiB.
+const PAGE: u32 = 1024;
+
+/// Transparent margin kept around every glyph, so that sampling one cannot
+/// pick up its neighbour along a shared edge.
+const PAD: u32 = 1;
+
+/// Includes every input that can change the rasterized pixels.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct GlyphKey {
+    pub font: u64,
+    pub glyph: u32,
+    /// Font size in 1/16 px, so sizes that round to the same pixels share a
+    /// raster instead of filling the atlas with near-duplicates.
+    pub size: u32,
+    /// Horizontal subpixel phase, in 1/4 px.
+    pub subpixel: u8,
+    /// Hash of the variation coordinates; a variable font at two weights is two
+    /// different sets of pixels from one glyph id.
+    pub coords: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct GlyphEntry {
+    pub uv_min: [f32; 2],
+    pub uv_max: [f32; 2],
+    /// Offset from the glyph's pen position to the top-left of its pixels.
+    pub left: i32,
+    pub top: i32,
+    pub width: u32,
+    pub height: u32,
+    pub is_color: bool,
+    pub view_idx: u32,
+    pub sampler_idx: u32,
+}
+
+struct Page {
+    handle: TextureHandle,
+    /// Shelf packing is effective because glyphs at one size have similar heights.
+    x: u32,
+    y: u32,
+    shelf_height: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct GlyphAtlas {
+    pages: Vec<Page>,
+    /// `None` for a glyph that rasterised to nothing -- a space, say. Cached
+    /// too, so it is not re-rasterised on every layout.
+    entries: HashMap<GlyphKey, Option<GlyphEntry>>,
+}
+
+impl GlyphAtlas {
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &GlyphKey) -> Option<Option<GlyphEntry>> {
+        self.entries.get(key).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `None` when a glyph has no pixels or cannot fit on a page.
+    pub fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        key: GlyphKey,
+        image: &Image,
+        textures: &mut Textures,
+    ) -> Option<GlyphEntry> {
+        let w = image.placement.width;
+        let h = image.placement.height;
+        if w == 0 || h == 0 {
+            self.entries.insert(key, None);
+            return None;
+        }
+        if w + PAD * 2 > PAGE || h + PAD * 2 > PAGE {
+            // Never silently crop an oversized glyph.
+            self.entries.insert(key, None);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let (page_idx, x, y) = self.allocate(w, h, textures);
+        let page = &self.pages[page_idx];
+
+        let img = textures.image_mut(&page.handle);
+        let rgba = img.as_mut_rgba8().expect("atlas page is rgba8");
+        write_glyph(rgba, image, x, y);
+
+        let handle = page.handle.clone();
+        let rect = PatchRect {
+            x,
+            y,
+            width: w,
+            height: h,
+        };
+        textures.patch(&handle, rect);
+
+        let page = &self.pages[page_idx];
+        let scale = 1.0 / PAGE as f32;
+        let entry = GlyphEntry {
+            uv_min: [x as f32 * scale, y as f32 * scale],
+            uv_max: [(x + w) as f32 * scale, (y + h) as f32 * scale],
+            left: image.placement.left,
+            top: image.placement.top,
+            width: w,
+            height: h,
+            is_color: matches!(image.content, Content::Color),
+            view_idx: page.handle.primitive().view_idx,
+            sampler_idx: page.handle.primitive().sampler_idx,
+        };
+        self.entries.insert(key, Some(entry));
+        Some(entry)
+    }
+
+    fn allocate(&mut self, w: u32, h: u32, textures: &mut Textures) -> (usize, u32, u32) {
+        let need_w = w + PAD;
+        let need_h = h + PAD;
+        if let Some(i) = self.pages.iter().position(|p| fits(p, need_w, need_h)) {
+            let page = &mut self.pages[i];
+            if page.x + need_w > PAGE {
+                page.y += page.shelf_height;
+                page.x = PAD;
+                page.shelf_height = 0;
+            }
+            let (x, y) = (page.x, page.y);
+            page.x += need_w;
+            page.shelf_height = page.shelf_height.max(need_h);
+            return (i, x, y);
+        }
+
+        let handle = textures.add(RgbaImage::new(PAGE, PAGE));
+        self.pages.push(Page {
+            handle,
+            x: PAD + w + PAD,
+            y: PAD,
+            shelf_height: h + PAD,
+        });
+        (self.pages.len() - 1, PAD, PAD)
+    }
+
+    /// Record that a glyph has no pixels, so it is not re-rasterised.
+    pub fn insert_empty(&mut self, key: GlyphKey) {
+        self.entries.insert(key, None);
+    }
+
+    pub fn page_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pages.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn glyph_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.entries.len()
+    }
+}
+
+fn fits(page: &Page, need_w: u32, need_h: u32) -> bool {
+    // On the current shelf, or on a new one above it.
+    (page.x + need_w <= PAGE && page.y + need_h <= PAGE)
+        || (need_w + PAD <= PAGE && page.y + page.shelf_height + need_h <= PAGE)
+}
+
+/// Mask glyphs keep coverage in alpha so their raster can be tinted at draw time.
+fn write_glyph(page: &mut RgbaImage, image: &Image, x: u32, y: u32) {
+    let w = image.placement.width;
+    let h = image.placement.height;
+    match image.content {
+        Content::Mask => {
+            for row in 0..h {
+                for col in 0..w {
+                    let a = image.data[(row * w + col) as usize];
+                    page.put_pixel(x + col, y + row, image::Rgba([255, 255, 255, a]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Content::Color => {
+            for row in 0..h {
+                for col in 0..w {
+                    let i = ((row * w + col) * 4) as usize;
+                    let px = [
+                        image.data[i],
+                        image.data[i + 1],
+                        image.data[i + 2],
+                        image.data[i + 3],
+                    ];
+                    page.put_pixel(x + col, y + row, image::Rgba(px));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Content::SubpixelMask => {
+            // Preserve readable output if the rasterizer returns a subpixel mask.
+            for row in 0..h {
+                for col in 0..w {
+                    let i = ((row * w + col) * 4) as usize;
+                    let a = image.data[i + 1];
+                    page.put_pixel(x + col, y + row, image::Rgba([255, 255, 255, a]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a glyph goes on screen, in pixels relative to the text's origin.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PlacedGlyph {
+    pub entry: GlyphEntry,
+    pub offset: Vec2,
+}

core/src/render/mod.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 use std::num::NonZero;
 
 use crate::{
-    Ui,
+    UiData, UiRenderState,
     render::{data::PrimitiveInstance, texture::GpuTextures, util::ArrBuf},
-    util::HashMap,
+    util::{HashMap, Vec2},
 };
 use data::WindowUniform;
 use wgpu::{
     util::{BufferInitDescriptor, DeviceExt},
     *,
 };
-use winit::dpi::PhysicalSize;
 
+mod atlas;
 mod data;
 mod primitive;
 mod texture;
 mod util;
 
+pub use atlas::*;
 pub use data::{Mask, MaskIdx};
 pub use primitive::*;
 
@@ -59,12 +60,18 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, ui: &mut Ui) {
+    pub fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &Device,
+        queue: &Queue,
+        ui: &mut UiData,
+        ui_render: &mut UiRenderState,
+    ) {
         self.active.clear();
-        for (i, primitives) in ui.layers.iter_mut() {
+        for (i, primitives) in ui_render.layers.iter_mut() {
             self.active.push(i);
             for change in primitives.apply_free() {
-                if let Some(inst) = ui.active.get_mut(&change.id) {
+                if let Some(inst) = ui_render.active.get_mut(&change.id) {
                     for h in &mut inst.primitives {
                         if h.layer == i && h.inst_idx == change.old {
                             h.inst_idx = change.new;
@@ -112,10 +119,11 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: &PhysicalSize<u32>, queue: &Queue) {
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: impl Into<Vec2>, queue: &Queue) {
+        let size = size.into();
         let slice = &[WindowUniform {
-            width: size.width as f32,
-            height: size.height as f32,
+            width: size.x,
+            height: size.y,
         }];
         queue.write_buffer(&self.window_buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(slice));
     }
@@ -131,7 +139,10 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
             source: ShaderSource::Wgsl(SHAPE_SHADER.into()),
         });
 
-        let window_uniform = WindowUniform::default();
+        let window_uniform = WindowUniform {
+            width: config.width as f32,
+            height: config.height as f32,
+        };
         let window_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&BufferInitDescriptor {
             label: Some("window"),
             contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&[window_uniform]),
@@ -183,7 +194,7 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
         let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
             label: Some("UI Shape Pipeline Layout"),
             bind_group_layouts: &[&uniform_layout, &primitive_layout, &rsc_layout],
-            push_constant_ranges: &[],
+            immediate_size: 0,
         });
         let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&RenderPipelineDescriptor {
             label: Some("UI Shape Pipeline"),
@@ -219,7 +230,7 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
                 mask: !0,
                 alpha_to_coverage_enabled: false,
             },
-            multiview: None,
+            multiview_mask: None,
             cache: None,
         });
 

core/src/render/primitive.rs

@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ macro_rules! primitives {
             }
         )*
     };
-    (@count $t1:tt $($t:tt)+) => { 1 + primitives!(@count $($t),+) };
+    // Preserve the whitespace-separated token shape across recursion.
+    (@count $t1:tt $($t:tt)+) => { 1 + primitives!(@count $($t)+) };
     (@count $t:tt) => { 1 };
 }
 
@@ -201,6 +202,7 @@ impl PrimitiveHandle {
 primitives!(
     rects: RectPrimitive => 0,
     textures: TexturePrimitive => 1,
+    glyphs: GlyphPrimitive => 2,
 );
 
 #[repr(C)]
@@ -230,6 +232,22 @@ pub struct TexturePrimitive {
     pub sampler_idx: u32,
 }
 
+/// An atlas subrectangle, tinted for masks or unchanged for color glyphs.
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct GlyphPrimitive {
+    pub uv_min: [f32; 2],
+    pub uv_max: [f32; 2],
+    pub view_idx: u32,
+    pub sampler_idx: u32,
+    pub color: Color<u8>,
+    pub flags: u32,
+}
+
+impl GlyphPrimitive {
+    pub const IS_COLOR: u32 = 1;
+}
+
 pub struct PrimitiveVec<T> {
     vec: Vec<T>,
     free: Vec<usize>,

core/src/render/shader.wgsl

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 const RECT: u32 = 0u;
 const TEXTURE: u32 = 1u;
+const GLYPH: u32 = 2u;
 
 @group(0) @binding(0)
 var<uniform> window: WindowUniform;
@@ -7,6 +8,8 @@ var<uniform> window: WindowUniform;
 var<storage> rects: array<Rect>;
 @group(1) @binding(TEXTURE)
 var<storage> textures: array<TextureInfo>;
+@group(1) @binding(GLYPH)
+var<storage> glyphs: array<GlyphInfo>;
 
 struct Rect {
     color: u32,
@@ -20,6 +23,15 @@ struct TextureInfo {
     sampler_idx: u32,
 }
 
+struct GlyphInfo {
+    uv_min: vec2<f32>,
+    uv_max: vec2<f32>,
+    view_idx: u32,
+    sampler_idx: u32,
+    color: u32,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
 struct Mask {
     x: UiSpan,
     y: UiSpan,
@@ -125,6 +137,9 @@ fn fs_main(
         case TEXTURE: {
             color = draw_texture(region, textures[i]);
         }
+        case GLYPH: {
+            color = draw_glyph(region, glyphs[i]);
+        }
         default: {
             color = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
         }
@@ -148,6 +163,17 @@ fn draw_texture(region: Region, info: TextureInfo) -> vec4<f32> {
     return textureSample(views[info.view_idx], samplers[info.sampler_idx], region.uv);
 }
 
+fn draw_glyph(region: Region, g: GlyphInfo) -> vec4<f32> {
+    let uv = mix(g.uv_min, g.uv_max, region.uv);
+    let texel = textureSample(views[g.view_idx], samplers[g.sampler_idx], uv);
+    if (g.flags & 1u) != 0u {
+        return texel;
+    }
+    var color = unpack4x8unorm(g.color);
+    color.a *= texel.a;
+    return color;
+}
+
 fn draw_rounded_rect(region: Region, rect: Rect) -> vec4<f32> {
     var color = unpack4x8unorm(rect.color);
 

core/src/render/texture.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-use image::{DynamicImage, EncodableLayout};
+use image::{DynamicImage, EncodableLayout, GenericImageView};
 use wgpu::{util::DeviceExt, *};
 
-use crate::{TextureUpdate, Textures};
+use crate::{PatchRect, TextureUpdate, Textures};
 
 pub struct GpuTextures {
     device: Device,
     queue: Queue,
+    /// Parallel to `views`; patches require textures rather than views.
+    textures: Vec<Option<Texture>>,
     views: Vec<TextureView>,
     view_count: usize,
     samplers: Vec<Sampler>,
@@ -17,37 +19,95 @@ impl GpuTextures {
     pub fn update(&mut self, textures: &mut Textures) -> bool {
         let mut changed = false;
         for update in textures.updates() {
-            changed = true;
             match update {
-                TextureUpdate::Push(image) => self.push(image),
-                TextureUpdate::Set(i, image) => self.set(i, image),
-                TextureUpdate::SetFree => self.view_count += 1,
-                TextureUpdate::Free(i) => self.free(i),
-                TextureUpdate::PushFree => self.push_free(),
+                TextureUpdate::Push(image) => {
+                    self.push(image);
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                TextureUpdate::Set(i, image) => {
+                    self.set(i, image);
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                TextureUpdate::Patch(i, rect, image) => {
+                    // Patching contents leaves the binding array unchanged.
+                    self.patch(i, rect, image);
+                }
+                TextureUpdate::SetFree => {
+                    self.view_count += 1;
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                TextureUpdate::Free(i) => {
+                    self.free(i);
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                TextureUpdate::PushFree => {
+                    self.push_free();
+                    changed = true;
+                }
             }
         }
         changed
     }
     fn set(&mut self, i: u32, image: &DynamicImage) {
         self.view_count += 1;
-        let view = self.create_view(image);
+        let (texture, view) = self.create(image);
+        self.textures[i as usize] = Some(texture);
         self.views[i as usize] = view;
     }
     fn free(&mut self, i: u32) {
         self.view_count -= 1;
+        self.textures[i as usize] = None;
         self.views[i as usize] = self.null_view.clone();
     }
     fn push(&mut self, image: &DynamicImage) {
         self.view_count += 1;
-        let view = self.create_view(image);
+        let (texture, view) = self.create(image);
+        self.textures.push(Some(texture));
         self.views.push(view);
     }
     fn push_free(&mut self) {
         self.view_count += 1;
+        self.textures.push(None);
         self.views.push(self.null_view.clone());
     }
 
-    fn create_view(&self, image: &DynamicImage) -> TextureView {
+    fn patch(&mut self, i: u32, rect: PatchRect, image: &DynamicImage) {
+        let Some(texture) = &self.textures[i as usize] else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if rect.width == 0 || rect.height == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        // `write_texture` requires tightly packed rows, unlike the atlas image.
+        let sub = image
+            .view(rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height)
+            .to_image();
+        self.queue.write_texture(
+            TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: Origin3d {
+                    x: rect.x,
+                    y: rect.y,
+                    z: 0,
+                },
+                aspect: TextureAspect::All,
+            },
+            sub.as_bytes(),
+            TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(rect.width * 4),
+                rows_per_image: Some(rect.height),
+            },
+            Extent3d {
+                width: rect.width,
+                height: rect.height,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn create(&self, image: &DynamicImage) -> (Texture, TextureView) {
         let image = image.to_rgba8();
         let (width, height) = image.dimensions();
         let texture = self.device.create_texture_with_data(
@@ -63,13 +123,14 @@ impl GpuTextures {
                 sample_count: 1,
                 dimension: TextureDimension::D2,
                 format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
-                usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+                usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
                 view_formats: &[],
             },
             wgt::TextureDataOrder::MipMajor,
             image.as_bytes(),
         );
-        texture.create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default())
+        let view = texture.create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        (texture, view)
     }
 
     pub fn new(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Self {
@@ -77,6 +138,7 @@ impl GpuTextures {
         Self {
             device: device.clone(),
             queue: queue.clone(),
+            textures: Vec::new(),
             views: Vec::new(),
             samplers: vec![default_sampler(device)],
             no_views: vec![null_view.clone()],

core/src/ui/draw_state.rs

@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    ActiveData, Axis, EventsLike, Painter, SizeCtx, Ui, UiRegion, UiVec2, WidgetId,
-    render::MaskIdx,
-    util::{HashSet, forget_ref},
-};
-use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-
-/// state maintained between widgets during painting
-pub struct DrawState<'a> {
-    pub(super) ui: &'a mut Ui,
-    pub(super) events: &'a mut dyn EventsLike,
-    draw_started: HashSet<WidgetId>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> DrawState<'a> {
-    pub fn new(ui: &'a mut Ui, events: &'a mut dyn EventsLike) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ui,
-            events,
-            draw_started: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn redraw_updates(&mut self) {
-        while let Some(&id) = self.widgets.needs_redraw.iter().next() {
-            self.redraw(id);
-        }
-        self.ui.free(self.events);
-    }
-
-    /// redraws a widget that's currently active (drawn)
-    pub fn redraw(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
-        self.widgets.needs_redraw.remove(&id);
-        self.draw_started.remove(&id);
-        // check if parent depends on the desired size of this, if so then redraw it first
-        for axis in [Axis::X, Axis::Y] {
-            if let Some(&(outer, old)) = self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).get(&id)
-                && let Some(current) = self.active.get(&id)
-                && let Some(pid) = current.parent
-            {
-                self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).remove(&id);
-                let new = self.size_ctx(id, outer).len_axis(id, axis);
-                self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).insert(id, (outer, new));
-                if new != old {
-                    self.redraw(pid);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let Some(active) = self.remove(id, false) else {
-            return;
-        };
-
-        self.draw_inner(
-            active.layer,
-            id,
-            active.region,
-            active.parent,
-            active.mask,
-            Some(active.children),
-        );
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn size_ctx<'b>(&'b mut self, source: WidgetId, outer: UiVec2) -> SizeCtx<'b> {
-        SizeCtx {
-            source,
-            cache: &mut self.ui.cache,
-            text: &mut self.ui.text,
-            textures: &mut self.ui.textures,
-            widgets: &self.ui.widgets,
-            outer,
-            output_size: self.ui.output_size,
-            id: source,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn redraw_all(&mut self) {
-        // free all resources & cache
-        for (_, active) in self.ui.active.drain() {
-            self.events.undraw(&active);
-        }
-        self.ui.cache.clear();
-        self.ui.free(self.events);
-        self.layers.clear();
-        self.widgets.needs_redraw.clear();
-
-        if let Some(id) = &self.ui.root {
-            self.draw_inner(0, id.id(), UiRegion::FULL, None, MaskIdx::NONE, None);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn draw_inner(
-        &mut self,
-        layer: usize,
-        id: WidgetId,
-        region: UiRegion,
-        parent: Option<WidgetId>,
-        mask: MaskIdx,
-        old_children: Option<Vec<WidgetId>>,
-    ) {
-        let mut old_children = old_children.unwrap_or_default();
-        if let Some(active) = self.ui.active.get_mut(&id)
-            && !self.ui.widgets.needs_redraw.contains(&id)
-        {
-            // check to see if we can skip drawing first
-            if active.region == region {
-                return;
-            } else if active.region.size() == region.size() {
-                // TODO: epsilon?
-                let from = active.region;
-                self.mov(id, from, region);
-                return;
-            }
-            // if not, then maintain resize and track old children to remove unneeded
-            let active = self.remove(id, false).unwrap();
-            old_children = active.children;
-        }
-
-        // draw widget
-        self.draw_started.insert(id);
-
-        let mut painter = Painter {
-            state: self,
-            region,
-            mask,
-            layer,
-            id,
-            textures: Vec::new(),
-            primitives: Vec::new(),
-            children: Vec::new(),
-        };
-
-        let mut widget = painter.state.widgets.get_dyn_dynamic(id);
-        widget.draw(&mut painter);
-        drop(widget);
-
-        let Painter {
-            state: _,
-            region,
-            mask,
-            textures,
-            primitives,
-            children,
-            layer,
-            id,
-        } = painter;
-
-        // add to active
-        let active = ActiveData {
-            id,
-            region,
-            parent,
-            textures,
-            primitives,
-            children,
-            mask,
-            layer,
-        };
-
-        // remove old children that weren't kept
-        for c in &old_children {
-            if !active.children.contains(c) {
-                self.remove_rec(*c);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // update modules
-        self.events.draw(&active);
-        self.active.insert(id, active);
-    }
-
-    fn mov(&mut self, id: WidgetId, from: UiRegion, to: UiRegion) {
-        let active = self.ui.active.get_mut(&id).unwrap();
-        for h in &active.primitives {
-            let region = self.ui.layers[h.layer].region_mut(h);
-            *region = region.outside(&from).within(&to);
-        }
-        active.region = active.region.outside(&from).within(&to);
-        // SAFETY: children cannot be recursive
-        let children = unsafe { forget_ref(&active.children) };
-        for child in children {
-            self.mov(*child, from, to);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// NOTE: instance textures are cleared and self.textures freed
-    fn remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId, undraw: bool) -> Option<ActiveData> {
-        let mut active = self.active.remove(&id);
-        if let Some(active) = &mut active {
-            for h in &active.primitives {
-                let mask = self.layers.free(h);
-                if mask != MaskIdx::NONE {
-                    self.masks.remove(mask);
-                }
-            }
-            active.textures.clear();
-            self.textures.free();
-            if undraw {
-                self.events.undraw(active);
-            }
-        }
-        active
-    }
-
-    fn remove_rec(&mut self, id: WidgetId) -> Option<ActiveData> {
-        self.cache.remove(id);
-        let inst = self.remove(id, true);
-        if let Some(inst) = &inst {
-            for c in &inst.children {
-                self.remove_rec(*c);
-            }
-        }
-        inst
-    }
-}
-
-impl Deref for DrawState<'_> {
-    type Target = Ui;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        self.ui
-    }
-}
-impl DerefMut for DrawState<'_> {
-    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
-        self.ui
-    }
-}

core/src/ui/mod.rs

@@ -1,217 +1,47 @@
-use crate::{
-    EventsLike, IdLike, Mask, PixelRegion, PrimitiveLayers, TextData, TextureHandle, Textures,
-    Widget, WidgetHandle, WidgetId, Widgets,
-    ui::draw_state::DrawState,
-    util::{HashMap, TrackedArena, Vec2},
-};
-use image::DynamicImage;
-use std::{
-    ops::{Index, IndexMut},
-    sync::mpsc::{Receiver, channel},
-};
+use crate::{Mask, TextData, Textures, WeakWidget, WidgetId, Widgets, util::TrackedArena};
 
 mod active;
 mod cache;
-mod draw_state;
 mod painter;
+mod render_state;
 mod size;
-mod state;
 
 pub use active::*;
-use cache::*;
 pub use painter::Painter;
+pub use render_state::*;
 pub use size::*;
 
-pub struct Ui {
-    // TODO: edit visibilities
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct UiData {
     pub widgets: Widgets,
-
-    // retained painter state
-    pub active: HashMap<WidgetId, ActiveData>,
-    pub layers: PrimitiveLayers,
     pub textures: Textures,
     pub text: TextData,
-    output_size: Vec2,
     pub masks: TrackedArena<Mask, u32>,
-    pub cache: Cache,
-
-    pub root: Option<WidgetHandle>,
-    old_root: Option<WidgetId>,
-    recv: Receiver<WidgetId>,
-    resized: bool,
 }
 
-pub trait HasUi: Sized {
-    fn get(&self) -> &Ui;
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Ui;
-    fn ui(&self) -> &Ui {
-        self.get()
-    }
-    fn ui_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
-        self.get_mut()
-    }
-}
+pub trait UiRsc {
+    fn ui(&self) -> &UiData;
+    fn ui_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UiData;
 
-impl HasUi for Ui {
-    fn get(&self) -> &Ui {
-        self
-    }
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn on_add(&mut self, id: WeakWidget) {}
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn on_remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {}
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn on_draw(&mut self, active: &ActiveData) {}
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn on_undraw(&mut self, active: &ActiveData) {}
 
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
-        self
+    fn widgets(&self) -> &Widgets {
+        &self.ui().widgets
     }
-}
-
-impl Ui {
-    /// useful for debugging
-    pub fn set_label(&mut self, id: impl IdLike, label: String) {
-        self.widgets.data_mut(id.id()).unwrap().label = label;
+    fn widgets_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Widgets {
+        &mut self.ui_mut().widgets
     }
-
-    pub fn label(&self, id: impl IdLike) -> &String {
-        &self.widgets.data(id.id()).unwrap().label
-    }
-
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::default()
-    }
-
-    pub fn get<I: IdLike>(&self, id: &I) -> Option<&I::Widget>
-    where
-        I::Widget: Sized + Widget,
-    {
-        self.widgets.get(id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_mut<I: IdLike>(&mut self, id: &I) -> Option<&mut I::Widget>
-    where
-        I::Widget: Sized + Widget,
-    {
-        self.widgets.get_mut(id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_texture(&mut self, image: DynamicImage) -> TextureHandle {
-        self.textures.add(image)
-    }
-
-    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: impl Into<Vec2>) {
-        self.output_size = size.into();
-        self.resized = true;
-    }
-
-    pub fn update(&mut self, events: &mut dyn EventsLike) {
-        if !self.widgets.waiting.is_empty() {
-            let len = self.widgets.waiting.len();
-            let all: Vec<_> = self
-                .widgets
-                .waiting
-                .iter()
-                .map(|&w| format!("'{}' ({w:?})", self.label(w)))
-                .collect();
-            panic!(
-                "{len} widget(s) were never upgraded\n\
-                this is likely a memory leak; consider upgrading to strong if you plan on using it later\n\
-                weak widgets: {all:#?}"
-            );
-        }
-        if self.root_changed() {
-            DrawState::new(self, events).redraw_all();
-            self.old_root = self.root.as_ref().map(|r| r.id());
-        } else if self.widgets.has_updates() {
-            DrawState::new(self, events).redraw_updates();
-        }
-        if self.resized {
-            self.resized = false;
-            DrawState::new(self, events).redraw_all();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// free any resources that don't have references anymore
-    fn free(&mut self, events: &mut dyn EventsLike) {
-        for id in self.recv.try_iter() {
-            events.remove(id);
-            self.widgets.delete(id);
-        }
-        self.textures.free();
-    }
-
-    pub fn root_changed(&self) -> bool {
-        self.root.as_ref().map(|r| r.id()) != self.old_root
-    }
-
-    pub fn needs_redraw(&self) -> bool {
-        self.root_changed() || self.widgets.has_updates()
-    }
-
-    pub fn num_widgets(&self) -> usize {
-        self.widgets.len()
-    }
-
-    pub fn active_widgets(&self) -> usize {
-        self.active.len()
-    }
-
-    pub fn debug_layers(&self) {
-        for ((idx, depth), primitives) in self.layers.iter_depth() {
-            let indent = " ".repeat(depth * 2);
-            let len = primitives.instances().len();
-            print!("{indent}{idx}: {len} primitives");
-            if len >= 1 {
-                print!(" ({})", primitives.instances()[0].binding);
-            }
-            println!();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn window_region(&self, id: &impl IdLike) -> Option<PixelRegion> {
-        let region = self.active.get(&id.id())?.region;
-        Some(region.to_px(self.output_size))
-    }
-
-    pub fn debug(&self, label: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ActiveData> {
-        self.active.iter().filter_map(move |(&id, inst)| {
-            let l = self.widgets.label(id);
-            if l == label { Some(inst) } else { None }
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I: IdLike> Index<I> for Ui
-where
-    I::Widget: Sized + Widget,
-{
-    type Output = I::Widget;
-
-    fn index(&self, id: I) -> &Self::Output {
-        self.get(&id).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I: IdLike> IndexMut<I> for Ui
-where
-    I::Widget: Sized + Widget,
-{
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, id: I) -> &mut Self::Output {
-        self.get_mut(&id).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for Ui {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        let (send, recv) = channel();
-        Self {
-            widgets: Widgets::new(send),
-            active: Default::default(),
-            layers: Default::default(),
-            masks: Default::default(),
-            text: Default::default(),
-            textures: Default::default(),
-            cache: Default::default(),
-            output_size: Vec2::ZERO,
-            root: None,
-            old_root: None,
-            recv,
-            resized: false,
+    fn free(&mut self) {
+        while let Some(id) = self.widgets_mut().free_next() {
+            self.on_remove(id);
         }
+        self.ui_mut().textures.free();
     }
 }

core/src/ui/painter.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use crate::{
-    Axis, Len, RenderedText, Size, SizeCtx, TextAttrs, TextBuffer, TextData, TextureHandle,
-    UiRegion, Widget, WidgetHandle, WidgetId,
-    render::{Mask, MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst},
-    ui::draw_state::DrawState,
+    Axis, Len, RenderedText, Size, SizeCtx, StrongWidget, TextAttrs, TextBuffer, TextData,
+    TextureHandle, UiRegion, UiRenderState, UiRsc, UiScalar, UiVec2, Widget, WidgetId,
+    render::{GlyphPrimitive, Mask, MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst},
     util::Vec2,
 };
 
 /// makes your surfaces look pretty
-pub struct Painter<'a, 'b> {
-    pub(super) state: &'a mut DrawState<'b>,
+pub struct Painter<'a> {
+    pub(super) state: &'a mut UiRenderState,
+    pub(super) rsc: &'a mut dyn UiRsc,
 
     pub(super) region: UiRegion,
     pub(super) mask: MaskIdx,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct Painter<'a, 'b> {
     pub(super) id: WidgetId,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
+impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
     fn primitive_at<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P, region: UiRegion) {
         let h = self.state.layers.write(
             self.layer,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
         );
         if self.mask != MaskIdx::NONE {
             // TODO: I have no clue if this works at all :joy:
-            self.state.masks.push_ref(self.mask);
+            self.rsc.ui_mut().masks.push_ref(self.mask);
         }
         self.primitives.push(h);
     }
@@ -48,24 +48,31 @@ impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
 
     pub fn set_mask(&mut self, region: UiRegion) {
         assert!(self.mask == MaskIdx::NONE);
-        self.mask = self.state.masks.push(Mask { region });
+        self.mask = self.rsc.ui_mut().masks.push(Mask { region });
     }
 
     /// Draws a widget within this widget's region.
-    pub fn widget<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &WidgetHandle<W>) {
+    pub fn widget<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>) {
         self.widget_at(id, self.region);
     }
 
     /// Draws a widget somewhere within this one.
     /// Useful for drawing child widgets in select areas.
-    pub fn widget_within<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &WidgetHandle<W>, region: UiRegion) {
+    pub fn widget_within<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, region: UiRegion) {
         self.widget_at(id, region.within(&self.region));
     }
 
-    fn widget_at<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &WidgetHandle<W>, region: UiRegion) {
+    fn widget_at<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, region: UiRegion) {
         self.children.push(id.id());
-        self.state
-            .draw_inner(self.layer, id.id(), region, Some(self.id), self.mask, None);
+        self.state.draw_inner(
+            self.layer,
+            id.id(),
+            region,
+            Some(self.id),
+            self.mask,
+            None,
+            self.rsc,
+        );
     }
 
     pub fn texture_within(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, region: UiRegion) {
@@ -83,23 +90,55 @@ impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
         self.primitive_at(handle.primitive(), region);
     }
 
-    /// returns (handle, offset from top left)
-    pub fn render_text(&mut self, buffer: &mut TextBuffer, attrs: &TextAttrs) -> RenderedText {
-        self.state
-            .ui
-            .text
-            .draw(buffer, attrs, &mut self.state.ui.textures)
+    pub fn render_text(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
+        attrs: &TextAttrs,
+        width: Option<f32>,
+    ) -> RenderedText {
+        let ui = self.rsc.ui_mut();
+        ui.text.render(buffer, attrs, width, &mut ui.textures)
+    }
+
+    /// Draws one atlas-sampling quad per glyph.
+    pub fn glyphs(&mut self, text: &RenderedText, origin: UiRegion) {
+        let flags_for = |is_color| {
+            if is_color {
+                GlyphPrimitive::IS_COLOR
+            } else {
+                0
+            }
+        };
+        for glyph in text.glyphs.iter() {
+            let mut region = origin;
+            region.x.end = region.x.start;
+            region.y.end = region.y.start;
+            let mut region = region.offset(UiVec2::abs(glyph.offset));
+            region.x.end = region.x.start + UiScalar::abs(glyph.entry.width as f32);
+            region.y.end = region.y.start + UiScalar::abs(glyph.entry.height as f32);
+            self.primitive_at(
+                GlyphPrimitive {
+                    uv_min: glyph.entry.uv_min,
+                    uv_max: glyph.entry.uv_max,
+                    view_idx: glyph.entry.view_idx,
+                    sampler_idx: glyph.entry.sampler_idx,
+                    color: text.color,
+                    flags: flags_for(glyph.entry.is_color),
+                },
+                region,
+            );
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn region(&self) -> UiRegion {
         self.region
     }
 
-    pub fn size<W: ?Sized + Widget>(&mut self, id: &WidgetHandle<W>) -> Size {
+    pub fn size<W: ?Sized + Widget>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>) -> Size {
         self.size_ctx().size(id)
     }
 
-    pub fn len_axis<W: ?Sized + Widget>(&mut self, id: &WidgetHandle<W>, axis: Axis) -> Len {
+    pub fn len_axis<W: ?Sized + Widget>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, axis: Axis) -> Len {
         match axis {
             Axis::X => self.size_ctx().width(id),
             Axis::Y => self.size_ctx().height(id),
@@ -115,7 +154,7 @@ impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
     }
 
     pub fn text_data(&mut self) -> &mut TextData {
-        &mut self.state.text
+        &mut self.rsc.ui_mut().text
     }
 
     pub fn child_layer(&mut self) {
@@ -127,7 +166,7 @@ impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
     }
 
     pub fn label(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.state.widgets.data(self.id).unwrap().label
+        &self.rsc.widgets().data(self.id).unwrap().label
     }
 
     pub fn id(&self) -> &WidgetId {
@@ -135,6 +174,6 @@ impl<'a, 'c> Painter<'a, 'c> {
     }
 
     pub fn size_ctx(&mut self) -> SizeCtx<'_> {
-        self.state.size_ctx(self.id, self.region.size())
+        self.state.size_ctx(self.id, self.region.size(), self.rsc)
     }
 }

core/src/ui/render_state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+use crate::{
+    ActiveData, Axis, IdLike, MaskIdx, Painter, PixelRegion, PrimitiveLayers, SizeCtx,
+    StrongWidget, UiRegion, UiRsc, UiVec2, WidgetId, Widgets,
+    ui::cache::Cache,
+    util::{HashMap, HashSet, Vec2, forget_ref},
+};
+
+pub struct UiRenderState {
+    pub active: HashMap<WidgetId, ActiveData>,
+    pub layers: PrimitiveLayers,
+    pub(super) output_size: Vec2,
+    pub cache: Cache,
+
+    old_root: Option<WidgetId>,
+    resized: bool,
+    draw_started: HashSet<WidgetId>,
+}
+
+impl UiRenderState {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            active: Default::default(),
+            layers: Default::default(),
+            cache: Default::default(),
+            output_size: Vec2::ZERO,
+            old_root: None,
+            resized: false,
+            draw_started: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: impl Into<Vec2>) {
+        self.output_size = size.into();
+        self.resized = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update<'a>(&mut self, root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
+        // safety mechanism for memory leaks; might wanna return a result instead so user can
+        // decide whether to panic or not
+        if !rsc.widgets().waiting.is_empty() {
+            let widgets = rsc.widgets();
+            let len = widgets.waiting.len();
+            let all: Vec<_> = widgets
+                .waiting
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&w| format!("'{}' ({w:?})", widgets.label(w)))
+                .collect();
+            panic!(
+                "{len} widget(s) were never upgraded\n\
+                this is likely a memory leak; consider upgrading to strong if you plan on using it later\n\
+                weak widgets: {all:#?}"
+            );
+        }
+        let root = root.into();
+        if self.needs_full_redraw(root) {
+            self.redraw_all(root, rsc);
+            self.old_root = root.map(|r| r.id());
+            self.resized = false;
+        } else if rsc.widgets().has_updates() {
+            self.redraw_updates(rsc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn redraw_all(&mut self, root: Option<&StrongWidget>, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
+        self.clear(rsc);
+        // free all resources & cache
+        if let Some(id) = root {
+            self.draw_inner(0, id.id(), UiRegion::FULL, None, MaskIdx::NONE, None, rsc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: should prolly make a DrawInfo struct or smth for everything other than rsc
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub(super) fn draw_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        layer: usize,
+        id: WidgetId,
+        region: UiRegion,
+        parent: Option<WidgetId>,
+        mask: MaskIdx,
+        old_children: Option<Vec<WidgetId>>,
+        rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc,
+    ) {
+        let mut old_children = old_children.unwrap_or_default();
+        if let Some(active) = self.active.get_mut(&id)
+            && !rsc.widgets().needs_redraw.contains(&id)
+        {
+            // check to see if we can skip drawing first
+            if active.region == region {
+                return;
+            } else if active.region.size() == region.size() {
+                // TODO: epsilon?
+                let from = active.region;
+                self.mov(id, from, region);
+                return;
+            }
+            // if not, then maintain resize and track old children to remove unneeded
+            let active = self.remove(id, false, rsc).unwrap();
+            old_children = active.children;
+        }
+
+        // draw widget
+        self.draw_started.insert(id);
+
+        let mut painter = Painter {
+            state: self,
+            region,
+            mask,
+            layer,
+            id,
+            textures: Vec::new(),
+            primitives: Vec::new(),
+            children: Vec::new(),
+            rsc,
+        };
+
+        let mut widget = painter.rsc.widgets().get_dyn_dynamic(id);
+        widget.draw(&mut painter);
+        drop(widget);
+
+        let Painter {
+            state: _,
+            rsc: _,
+            region,
+            mask,
+            textures,
+            primitives,
+            children,
+            layer,
+            id,
+        } = painter;
+
+        // add to active
+        let active = ActiveData {
+            id,
+            region,
+            parent,
+            textures,
+            primitives,
+            children,
+            mask,
+            layer,
+        };
+
+        // remove old children that weren't kept
+        for c in &old_children {
+            if !active.children.contains(c) {
+                self.remove_rec(*c, rsc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        rsc.on_draw(&active);
+        self.active.insert(id, active);
+    }
+
+    fn mov(&mut self, id: WidgetId, from: UiRegion, to: UiRegion) {
+        let active = self.active.get_mut(&id).unwrap();
+        for h in &active.primitives {
+            let region = self.layers[h.layer].region_mut(h);
+            *region = region.outside(&from).within(&to);
+        }
+        active.region = active.region.outside(&from).within(&to);
+        // SAFETY: children cannot be recursive
+        let children = unsafe { forget_ref(&active.children) };
+        for child in children {
+            self.mov(*child, from, to);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// NOTE: instance textures are cleared and self.textures freed
+    fn remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId, undraw: bool, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) -> Option<ActiveData> {
+        let mut active = self.active.remove(&id);
+        if let Some(active) = &mut active {
+            for h in &active.primitives {
+                let mask = self.layers.free(h);
+                if mask != MaskIdx::NONE {
+                    rsc.ui_mut().masks.remove(mask);
+                }
+            }
+            active.textures.clear();
+            rsc.ui_mut().textures.free();
+            if undraw {
+                rsc.on_undraw(active);
+            }
+        }
+        active
+    }
+
+    fn remove_rec(&mut self, id: WidgetId, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) -> Option<ActiveData> {
+        self.cache.remove(id);
+        let inst = self.remove(id, true, rsc);
+        if let Some(inst) = &inst {
+            for c in &inst.children {
+                self.remove_rec(*c, rsc);
+            }
+        }
+        inst
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
+        for (_, active) in self.active.drain() {
+            rsc.on_undraw(&active);
+        }
+        self.cache.clear();
+        self.layers.clear();
+        rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.clear();
+        rsc.free();
+    }
+
+    pub fn redraw_updates(&mut self, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
+        while let Some(&id) = rsc.widgets().needs_redraw.iter().next() {
+            self.redraw(id, rsc);
+        }
+        rsc.free();
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_changed<'a>(&self, root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>) -> bool {
+        root.into().map(|r| r.id()) != self.old_root
+    }
+
+    // Scheduling and drawing must use the same full-redraw predicate.
+    fn needs_full_redraw<'a>(&self, root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>) -> bool {
+        self.root_changed(root) || self.resized
+    }
+
+    pub fn needs_redraw<'a>(
+        &self,
+        root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>,
+        widgets: &Widgets,
+    ) -> bool {
+        self.needs_full_redraw(root) || widgets.has_updates()
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_widgets(&self) -> usize {
+        self.active.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn debug(&self, widgets: &Widgets, label: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ActiveData> {
+        self.active.iter().filter_map(move |(&id, inst)| {
+            let l = widgets.label(id);
+            if l == label { Some(inst) } else { None }
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn debug_layers(&self) {
+        for ((idx, depth), primitives) in self.layers.iter_depth() {
+            let indent = " ".repeat(depth * 2);
+            let len = primitives.instances().len();
+            print!("{indent}{idx}: {len} primitives");
+            if len >= 1 {
+                print!(" ({})", primitives.instances()[0].binding);
+            }
+            println!();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_region(&self, id: &impl IdLike) -> Option<PixelRegion> {
+        let region = self.active.get(&id.id())?.region;
+        Some(region.to_px(self.output_size))
+    }
+
+    /// redraws a widget that's currently active (drawn)
+    pub fn redraw(&mut self, id: WidgetId, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
+        rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.remove(&id);
+        self.draw_started.remove(&id);
+        // check if parent depends on the desired size of this, if so then redraw it first
+        for axis in [Axis::X, Axis::Y] {
+            if let Some(&(outer, old)) = self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).get(&id)
+                && let Some(current) = self.active.get(&id)
+                && let Some(pid) = current.parent
+            {
+                self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).remove(&id);
+                let new = self.size_ctx(id, outer, rsc).len_axis(id, axis);
+                self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).insert(id, (outer, new));
+                if new != old {
+                    self.redraw(pid, rsc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let Some(active) = self.remove(id, false, rsc) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        self.draw_inner(
+            active.layer,
+            id,
+            active.region,
+            active.parent,
+            active.mask,
+            Some(active.children),
+            rsc,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn size_ctx<'b>(
+        &'b mut self,
+        source: WidgetId,
+        outer: UiVec2,
+        rsc: &'b mut dyn UiRsc,
+    ) -> SizeCtx<'b> {
+        let ui = rsc.ui_mut();
+        SizeCtx {
+            source,
+            cache: &mut self.cache,
+            text: &mut ui.text,
+            textures: &mut ui.textures,
+            widgets: &ui.widgets,
+            outer,
+            output_size: self.output_size,
+            id: source,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for UiRenderState {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}

core/src/ui/size.rs

@@ -76,8 +76,13 @@ impl SizeCtx<'_> {
         self.output_size
     }
 
-    pub fn draw_text(&mut self, buffer: &mut TextBuffer, attrs: &TextAttrs) -> RenderedText {
-        self.text.draw(buffer, attrs, self.textures)
+    pub fn draw_text(
+        &mut self,
+        buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
+        attrs: &TextAttrs,
+        width: Option<f32>,
+    ) -> RenderedText {
+        self.text.render(buffer, attrs, width, self.textures)
     }
 
     pub fn label(&self, id: WidgetId) -> &String {

core/src/ui/state.rs

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// pub struct DynState {
-//
-// }

core/src/util/math.rs

@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ pub const trait DivOr {
     fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self;
 }
 
-impl const DivOr for f32 {
+const impl DivOr for f32 {
     fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self {
         let res = self / rhs;
         if res.is_nan() { other } else { res }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: const Add<Output = T> + const Sub<Output = T> + const Mul<Output = T> + const DivOr + Copy> const
-    LerpUtil for T
+const impl<
+    T: const Add<Output = T> + const Sub<Output = T> + const Mul<Output = T> + const DivOr + Copy,
+> LerpUtil for T
 {
     /// linear interpolation
     /// from * (1.0 - self) + to * self
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_op {
             use super::*;
             #[allow(unused_imports)]
             use std::ops::*;
-            impl const $op for $T {
+            const impl $op for $T {
                 type Output = Self;
 
                 fn $fn(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
@@ -46,12 +47,12 @@ macro_rules! impl_op {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            impl const $opa for $T {
+            const impl $opa for $T {
                 fn $fna(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
                     *self = self.$fn(rhs);
                 }
             }
-            impl const $op<f32> for $T {
+            const impl $op<f32> for $T {
                 type Output = Self;
 
                 fn $fn(self, rhs: f32) -> Self::Output {
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_op {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            impl const $op<$T> for f32 {
+            const impl $op<$T> for f32 {
                 type Output = $T;
 
                 fn $fn(self, rhs: $T) -> Self::Output {
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_op {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            impl const $opa<f32> for $T {
+            const impl $opa<f32> for $T {
                 fn $fna(&mut self, rhs: f32) {
                     *self = self.$fn(rhs);
                 }

core/src/util/mod.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub use id::*;
 pub use math::*;
 pub use refcount::*;
 pub use slot::*;
-pub use trust::*;
+pub(crate) use trust::*;
 pub use typemap::*;
 pub use vec2::*;
 

core/src/util/trust.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 #[allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
-pub unsafe fn forget_ref<'a, T>(x: &T) -> &'a T {
+pub(crate) unsafe fn forget_ref<'a, T>(x: &T) -> &'a T {
     unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&T, &T>(x) }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
-pub unsafe fn forget_mut<'a, T>(x: &mut T) -> &'a mut T {
+pub(crate) unsafe fn forget_mut<'a, T>(x: &mut T) -> &'a mut T {
     unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&mut T, &mut T>(x) }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::mut_from_ref, clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
-pub unsafe fn to_mut<T>(x: &T) -> &mut T {
+pub(crate) unsafe fn to_mut<T>(x: &T) -> &mut T {
     #[allow(mutable_transmutes)]
     unsafe {
         std::mem::transmute::<&T, &mut T>(x)

core/src/util/vec2.rs

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl_op!(Vec2 Sub sub; x y);
 impl_op!(Vec2 Mul mul; x y);
 impl_op!(Vec2 Div div; x y);
 
-impl const DivOr for Vec2 {
+const impl DivOr for Vec2 {
     fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self {
         Self {
             x: self.x.div_or(rhs.x, other.x),

core/src/widget/handle.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{marker::Unsize, ops::CoerceUnsized, sync::mpsc::Sender};
 
 use crate::{
-    HasUi, Widget,
+    UiRsc, Widget,
     util::{RefCounter, SlotId},
 };
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub type WidgetId = SlotId;
 /// a signal is sent to the owning UI to clean up the resources.
 ///
 /// TODO: ergonomic clones when they get put in rust-analyzer & don't cause ICEs?
-pub struct WidgetHandle<W: ?Sized = dyn Widget> {
+pub struct StrongWidget<W: ?Sized = dyn Widget> {
     pub(super) id: WidgetId,
     counter: RefCounter,
     send: Sender<WidgetId>,
@@ -21,24 +21,19 @@ pub struct WidgetHandle<W: ?Sized = dyn Widget> {
 
 /// A weak handle to a widget.
 /// Will not keep it alive, but can still be used for indexing like WidgetHandle.
-pub struct WidgetRef<W: ?Sized = dyn Widget> {
+pub struct WeakWidget<W: ?Sized = dyn Widget> {
     pub(super) id: WidgetId,
     #[allow(unused)]
     ty: *const W,
 }
 
-pub struct WidgetHandles<W: ?Sized = dyn Widget> {
-    pub h: WidgetHandle<W>,
-    pub r: WidgetRef<W>,
-}
-
-impl<W: Widget + ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>> WidgetHandle<W> {
-    pub fn any(self) -> WidgetHandle<dyn Widget> {
+impl<W: Widget + ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>> StrongWidget<W> {
+    pub fn any(self) -> StrongWidget<dyn Widget> {
         self
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> WidgetHandle<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> StrongWidget<W> {
     pub(crate) fn new(id: WidgetId, send: Sender<WidgetId>) -> Self {
         Self {
             id,
@@ -56,18 +51,13 @@ impl<W: ?Sized> WidgetHandle<W> {
         self.counter.refs()
     }
 
-    pub fn weak(&self) -> WidgetRef<W> {
+    pub fn weak(&self) -> WeakWidget<W> {
         let Self { ty, id, .. } = *self;
-        WidgetRef { ty, id }
-    }
-
-    pub fn handles(self) -> WidgetHandles<W> {
-        let r = self.weak();
-        WidgetHandles { h: self, r }
+        WeakWidget { ty, id }
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> WidgetRef<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> WeakWidget<W> {
     pub(crate) fn new(id: WidgetId) -> Self {
         Self { id, ty: null_ptr() }
     }
@@ -77,12 +67,12 @@ impl<W: ?Sized> WidgetRef<W> {
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn upgrade(self, ui: &mut impl HasUi) -> WidgetHandle<W> {
-        ui.ui_mut().widgets.upgrade(self)
+    pub fn upgrade(self, ui: &mut impl UiRsc) -> StrongWidget<W> {
+        ui.widgets_mut().upgrade(self)
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> Drop for WidgetHandle<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> Drop for StrongWidget<W> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         if self.counter.drop() {
             let _ = self.send.send(self.id);
@@ -90,29 +80,29 @@ impl<W: ?Sized> Drop for WidgetHandle<W> {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait WidgetIdFn<State, W: ?Sized = dyn Widget>: FnOnce(&mut State) -> WidgetRef<W> {}
-impl<State, W: ?Sized, F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> WidgetRef<W>> WidgetIdFn<State, W> for F {}
+pub trait WidgetIdFn<Rsc, W: ?Sized = dyn Widget>: FnOnce(&mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W> {}
+impl<Rsc, W: ?Sized, F: FnOnce(&mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W>> WidgetIdFn<Rsc, W> for F {}
 
 pub trait IdLike {
     type Widget: ?Sized;
     fn id(&self) -> WidgetId;
 }
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> IdLike for &WidgetHandle<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> IdLike for &StrongWidget<W> {
     type Widget = W;
     fn id(&self) -> WidgetId {
         self.id
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> IdLike for WidgetHandle<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> IdLike for StrongWidget<W> {
     type Widget = W;
     fn id(&self) -> WidgetId {
         self.id
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> IdLike for WidgetRef<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> IdLike for WeakWidget<W> {
     type Widget = W;
     fn id(&self) -> WidgetId {
         self.id
@@ -126,38 +116,38 @@ impl IdLike for WidgetId {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<WidgetHandle<U>> for WidgetHandle<T> {}
-impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<WidgetRef<U>> for WidgetRef<T> {}
+impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<StrongWidget<U>> for StrongWidget<T> {}
+impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<WeakWidget<U>> for WeakWidget<T> {}
 
-impl<W: ?Sized> Clone for WidgetRef<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> Clone for WeakWidget<W> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         *self
     }
 }
-impl<W: ?Sized> Copy for WidgetRef<W> {}
-impl<W: ?Sized> PartialEq for WidgetRef<W> {
+impl<W: ?Sized> Copy for WeakWidget<W> {}
+impl<W: ?Sized> PartialEq for WeakWidget<W> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.id == other.id
     }
 }
 
-impl<W> PartialEq for WidgetHandle<W> {
+impl<W> PartialEq for StrongWidget<W> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.id == other.id
     }
 }
 
-impl<W> std::fmt::Debug for WidgetHandle<W> {
+impl<W> std::fmt::Debug for StrongWidget<W> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         self.id.fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, W: Widget + 'a, State: HasUi> FnOnce<(&'a mut State,)> for WidgetRef<W> {
+impl<'a, W: Widget + 'a, State: UiRsc> FnOnce<(&'a mut State,)> for WeakWidget<W> {
     type Output = &'a mut W;
 
     extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: (&'a mut State,)) -> Self::Output {
-        &mut args.0.ui_mut()[self]
+        &mut args.0.widgets_mut()[self]
     }
 }
 
@@ -169,3 +159,6 @@ fn null_ptr<W: ?Sized>() -> *const W {
         unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(&[0usize; 1]) }
     }
 }
+
+unsafe impl<W: ?Sized> Send for WeakWidget<W> {}
+unsafe impl<W: ?Sized> Sync for WeakWidget<W> {}

core/src/widget/like.rs

@@ -1,55 +1,44 @@
-use crate::{HasUi, Ui};
+use crate::UiRsc;
 
 use super::*;
 use std::marker::Unsize;
 
-pub trait StateLike<State> {
-    fn as_state(&mut self) -> &mut State;
-}
-
-impl StateLike<Ui> for Ui {
-    fn as_state(&mut self) -> &mut Ui {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait WidgetLike<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, Tag>: Sized {
+pub trait WidgetLike<Rsc: UiRsc, Tag>: Sized {
     type Widget: Widget + ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>;
 
-    fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetRef<Self::Widget>;
+    fn add(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<Self::Widget>;
 
-    fn add_strong(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetHandle<Self::Widget> {
-        self.add(state).upgrade(state.as_state().ui_mut())
+    fn add_strong(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> StrongWidget<Self::Widget> {
+        self.add(rsc).upgrade(rsc)
     }
 
     fn with_id<W2>(
         self,
-        f: impl FnOnce(&mut State, WidgetRef<Self::Widget>) -> WidgetRef<W2>,
-    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, W2> {
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Rsc, WeakWidget<Self::Widget>) -> WeakWidget<W2>,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, W2> {
         move |state| {
             let id = self.add(state);
             f(state, id)
         }
     }
 
-    fn set_root(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) {
-        let id = self.add(state);
-        let ui = state.as_state().ui_mut();
-        ui.root = Some(id.upgrade(ui));
-    }
-
-    fn handles(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetHandles<Self::Widget> {
-        self.add(state).upgrade(state.as_state().ui_mut()).handles()
+    fn set_root(self, rsc: &mut Rsc, root: &mut impl HasRoot) {
+        let id = self.add_strong(rsc);
+        root.set_root(id);
     }
 }
 
-pub trait WidgetArrLike<State, const LEN: usize, Tag> {
+pub trait HasRoot {
+    fn set_root(&mut self, root: StrongWidget);
+}
+
+pub trait WidgetArrLike<Rsc, const LEN: usize, Tag> {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetArr<LEN>;
+    fn add(self, state: &mut Rsc) -> WidgetArr<LEN>;
 }
 
-impl<State, const LEN: usize> WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, ArrTag> for WidgetArr<LEN> {
-    fn add(self, _: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetArr<LEN> {
+impl<Rsc, const LEN: usize> WidgetArrLike<Rsc, LEN, ArrTag> for WidgetArr<LEN> {
+    fn add(self, _: &mut Rsc) -> WidgetArr<LEN> {
         self
     }
 }
@@ -60,12 +49,12 @@ macro_rules! impl_widget_arr {
         impl_widget_arr!($n;$($W)*;$(${concat($W,Tag)})*);
     };
     ($n:expr;$($W:ident)*;$($Tag:ident)*) => {
-        impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, $($W: WidgetLike<State, $Tag>,$Tag,)*> WidgetArrLike<State, $n, ($($Tag,)*)> for ($($W,)*) {
-            fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetArr<$n> {
+        impl<Rsc: UiRsc, $($W: WidgetLike<Rsc, $Tag>,$Tag,)*> WidgetArrLike<Rsc, $n, ($($Tag,)*)> for ($($W,)*) {
+            fn add(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> WidgetArr<$n> {
                 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
                 let ($($W,)*) = self;
                 WidgetArr::new(
-                    [$($W.add(state).upgrade(state.as_state().ui_mut()),)*],
+                    [$($W.add(rsc).upgrade(rsc),)*],
                 )
             }
         }

core/src/widget/mod.rs

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@ mod data;
 mod handle;
 mod like;
 mod tag;
+mod view;
 mod widgets;
 
 pub use data::*;
 pub use handle::*;
 pub use like::*;
 pub use tag::*;
+pub use view::*;
 pub use widgets::*;
 
 pub trait Widget: Any {
@@ -59,27 +61,27 @@ pub trait WidgetFn<State, W: Widget + ?Sized>: FnOnce(&mut State) -> W {}
 impl<State, W: Widget + ?Sized, F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> W> WidgetFn<State, W> for F {}
 
 pub struct WidgetArr<const LEN: usize> {
-    pub arr: [WidgetHandle; LEN],
+    pub arr: [StrongWidget; LEN],
 }
 
 impl<const LEN: usize> WidgetArr<LEN> {
-    pub fn new(arr: [WidgetHandle; LEN]) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(arr: [StrongWidget; LEN]) -> Self {
         Self { arr }
     }
 }
 
 pub trait WidgetOption<State> {
-    fn get(self, state: &mut State) -> Option<WidgetHandle>;
+    fn get(self, state: &mut State) -> Option<StrongWidget>;
 }
 
 impl<State> WidgetOption<State> for () {
-    fn get(self, _: &mut State) -> Option<WidgetHandle> {
+    fn get(self, _: &mut State) -> Option<StrongWidget> {
         None
     }
 }
 
-impl<State, F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> Option<WidgetHandle>> WidgetOption<State> for F {
-    fn get(self, state: &mut State) -> Option<WidgetHandle> {
+impl<State, F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> Option<StrongWidget>> WidgetOption<State> for F {
+    fn get(self, state: &mut State) -> Option<StrongWidget> {
         self(state)
     }
 }

core/src/widget/tag.rs

@@ -1,58 +1,63 @@
 use super::*;
-use crate::HasUi;
+use crate::UiRsc;
 use std::marker::Unsize;
 
 pub struct WidgetTag;
-impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, W: Widget> WidgetLike<State, WidgetTag> for W {
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, W: Widget> WidgetLike<Rsc, WidgetTag> for W {
     type Widget = W;
-    fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetRef<W> {
-        state.as_state().get_mut().widgets.add_weak(self)
+    fn add(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W> {
+        let w = rsc.ui_mut().widgets.add_weak(self);
+        rsc.on_add(w);
+        w
     }
 }
 
 pub struct FnTag;
-impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, W: Widget, F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> W>
-    WidgetLike<State, FnTag> for F
-{
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, W: Widget, F: FnOnce(&mut Rsc) -> W> WidgetLike<Rsc, FnTag> for F {
     type Widget = W;
-    fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetRef<W> {
-        self(state.as_state()).add(state)
+    fn add(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W> {
+        self(rsc).add(rsc)
     }
 }
 
-pub trait WidgetFnTrait<State> {
+pub trait WidgetFnTrait<Rsc> {
     type Widget: Widget;
-    fn run(self, state: &mut State) -> Self::Widget;
+    fn run(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> Self::Widget;
 }
 pub struct FnTraitTag;
-impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, T: WidgetFnTrait<State>> WidgetLike<State, FnTraitTag> for T {
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, T: WidgetFnTrait<Rsc>> WidgetLike<Rsc, FnTraitTag> for T {
     type Widget = T::Widget;
     #[track_caller]
-    fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetRef<T::Widget> {
-        self.run(state.as_state()).add(state)
+    fn add(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<T::Widget> {
+        self.run(rsc).add(rsc)
     }
 }
 
-pub struct IdTag;
-impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, W: ?Sized + Widget + Unsize<dyn Widget>>
-    WidgetLike<State, IdTag> for WidgetRef<W>
+pub struct RefTag;
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, W: ?Sized + Widget + Unsize<dyn Widget>> WidgetLike<Rsc, RefTag>
+    for WeakWidget<W>
 {
     type Widget = W;
-    fn add(self, _: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetRef<W> {
+    fn add(self, _: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W> {
         self
     }
 }
 
-pub struct IdFnTag;
-impl<
-    State: HasUi + StateLike<State>,
-    W: ?Sized + Widget + Unsize<dyn Widget>,
-    F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> WidgetRef<W>,
-> WidgetLike<State, IdFnTag> for F
+pub struct RefFnTag;
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, W: ?Sized + Widget + Unsize<dyn Widget>, F: FnOnce(&mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W>>
+    WidgetLike<Rsc, RefFnTag> for F
 {
     type Widget = W;
-    fn add(self, state: &mut impl StateLike<State>) -> WidgetRef<W> {
-        self(state.as_state())
+    fn add(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<W> {
+        self(rsc)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ViewTag;
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, V: WidgetView> WidgetLike<Rsc, ViewTag> for V {
+    type Widget = V::Widget;
+    fn add(self, _: &mut Rsc) -> WeakWidget<Self::Widget> {
+        self.root()
     }
 }
 

core/src/widget/view.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use std::marker::Unsize;
+
+use crate::{IdLike, WeakWidget, Widget};
+
+pub trait WidgetView {
+    type Widget: Widget + ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>;
+    fn root(&self) -> WeakWidget<Self::Widget>;
+}
+
+pub trait HasWidget {
+    type Widget: Widget + ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>;
+}
+
+impl<W: Widget + Unsize<dyn Widget> + ?Sized> HasWidget for WeakWidget<W> {
+    type Widget = W;
+}
+
+impl<WV: WidgetView> IdLike for WV {
+    type Widget = WV::Widget;
+
+    fn id(&self) -> super::WidgetId {
+        self.root().id
+    }
+}

core/src/widget/widgets.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::sync::mpsc::Sender;
+use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender, channel};
 
 use crate::{
-    IdLike, Widget, WidgetData, WidgetHandle, WidgetId, WidgetRef,
+    IdLike, StrongWidget, WeakWidget, Widget, WidgetData, WidgetId,
     util::{DynBorrower, HashSet, SlotVec, forget_mut, to_mut},
 };
 
@@ -9,16 +9,19 @@ pub struct Widgets {
     pub needs_redraw: HashSet<WidgetId>,
     vec: SlotVec<WidgetData>,
     send: Sender<WidgetId>,
+    recv: Receiver<WidgetId>,
     pub(crate) waiting: HashSet<WidgetId>,
 }
 
 impl Widgets {
-    pub fn new(send: Sender<WidgetId>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let (send, recv) = channel();
         Self {
             needs_redraw: Default::default(),
             vec: Default::default(),
             waiting: Default::default(),
             send,
+            recv,
         }
     }
 
@@ -61,25 +64,27 @@ impl Widgets {
         self.get_dyn_mut(id.id())?.as_any_mut().downcast_mut()
     }
 
-    pub fn add_strong<W: Widget>(&mut self, widget: W) -> WidgetHandle<W> {
+    pub fn add_strong<W: Widget>(&mut self, widget: W) -> StrongWidget<W> {
         let id = self.vec.add(WidgetData::new(widget));
-        WidgetHandle::new(id, self.send.clone())
+        StrongWidget::new(id, self.send.clone())
     }
 
-    pub fn add_weak<W: Widget>(&mut self, widget: W) -> WidgetRef<W> {
+    pub fn add_weak<W: Widget>(&mut self, widget: W) -> WeakWidget<W> {
         let id = self.vec.add(WidgetData::new(widget));
         self.waiting.insert(id);
-        WidgetRef::new(id)
+        WeakWidget::new(id)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn upgrade<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, rf: WidgetRef<W>) -> WidgetHandle<W> {
+    pub fn upgrade<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, rf: WeakWidget<W>) -> StrongWidget<W> {
         if !self.waiting.remove(&rf.id()) {
             let label = self.label(rf);
             let id = rf.id();
-            panic!("widget '{label}' ({id:?}) was already added\ncannot add a widget twice; consider creating two")
+            panic!(
+                "widget '{label}' ({id:?}) was already added\ncannot add a widget twice; consider creating two"
+            )
         }
-        WidgetHandle::new(rf.id(), self.send.clone())
+        StrongWidget::new(rf.id(), self.send.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn data(&self, id: impl IdLike) -> Option<&WidgetData> {
@@ -90,14 +95,19 @@ impl Widgets {
         &self.data(id.id()).unwrap().label
     }
 
+    /// useful for debugging
+    pub fn set_label(&mut self, id: impl IdLike, label: String) {
+        self.data_mut(id.id()).unwrap().label = label;
+    }
+
     pub fn data_mut(&mut self, id: impl IdLike) -> Option<&mut WidgetData> {
         self.vec.get_mut(id.id())
     }
 
-    pub fn delete(&mut self, id: impl IdLike) {
-        self.vec.free(id.id());
-        // not sure if there's any point in this
-        // self.updates.remove(&id);
+    pub fn free_next(&mut self) -> Option<WidgetId> {
+        let next = self.recv.try_recv().ok()?;
+        self.vec.free(next);
+        Some(next)
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
@@ -106,4 +116,30 @@ impl Widgets {
     }
 }
 
+impl Default for Widgets {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 pub type WidgetWrapper<'a> = DynBorrower<'a, dyn Widget>;
+
+impl<I: IdLike> std::ops::Index<I> for Widgets
+where
+    I::Widget: Sized + Widget,
+{
+    type Output = I::Widget;
+
+    fn index(&self, id: I) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.get(&id).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: IdLike> std::ops::IndexMut<I> for Widgets
+where
+    I::Widget: Sized + Widget,
+{
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, id: I) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        self.get_mut(&id).unwrap()
+    }
+}

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
 use iris::prelude::*;
 
 fn main() {
-    App::<State>::run();
+    DefaultApp::<State>::run();
 }
 
-#[default_ui_state]
-struct State {}
+#[derive(DefaultUiState)]
+struct State {
+    ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+}
 
 impl DefaultAppState for State {
-    fn new(ui_state: DefaultUiState, _proxy: Proxy<Self::Event>) -> Self {
-        let mut ui = Ui::new();
-        rect(Color::RED).set_root(&mut ui);
-        Self {
-            ui,
-            ui_state,
-            events: EventManager::default(),
-        }
+    fn new(
+        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        rect(Color::RED).set_root(rsc, &mut ui_state);
+        Self { ui_state }
     }
 }

examples/tabs/main.rs

@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
-use cosmic_text::Family;
 use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
 use winit::event::WindowEvent;
 
-iris::state_prelude!(ClientRsc);
+use iris::prelude::*;
+type ClientRsc = DefaultRsc<Client>;
 
 fn main() {
-    App::<Client>::run();
+    DefaultApp::<Client>::run();
 }
 
-#[default_ui_state]
+#[derive(DefaultUiState)]
 pub struct Client {
-    info: WidgetRef<Text>,
+    ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+    info: WeakWidget<Text>,
 }
 
 impl DefaultAppState for Client {
-    fn new(ui_state: DefaultUiState, _proxy: Proxy<Self::Event>) -> Self {
-        let mut rsc = ClientRsc {
-            ui: Ui::new(),
-            ui_state,
-            events: EventManager::default(),
-        };
-
+    fn new(
+        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
+    ) -> Self {
         let rrect = rect(Color::WHITE).radius(20);
         let pad_test = (
             rrect.color(Color::BLUE),
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
                 .width(rest(3)),
         )
             .span(Dir::RIGHT)
-            .add(&mut rsc);
+            .add(rsc);
 
         let span_test = (
             rrect.color(Color::GREEN).width(100),
@@ -54,30 +53,30 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
             rrect.color(Color::RED).width(100),
         )
             .span(Dir::LEFT)
-            .add(&mut rsc);
+            .add(rsc);
 
-        let span_add = Span::empty(Dir::RIGHT).add(&mut rsc);
+        let span_add = Span::empty(Dir::RIGHT).add(rsc);
 
         let add_button = rect(Color::LIME)
             .radius(30)
-            .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx| {
+            .on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, rsc| {
                 let child = image(include_bytes!("assets/sungals.png"))
                     .center()
-                    .add_strong(ctx);
-                span_add(ctx).push(child);
+                    .add_strong(rsc);
+                span_add(rsc).push(child);
             })
             .sized((150, 150))
             .align(Align::BOT_RIGHT);
 
         let del_button = rect(Color::RED)
             .radius(30)
-            .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx| {
-                span_add(ctx).pop();
+            .on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, rsc| {
+                span_add(rsc).pop();
             })
             .sized((150, 150))
             .align(Align::BOT_LEFT);
 
-        let span_add_test = (span_add, add_button, del_button).stack().add(&mut rsc);
+        let span_add_test = (span_add, add_button, del_button).stack().add(rsc);
 
         let btext = |content| wtext(content).size(30);
 
@@ -100,18 +99,18 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
             wtext("pretty cool right?").size(50),
         )
             .span(Dir::DOWN)
-            .add(&mut rsc);
+            .add(rsc);
 
-        let texts = Span::empty(Dir::DOWN).gap(10).add(&mut rsc);
+        let texts = Span::empty(Dir::DOWN).gap(10).add(rsc);
         let msg_area = texts.scrollable().masked().background(rect(Color::SKY));
         let add_text = wtext("add")
             .editable(EditMode::MultiLine)
             .text_align(Align::LEFT)
             .size(30)
             .attr::<Selectable>(())
-            .on(Submit, move |ctx| {
+            .on(Submit, move |ctx, rsc| {
                 let w = ctx.widget;
-                let content = w.edit(ctx).take();
+                let content = w.edit(rsc).take();
                 let text = wtext(content)
                     .editable(EditMode::MultiLine)
                     .size(30)
@@ -120,10 +119,11 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
                     .attr::<Selectable>(());
                 let msg_box = text
                     .background(rect(Color::WHITE.darker(0.5)))
-                    .add_strong(ctx);
-                texts(ctx).push(msg_box);
+                    .add_strong(rsc);
+                texts(rsc).push(msg_box);
             })
-            .add(&mut rsc);
+            .add(rsc);
+
         let text_edit_scroll = (
             msg_area.height(rest(1)),
             (
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
                 (
                     add_text.width(rest(1)),
                     Rect::new(Color::GREEN)
-                        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx| {
-                            ctx.state.run_event::<Submit>(add_text, &mut ());
+                        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx, rsc: &mut ClientRsc| {
+                            rsc.run_event::<Submit>(add_text, (), ctx.state);
                         })
                         .sized((40, 40)),
                 )
@@ -145,39 +145,39 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
                 .align(Align::BOT),
         )
             .span(Dir::DOWN)
-            .add(&mut rsc);
+            .add(rsc);
 
-        let main = WidgetPtr::new().add(&mut rsc);
+        let main = WidgetPtr::new().add(rsc);
 
         let vals = Rc::new(RefCell::new((0, Vec::new())));
-        let mut switch_button = |color, to: WidgetRef, label| {
-            let to = to.upgrade(&mut rsc);
+        let mut switch_button = |color, to: WeakWidget, label| {
+            let to = to.upgrade(rsc);
             let vec = &mut vals.borrow_mut().1;
             let i = vec.len();
             if vec.is_empty() {
                 vec.push(None);
-                rsc.ui[main].set(to);
+                main(rsc).set(to);
             } else {
                 vec.push(Some(to));
             }
             let vals = vals.clone();
             let rect = rect(color)
-                .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx| {
+                .on(CursorSense::click(), move |ctx, rsc| {
                     let (prev, vec) = &mut *vals.borrow_mut();
                     if let Some(h) = vec[i].take() {
-                        vec[*prev] = main(ctx).replace(h);
+                        vec[*prev] = main(rsc).replace(h);
                         *prev = i;
                     }
-                    ctx.widget().color = color.darker(0.3);
+                    ctx.widget(rsc).color = color.darker(0.3);
                 })
                 .on(
                     CursorSense::HoverStart | CursorSense::unclick(),
-                    move |ctx| {
-                        ctx.widget().color = color.brighter(0.2);
+                    move |ctx, rsc| {
+                        ctx.widget(rsc).color = color.brighter(0.2);
                     },
                 )
-                .on(CursorSense::HoverEnd, move |ctx| {
-                    ctx.widget().color = color;
+                .on(CursorSense::HoverEnd, move |ctx, rsc| {
+                    ctx.widget(rsc).color = color;
                 });
             (rect, wtext(label).size(30).text_align(Align::CENTER)).stack()
         };
@@ -195,30 +195,30 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
         )
             .span(Dir::RIGHT);
 
-        let info = wtext("").add(&mut rsc);
+        let info = wtext("").add(rsc);
         let info_sect = info.pad(10).align(Align::RIGHT);
 
         ((tabs.height(40), main.pad(10)).span(Dir::DOWN), info_sect)
             .stack()
-            .set_root(&mut rsc);
+            .set_root(rsc, &mut ui_state);
 
-        Self {
-            ui: rsc.ui,
-            ui_state: rsc.ui_state,
-            events: rsc.events,
-            info,
-        }
+        Self { ui_state, info }
     }
 
-    fn window_event(&mut self, _: WindowEvent) {
+    fn window_event(
+        &mut self,
+        _: WindowEvent,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        render: &mut UiRenderState,
+    ) {
         let new = format!(
-            "widgets: {}\nactive:{}\nviews: {}",
-            self.ui.num_widgets(),
-            self.ui.active_widgets(),
-            self.ui_state.renderer.ui.view_count()
+            "widgets: {}\nactive: {}\nviews: {}",
+            rsc.widgets().len(),
+            render.active_widgets(),
+            self.ui_state.renderer.ui.view_count(),
         );
-        if new != *self.ui[self.info].content {
-            *self.ui[self.info].content = new;
+        if new != *rsc.widgets()[self.info].content {
+            *rsc.widgets_mut()[self.info].content = new;
         }
     }
 }

examples/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use iris::prelude::*;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+fn main() {
+    DefaultApp::<State>::run();
+}
+
+#[derive(DefaultUiState)]
+struct State {
+    ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+}
+
+impl DefaultAppState for State {
+    fn new(
+        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let rect = rect(Color::RED).add(rsc);
+        rect.task_on(CursorSense::click(), async move |mut ctx| {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+            ctx.update(move |_, rsc| {
+                let rect = rect(rsc);
+                if rect.color == Color::RED {
+                    rect.color = Color::BLUE;
+                } else {
+                    rect.color = Color::RED;
+                }
+            });
+        })
+        .set_root(rsc, &mut ui_state);
+        Self { ui_state }
+    }
+}

examples/view.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+fn main() {
+    DefaultApp::<State>::run();
+}
+
+#[derive(DefaultUiState)]
+struct State {
+    ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+}
+
+type Rsc = DefaultRsc<State>;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, WidgetView)]
+struct Test {
+    #[root]
+    root: WeakWidget<Rect>,
+    cur: WeakState<bool>,
+}
+
+impl Test {
+    pub fn new(rsc: &mut Rsc) -> Self {
+        let root = rect(Color::RED).add(rsc);
+        let cur = rsc.create_state(root, false);
+        Self { root, cur }
+    }
+    pub fn toggle(&self, rsc: &mut Rsc) {
+        let cur = &mut rsc[self.cur];
+        *cur = !*cur;
+        if *cur {
+            rsc[self.root].color = Color::BLUE;
+        } else {
+            rsc[self.root].color = Color::RED;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DefaultAppState for State {
+    fn new(
+        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let test = Test::new(rsc);
+
+        test.on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, rsc| {
+            test.toggle(rsc);
+        })
+        .set_root(rsc, &mut ui_state);
+
+        Self { ui_state }
+    }
+}

macro/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ extern crate proc_macro;
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{
-    Attribute, Block, Error, Fields, FieldsNamed, GenericParam, Generics, Ident, ItemStruct,
-    ItemTrait, Meta, Signature, Token, Visibility,
+    Attribute, Block, Error, GenericParam, Generics, Ident, ItemStruct, ItemTrait, Signature,
+    Token, Type, Visibility,
     parse::{Parse, ParseStream, Result},
     parse_macro_input, parse_quote,
     spanned::Spanned,
@@ -89,104 +89,108 @@ pub fn widget_trait(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     quote! {
         #trai
 
-        impl #generics #name<State, WL, Tag> for WL {
+        impl #generics #name<Rsc, WL, Tag> for WL {
             #(#impls)*
         }
     }
     .into()
 }
 
-#[proc_macro_derive(UiState, attributes(rsc))]
-pub fn derive_ui_state(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+#[proc_macro_derive(DefaultUiState, attributes(default_ui_state))]
+pub fn derive_default_ui_state(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let mut output = proc_macro2::TokenStream::new();
 
     let state: ItemStruct = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    let sname = state.ident;
-    let rscname = Ident::new(&(sname.to_string() + "Rsc"), sname.span());
-    let mut rsc_fields = Vec::new();
 
-    for field in state.fields {
-        let Some(attr) = field.attrs.iter().find(|a| a.path().is_ident("rsc")) else {
+    let mut found_attr = false;
+    let mut state_field = None;
+    for field in &state.fields {
+        if !found_attr
+            && let Type::Path(path) = &field.ty
+            && path.path.is_ident("DefaultUiState")
+        {
+            state_field = Some(field);
+        }
+        let Some(attr) = field
+            .attrs
+            .iter()
+            .find(|a| a.path().is_ident("default_ui_state"))
+        else {
             continue;
         };
-        let Meta::List(list) = &attr.meta else {
-            output.extend(Error::new(attr.span(), "invalid attr syntax").into_compile_error());
+        if found_attr {
+            output.extend(
+                Error::new(
+                    attr.span(),
+                    "cannot have more than one default_ui_state attribute",
+                )
+                .into_compile_error(),
+            );
             continue;
-        };
-        let tname: Ident = match list.parse_args::<Ident>() {
-            Ok(ident) => ident,
-            Err(err) => {
-                output.extend(err.to_compile_error());
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-        let fty = &field.ty;
-        let fname = &field.ident.unwrap();
-        rsc_fields.extend(quote! {#fname: #fty,});
-        output.extend(quote! {
-            impl #tname for #sname {
-                fn get(&self) -> &#fty {
-                    &self.#fname
-                }
-                fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut #fty {
-                    &mut self.#fname
-                }
-            }
-            impl #tname for #rscname {
-                fn get(&self) -> &#fty {
-                    &self.#fname
-                }
-                fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut #fty {
-                    &mut self.#fname
-                }
-            }
-        });
+        }
+        found_attr = true;
+        state_field = Some(field);
     }
-    let vis = state.vis;
+    let Some(field) = state_field else {
+        output.extend(
+            Error::new(state.ident.span(), "no DefaultUiState field found").into_compile_error(),
+        );
+        return output.into();
+    };
+    let sname = &state.ident;
+    let fname = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
     output.extend(quote! {
-        #vis struct #rscname {
-            #(#rsc_fields)*
-        }
-
-        impl HasState for #sname {
-            type State = #sname;
-        }
-
-        impl HasState for #rscname {
-            type State = #sname;
-        }
-
-        impl StateLike<#sname> for #sname {
-            fn as_state(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
-                self
+        impl iris::default::HasDefaultUiState for #sname {
+            fn default_state(&self) -> &iris::default::DefaultUiState {
+                &self.#fname
             }
-        }
-
-        impl StateLike<#rscname> for #rscname {
-            fn as_state(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
-                self
+            fn default_state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut iris::default::DefaultUiState {
+                &mut self.#fname
             }
         }
     });
     output.into()
 }
 
-#[proc_macro_attribute]
-pub fn default_ui_state(_attr: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let mut state: ItemStruct = parse_macro_input!(input);
-    let Fields::Named(fields) = &mut state.fields else {
-        panic!("must be on named fields struct");
+#[proc_macro_derive(WidgetView, attributes(root))]
+pub fn derive_widget_view(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let mut output = proc_macro2::TokenStream::new();
+
+    let state: ItemStruct = parse_macro_input!(input);
+
+    let mut found_attr = false;
+    let mut state_field = None;
+    for field in &state.fields {
+        let Some(attr) = field.attrs.iter().find(|a| a.path().is_ident("root")) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if found_attr {
+            output.extend(
+                Error::new(attr.span(), "cannot have more than one root widget")
+                    .into_compile_error(),
+            );
+            continue;
+        }
+        found_attr = true;
+        state_field = Some(field);
+    }
+    let Some(field) = state_field else {
+        output.extend(
+            Error::new(state.ident.span(), "no root widget field found (#[root])")
+                .into_compile_error(),
+        );
+        return output.into();
     };
-    let name = &state.ident;
-    state.attrs.push(parse_quote! {#[derive(UiState)]});
-    let new: FieldsNamed = parse_quote! {{
-        #[rsc(HasUi)]
-        pub ui: Ui,
-        #[rsc(HasDefaultUiState)]
-        pub ui_state: DefaultUiState,
-        #[rsc(HasEvents)]
-        pub events: iris::prelude::EventManager<#name>,
-    }};
-    fields.named.extend(new.named);
-    quote! {#state}.into()
+    let sname = &state.ident;
+    let fname = field.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let fty = &field.ty;
+    output.extend(quote! {
+        impl iris::core::WidgetView for #sname {
+            type Widget = <#fty as iris::core::HasWidget>::Widget;
+            fn root(&self) -> #fty {
+                self.#fname
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    output.into()
 }

readme.md

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ My experimental attempt at a rust ui library (also my first ui library).
 
 It's currently designed around using retained data structures (widgets), rather than diffing generated trees from data like xilem or iced. This is an experiment and I'm not sure if it's a good idea or not.
 
-There's a `main.rs` that runs a testing window, so you can just `cargo run` to see it working.
+Examples are in `examples`, eg. `cargo run --example tabs`.
 
 Goals, in general order:
 1. does what I want it to (text, images, video, animations)
 2. very easy to use ignoring ergonomic ref counting
-3. reasonably fast / efficient (a lot faster than electron, save battery life)
+3. reasonably fast / efficient (a lot faster than electron, save battery life, try to beat iced and xilem)
 
 ## dev details
 

rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly"
+components = ["clippy", "rustfmt"]

src/default/app.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ pub trait AppState {
     fn window_event(&mut self, event: WindowEvent, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop);
     fn event(&mut self, event: Self::Event, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop);
     fn exit(&mut self);
+
+    fn run()
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        App::<Self>::run();
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct App<State: AppState> {

src/default/attr.rs

@@ -4,35 +4,45 @@ use winit::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize};
 
 pub struct Selector;
 
-impl<State: HasEvents, W: Widget + 'static> WidgetAttr<State, W> for Selector
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, W: Widget + 'static> WidgetAttr<Rsc, W> for Selector
 where
-    State::State: HasDefaultUiState,
+    Rsc::State: HasDefaultUiState,
 {
-    type Input = WidgetRef<TextEdit>;
+    type Input = WeakWidget<TextEdit>;
 
-    fn run(state: &mut State, container: WidgetRef<W>, id: Self::Input) {
-        state.register_event(container, CursorSense::click_or_drag(), move |ctx| {
-            let region = ctx.ui().window_region(&id).unwrap();
+    fn run(rsc: &mut Rsc, container: WeakWidget<W>, id: Self::Input) {
+        rsc.register_event(container, CursorSense::click_or_drag(), move |ctx, rsc| {
+            let region = ctx.data.render.window_region(&id).unwrap();
             let id_pos = region.top_left;
-            let container_pos = ctx.state.ui().window_region(&container).unwrap().top_left;
+            let container_pos = ctx.data.render.window_region(&container).unwrap().top_left;
             let pos = ctx.data.pos + container_pos - id_pos;
             let size = region.size();
-            select(ctx.state, id, pos, size, ctx.data.sense.is_dragging());
+            select(
+                rsc,
+                ctx.data.render,
+                ctx.state,
+                id,
+                pos,
+                size,
+                ctx.data.sense.is_dragging(),
+            );
         });
     }
 }
 
 pub struct Selectable;
 
-impl<State: HasEvents> WidgetAttr<State, TextEdit> for Selectable
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents> WidgetAttr<Rsc, TextEdit> for Selectable
 where
-    State::State: HasDefaultUiState,
+    Rsc::State: HasDefaultUiState,
 {
     type Input = ();
 
-    fn run(state: &mut State, id: WidgetRef<TextEdit>, _: Self::Input) {
-        state.register_event(id, CursorSense::click_or_drag(), move |ctx| {
+    fn run(rsc: &mut Rsc, id: WeakWidget<TextEdit>, _: Self::Input) {
+        rsc.register_event(id, CursorSense::click_or_drag(), move |ctx, rsc| {
             select(
+                rsc,
+                ctx.data.render,
                 ctx.state,
                 id,
                 ctx.data.pos,
@@ -44,18 +54,20 @@ where
 }
 
 fn select(
+    rsc: &mut impl UiRsc,
+    render: &UiRenderState,
     state: &mut impl HasDefaultUiState,
-    id: WidgetRef<TextEdit>,
+    id: WeakWidget<TextEdit>,
     pos: Vec2,
     size: Vec2,
     dragging: bool,
 ) {
-    let (ui, state) = HasDefaultUiState::ui_with_state(state);
+    let state = state.default_state_mut();
     let now = Instant::now();
     let recent = (now - state.last_click) < Duration::from_millis(300);
     state.last_click = now;
-    id.edit(ui).select(pos, size, dragging, recent);
-    if let Some(region) = ui.window_region(&id) {
+    id.edit(rsc).select(pos, size, dragging, recent);
+    if let Some(region) = render.window_region(&id) {
         state.window.set_ime_allowed(true);
         state.window.set_ime_cursor_area(
             LogicalPosition::<f32>::from(region.top_left.tuple()),

src/default/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use arboard::Clipboard;
-use iris_core::util::forget_mut;
-use std::{marker::Sized, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use std::{
+    marker::{PhantomData, Sized},
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::Instant,
+};
 use winit::{
     event::{Ime, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopProxy},
@@ -14,6 +17,8 @@ mod event;
 mod input;
 mod render;
 mod sense;
+mod state;
+mod task;
 
 pub use app::*;
 pub use attr::*;
@@ -21,23 +26,33 @@ pub use event::*;
 pub use input::*;
 pub use render::*;
 pub use sense::*;
+pub use state::*;
+pub use task::*;
 
 pub type Proxy<Event> = EventLoopProxy<Event>;
 
 pub struct DefaultUiState {
+    pub root: Option<StrongWidget>,
     pub renderer: UiRenderer,
     pub input: Input,
-    pub focus: Option<WidgetRef<TextEdit>>,
+    pub focus: Option<WeakWidget<TextEdit>>,
     pub clipboard: Clipboard,
     pub window: Arc<Window>,
     pub ime: usize,
     pub last_click: Instant,
 }
 
+impl HasRoot for DefaultUiState {
+    fn set_root(&mut self, root: StrongWidget) {
+        self.root = Some(root);
+    }
+}
+
 impl DefaultUiState {
     pub fn new(window: impl Into<Arc<Window>>) -> Self {
         let window = window.into();
         Self {
+            root: None,
             renderer: UiRenderer::new(window.clone()),
             window,
             input: Input::default(),
@@ -49,53 +64,162 @@ impl DefaultUiState {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait HasDefaultUiState: Sized + 'static + HasUi {
-    fn get(&self) -> &DefaultUiState;
-    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut DefaultUiState;
-    fn ui_state(&self) -> &DefaultUiState {
-        HasDefaultUiState::get(self)
-    }
-    fn ui_state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut DefaultUiState {
-        HasDefaultUiState::get_mut(self)
-    }
-    fn ui_with_state(&mut self) -> (&mut Ui, &mut DefaultUiState) {
-        // as long as you're not doing anything actually unhinged this should always work safely
-        (
-            unsafe { forget_mut(self.ui_mut()) },
-            HasDefaultUiState::get_mut(self),
-        )
-    }
+pub trait HasDefaultUiState: Sized + 'static {
+    fn default_state(&self) -> &DefaultUiState;
+    fn default_state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut DefaultUiState;
 }
 
-pub trait DefaultAppState: RunEvents + HasDefaultUiState {
-    type Event: 'static = ();
-    fn new(ui_state: DefaultUiState, proxy: Proxy<Self::Event>) -> Self;
+pub trait DefaultAppState: HasDefaultUiState {
+    type Event = ();
+    fn new(ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, proxy: Proxy<Self::Event>)
+    -> Self;
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn event(&mut self, event: Self::Event) {}
+    fn event(
+        &mut self,
+        event: Self::Event,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        render: &mut UiRenderState,
+    ) {
+    }
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn exit(&mut self) {}
+    fn exit(&mut self, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, render: &mut UiRenderState) {}
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn window_event(&mut self, event: WindowEvent) {}
+    fn window_event(
+        &mut self,
+        event: WindowEvent,
+        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
+        render: &mut UiRenderState,
+    ) {
+    }
     fn window_attributes() -> WindowAttributes {
         Default::default()
     }
 }
 
-impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for State {
+pub struct DefaultRsc<State: 'static> {
+    pub ui: UiData,
+    pub events: EventManager<Self>,
+    pub tasks: Tasks<Self>,
+    pub state: WidgetState,
+    _state: PhantomData<State>,
+}
+
+impl<State> DefaultRsc<State> {
+    fn init(window: Arc<Window>) -> (Self, TaskMsgReceiver<Self>) {
+        let (tasks, recv) = Tasks::init(window);
+        (
+            Self {
+                ui: Default::default(),
+                events: Default::default(),
+                tasks,
+                state: Default::default(),
+                _state: Default::default(),
+            },
+            recv,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_state<T: 'static>(&mut self, id: impl IdLike, data: T) -> WeakState<T> {
+        self.state.add(id.id(), data)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State> UiRsc for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    fn ui(&self) -> &UiData {
+        &self.ui
+    }
+
+    fn ui_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UiData {
+        &mut self.ui
+    }
+
+    fn on_draw(&mut self, active: &ActiveData) {
+        self.events.draw(active);
+    }
+
+    fn on_undraw(&mut self, active: &ActiveData) {
+        self.events.undraw(active);
+    }
+
+    fn on_remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
+        self.events.remove(id);
+        self.state.remove(id);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State: 'static> HasState for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    type State = State;
+}
+
+impl<State: 'static> HasEvents for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    fn events(&self) -> &EventManager<Self> {
+        &self.events
+    }
+
+    fn events_mut(&mut self) -> &mut EventManager<Self> {
+        &mut self.events
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State: 'static> HasTasks for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    fn tasks_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Tasks<Self> {
+        &mut self.tasks
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State: 'static> HasWidgetState for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    fn widget_state(&self) -> &WidgetState {
+        &self.state
+    }
+
+    fn widget_state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut WidgetState {
+        &mut self.state
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DefaultApp<State: DefaultAppState> {
+    rsc: DefaultRsc<State>,
+    render: UiRenderState,
+    state: State,
+    task_recv: TaskMsgReceiver<DefaultRsc<State>>,
+}
+
+impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for DefaultApp<State> {
     type Event = State::Event;
 
     fn new(event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, proxy: EventLoopProxy<Self::Event>) -> Self {
-        let window = event_loop.create_window(Self::window_attributes()).unwrap();
-        Self::new(DefaultUiState::new(window), proxy)
+        let window = event_loop
+            .create_window(State::window_attributes())
+            .unwrap();
+        let default_state = DefaultUiState::new(window);
+        let (mut rsc, task_recv) = DefaultRsc::init(default_state.window.clone());
+        let state = State::new(default_state, &mut rsc, proxy);
+        let render = UiRenderState::new();
+        Self {
+            rsc,
+            state,
+            render,
+            task_recv,
+        }
     }
 
     fn event(&mut self, event: Self::Event, _: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        self.event(event);
+        self.state.event(event, &mut self.rsc, &mut self.render);
     }
 
     fn window_event(&mut self, event: WindowEvent, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        let events = unsafe { forget_mut(self.events_mut()) };
-        let ui_state = HasDefaultUiState::get_mut(self);
+        let Self {
+            rsc,
+            render,
+            state,
+            task_recv,
+        } = self;
+
+        for update in task_recv.try_iter() {
+            update(state, rsc);
+        }
+
+        let ui_state = state.default_state_mut();
         let input_changed = ui_state.input.event(&event);
         let cursor_state = ui_state.cursor_state().clone();
         let old = ui_state.focus;
@@ -104,43 +228,43 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for State {
         }
         if input_changed {
             let window_size = ui_state.window_size();
-            self.run_sensors(&cursor_state, window_size);
+            render.run_sensors(rsc, state, cursor_state, window_size);
         }
-        let (mut ui, mut ui_state) = self.ui_with_state();
+        let ui_state = state.default_state_mut();
         if old != ui_state.focus
             && let Some(old) = old
         {
-            old.edit(ui).deselect();
+            old.edit(rsc).deselect();
         }
         match &event {
             WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
             WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                ui.update(events);
-                ui_state.renderer.update(ui);
+                render.update(&ui_state.root, rsc);
+                ui_state.renderer.update(&mut rsc.ui, render);
                 ui_state.renderer.draw();
             }
             WindowEvent::Resized(size) => {
-                ui.resize((size.width, size.height));
+                render.resize((size.width, size.height));
                 ui_state.renderer.resize(size)
             }
             WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. } => {
                 if let Some(sel) = ui_state.focus
                     && event.state.is_pressed()
                 {
-                    let mut text = sel.edit(ui);
+                    let mut text = sel.edit(rsc);
                     match text.apply_event(event, &ui_state.input.modifiers) {
                         TextInputResult::Unfocus => {
                             ui_state.focus = None;
                             ui_state.window.set_ime_allowed(false);
                         }
                         TextInputResult::Submit => {
-                            self.run_event::<Submit>(sel, &mut ());
+                            rsc.run_event::<Submit>(sel, (), state);
                         }
                         TextInputResult::Paste => {
                             if let Ok(t) = ui_state.clipboard.get_text() {
                                 text.insert(&t);
                             }
-                            self.run_event::<Edited>(sel, &mut ());
+                            rsc.run_event::<Edited>(sel, (), state);
                         }
                         TextInputResult::Copy(text) => {
                             if let Err(err) = ui_state.clipboard.set_text(text) {
@@ -148,7 +272,7 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for State {
                             }
                         }
                         TextInputResult::Used => {
-                            self.run_event::<Edited>(sel, &mut ());
+                            rsc.run_event::<Edited>(sel, (), state);
                         }
                         TextInputResult::Unused => {}
                     }
@@ -156,7 +280,7 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for State {
             }
             WindowEvent::Ime(ime) => {
                 if let Some(sel) = ui_state.focus {
-                    let mut text = sel.edit(ui);
+                    let mut text = sel.edit(rsc);
                     match ime {
                         Ime::Enabled | Ime::Disabled => (),
                         Ime::Preedit(content, _pos) => {
@@ -172,15 +296,59 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for State {
             }
             _ => (),
         }
-        self.window_event(event);
-        (ui, ui_state) = self.ui_with_state();
-        if ui.needs_redraw() {
+        state.window_event(event, rsc, render);
+        let ui_state = self.state.default_state_mut();
+        if render.needs_redraw(&ui_state.root, rsc.widgets()) {
             ui_state.renderer.window().request_redraw();
         }
         ui_state.input.end_frame();
     }
 
     fn exit(&mut self) {
-        self.exit();
+        self.state.exit(&mut self.rsc, &mut self.render);
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait RscIdx<Rsc> {
+    type Output;
+    fn get(self, rsc: &Rsc) -> &Self::Output;
+    fn get_mut(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> &mut Self::Output;
+}
+
+impl<State: 'static, I: RscIdx<DefaultRsc<State>>> std::ops::Index<I> for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    type Output = I::Output;
+
+    fn index(&self, index: I) -> &Self::Output {
+        index.get(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State: 'static, I: RscIdx<DefaultRsc<State>>> std::ops::IndexMut<I> for DefaultRsc<State> {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: I) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        index.get_mut(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: Widget, Rsc: UiRsc> RscIdx<Rsc> for WeakWidget<W> {
+    type Output = W;
+
+    fn get(self, rsc: &Rsc) -> &Self::Output {
+        &rsc.ui().widgets[self]
+    }
+
+    fn get_mut(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        &mut rsc.ui_mut().widgets[self]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static, Rsc: HasWidgetState> RscIdx<Rsc> for WeakState<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+
+    fn get(self, rsc: &Rsc) -> &Self::Output {
+        rsc.widget_state().get(self)
+    }
+
+    fn get_mut(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        rsc.widget_state_mut().get_mut(self)
     }
 }

src/default/render.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use iris_core::{Ui, UiLimits, UiRenderNode};
+use iris_core::{UiData, UiLimits, UiRenderNode, UiRenderState};
 use pollster::FutureExt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use wgpu::{util::StagingBelt, *};
+use wgpu::*;
 use winit::{dpi::PhysicalSize, window::Window};
 
 pub const CLEAR_COLOR: Color = Color::BLACK;
@@ -13,13 +13,12 @@ pub struct UiRenderer {
     queue: Queue,
     config: SurfaceConfiguration,
     encoder: CommandEncoder,
-    staging_belt: StagingBelt,
     pub ui: UiRenderNode,
 }
 
 impl UiRenderer {
-    pub fn update(&mut self, ui: &mut Ui) {
-        self.ui.update(&self.device, &self.queue, ui);
+    pub fn update(&mut self, ui: &mut UiData, render: &mut UiRenderState) {
+        self.ui.update(&self.device, &self.queue, ui, render);
     }
 
     pub fn draw(&mut self) {
@@ -46,16 +45,15 @@ impl UiRenderer {
         }
 
         self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
-        self.staging_belt.finish();
+        self.window.pre_present_notify();
         output.present();
-        self.staging_belt.recall();
     }
 
     pub fn resize(&mut self, size: &PhysicalSize<u32>) {
         self.config.width = size.width;
         self.config.height = size.height;
         self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
-        self.ui.resize(size, &self.queue);
+        self.ui.resize((size.width, size.height), &self.queue);
     }
 
     fn create_encoder(device: &Device) -> CommandEncoder {
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ impl UiRenderer {
             format: surface_format,
             width: size.width,
             height: size.height,
-            present_mode: PresentMode::AutoNoVsync,
+            present_mode: PresentMode::AutoVsync,
             alpha_mode: surface_caps.alpha_modes[0],
             desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
             view_formats: vec![],
@@ -126,10 +124,9 @@ impl UiRenderer {
 
         surface.configure(&device, &config);
 
-        let staging_belt = StagingBelt::new(4096 * 4);
         let encoder = Self::create_encoder(&device);
 
-        let shape_pipeline = UiRenderNode::new(&device, &queue, &config, ui_limits);
+        let ui = UiRenderNode::new(&device, &queue, &config, ui_limits);
 
         Self {
             surface,
@@ -137,8 +134,7 @@ impl UiRenderer {
             queue,
             config,
             encoder,
-            staging_belt,
-            ui: shape_pipeline,
+            ui,
             window,
         }
     }

src/default/sense.rs

@@ -28,12 +28,13 @@ pub struct CursorSenses(Vec<CursorSense>);
 impl Event for CursorSenses {
     type Data<'a> = CursorData<'a>;
     type State = SensorState;
-    fn should_run(&self, data: &mut Self::Data<'_>) -> bool {
-        if let Some(sense) = should_run(self, data.cursor, data.hover) {
+    fn should_run<'a>(&self, data: &Self::Data<'a>) -> Option<Self::Data<'a>> {
+        if let Some(sense) = should_run(self, &data.cursor, data.hover) {
+            let mut data = data.clone();
             data.sense = sense;
-            true
+            Some(data)
         } else {
-            false
+            None
         }
     }
 }
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ pub enum ActivationState {
 /// or basically have some way to have custom senses
 /// that depend on active widget positions
 /// but I'm not sure how or if worth it
-pub struct Sensor<Ctx, Data> {
+pub struct Sensor<Ctx: HasEvents, Data> {
     pub senses: CursorSenses,
     pub f: Rc<dyn EventFn<Ctx, Data>>,
 }
@@ -127,29 +128,46 @@ pub struct SensorState {
     pub hover: ActivationState,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct CursorData<'a> {
     /// where this widget was hit
     pub pos: Vec2,
     pub size: Vec2,
     pub scroll_delta: Vec2,
     pub hover: ActivationState,
-    pub cursor: &'a CursorState,
+    pub cursor: CursorState,
     /// the first sense that triggered this
     pub sense: CursorSense,
+    pub render: &'a UiRenderState,
 }
 
-pub trait SensorUi<State> {
-    fn run_sensors(&mut self, cursor: &CursorState, window_size: Vec2);
+pub trait SensorUi {
+    fn run_sensors<Rsc: HasEvents>(
+        &self,
+        rsc: &mut Rsc,
+        state: &mut Rsc::State,
+        cursor: CursorState,
+        window_size: Vec2,
+    );
 }
 
-impl<State: RunEvents> SensorUi<State> for State {
-    fn run_sensors(&mut self, cursor: &CursorState, window_size: Vec2) {
-        let layers = std::mem::take(&mut self.ui_mut().layers);
-        let mut active = std::mem::take(&mut self.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active);
-        for layer in layers.indices().rev() {
+impl SensorUi for UiRenderState {
+    fn run_sensors<Rsc: HasEvents>(
+        &self,
+        rsc: &mut Rsc,
+        state: &mut Rsc::State,
+        cursor: CursorState,
+        window_size: Vec2,
+    ) {
+        // in order to remove this take, need to store active list in UiRenderState somehow
+        // this would probably be done through a generic parameter that adds yet another rsc /
+        // state like thing, but local to render state, and is passed to UiRsc events so you can
+        // update it there?
+        let mut active = std::mem::take(&mut rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active);
+        for layer in self.layers.indices().rev() {
             let mut sensed = false;
             for (id, sensor) in active.get_mut(&layer).into_flat_iter() {
-                let shape = self.ui().active.get(id).unwrap().region;
+                let shape = self.active.get(id).unwrap().region;
                 let region = shape.to_px(window_size);
                 let in_shape = cursor.exists && region.contains(cursor.pos);
                 sensor.hover.update(in_shape);
@@ -158,7 +176,9 @@ impl<State: RunEvents> SensorUi<State> for State {
                 }
                 sensed = true;
 
-                let mut data = CursorData {
+                let cursor = cursor.clone();
+
+                let data = CursorData {
                     pos: cursor.pos - region.top_left,
                     size: region.bot_right - region.top_left,
                     scroll_delta: cursor.scroll_delta,
@@ -167,15 +187,15 @@ impl<State: RunEvents> SensorUi<State> for State {
                     // this does not have any meaning;
                     // might wanna set up Event to have a prepare stage
                     sense: CursorSense::Hovering,
+                    render: self,
                 };
-                self.run_event::<CursorSense>(*id, &mut data);
+                rsc.run_event::<CursorSense>(*id, data, state);
             }
             if sensed {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        self.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active = active;
-        self.ui_mut().layers = layers;
+        rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active = active;
     }
 }
 

src/default/state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+use iris_core::{
+    WidgetId,
+    util::{HashMap, HashSet},
+};
+use std::{
+    any::{Any, TypeId},
+    marker::PhantomData,
+};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct Key {
+    id: WidgetId,
+    ty: TypeId,
+    i: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct WidgetState {
+    widgets: HashMap<WidgetId, HashSet<(TypeId, usize)>>,
+    counts: HashMap<(WidgetId, TypeId), usize>,
+    map: HashMap<Key, Box<dyn Any>>,
+}
+
+impl WidgetState {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+    pub fn add<T: 'static>(&mut self, id: WidgetId, data: T) -> WeakState<T> {
+        let ty = TypeId::of::<T>();
+        let count = self.counts.entry((id, ty)).or_default();
+        let i = *count;
+        let key = Key { ty, i, id };
+        self.map.insert(key, Box::new(data));
+        self.widgets.entry(id).or_default().insert((ty, i));
+        *count += 1;
+        WeakState {
+            key,
+            _pd: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
+        for &(ty, i) in self.widgets.get(&id).into_iter().flatten() {
+            self.map.remove(&Key { id, ty, i });
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn get<T: 'static>(&self, state: WeakState<T>) -> &T {
+        self.map.get(&state.key).unwrap().downcast_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+    pub fn get_mut<T: 'static>(&mut self, state: WeakState<T>) -> &mut T {
+        self.map
+            .get_mut(&state.key)
+            .unwrap()
+            .downcast_mut()
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct WeakState<T> {
+    key: Key,
+    _pd: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+pub trait HasWidgetState {
+    fn widget_state(&self) -> &WidgetState;
+    fn widget_state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut WidgetState;
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: 'static> FnOnce<(&'a mut WidgetState,)> for WeakState<T> {
+    type Output = &'a mut T;
+
+    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, (state,): (&'a mut WidgetState,)) -> Self::Output {
+        state.get_mut(self)
+    }
+}

src/default/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use iris_core::HasState;
+use std::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        mpsc::{Receiver as SyncReceiver, Sender as SyncSender, channel as sync_channel},
+    },
+};
+use tokio::{
+    runtime::Runtime,
+    sync::mpsc::{
+        UnboundedReceiver as AsyncReceiver, UnboundedSender as AsyncSender,
+        unbounded_channel as async_channel,
+    },
+};
+use winit::window::Window;
+
+pub type TaskMsgSender<Rsc> = SyncSender<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>>;
+pub type TaskMsgReceiver<Rsc> = SyncReceiver<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>>;
+
+pub trait TaskUpdate<Rsc: HasState>: FnOnce(&mut Rsc::State, &mut Rsc) + Send {}
+impl<F: FnOnce(&mut Rsc::State, &mut Rsc) + Send, Rsc: HasState> TaskUpdate<Rsc> for F {}
+
+pub struct Tasks<Rsc: HasState> {
+    start: AsyncSender<BoxTask>,
+    window: Arc<Window>,
+    msg_send: SyncSender<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>>,
+}
+
+pub struct TaskCtx<Rsc: HasState> {
+    send: TaskMsgSender<Rsc>,
+}
+
+impl<Rsc: HasState> TaskCtx<Rsc> {
+    pub fn update(&mut self, f: impl TaskUpdate<Rsc> + 'static) {
+        let _ = self.send.send(Box::new(f));
+    }
+}
+impl<Rsc: HasState + 'static> TaskCtx<Rsc> {
+    fn new(send: TaskMsgSender<Rsc>) -> Self {
+        Self { send }
+    }
+}
+
+type BoxTask = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>>;
+
+impl<Rsc: HasState> Tasks<Rsc> {
+    pub fn init(window: Arc<Window>) -> (Self, TaskMsgReceiver<Rsc>) {
+        let (start, start_recv) = async_channel();
+        let (msgs, msgs_recv) = sync_channel();
+        std::thread::spawn(|| {
+            let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+            rt.block_on(listen(start_recv))
+        });
+        (
+            Self {
+                start,
+                msg_send: msgs,
+                window,
+            },
+            msgs_recv,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn<F: AsyncFnOnce(TaskCtx<Rsc>) + 'static + std::marker::Send>(&mut self, task: F)
+    where
+        F::CallOnceFuture: Send,
+    {
+        let send = self.msg_send.clone();
+        let window = self.window.clone();
+        let _ = self.start.send(Box::pin(async move {
+            task(TaskCtx::new(send)).await;
+            window.request_redraw();
+        }));
+    }
+}
+
+async fn listen(mut recv: AsyncReceiver<BoxTask>) {
+    while let Some(task) = recv.recv().await {
+        tokio::spawn(task);
+    }
+}

src/event.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,87 @@
-use crate::prelude::*;
+use iris_core::*;
+use iris_macro::*;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-pub mod eventable {
-    use super::*;
-    widget_trait! {
-        pub trait Eventable<State: HasEvents + StateLike<State> + 'static>;
-        fn on<E: EventLike>(
-            self,
-            event: E,
-            f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<State::State, <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>, WL::Widget>,
-        ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, WL::Widget> {
-            move |state| {
-                let id = self.add(state);
-                state.register_event(id, event.into_event(), move |ctx| {
-                    f(&mut EventIdCtx {
+use crate::default::{TaskCtx, TaskUpdate, Tasks};
+
+pub trait Eventable<Rsc: HasEvents, Tag>: WidgetLike<Rsc, Tag> {
+    fn on<E: EventLike>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<Rsc, <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>, Self::Widget>,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, Self::Widget> {
+        move |rsc| {
+            let id = self.add(rsc);
+            rsc.register_event(id, event.into_event(), move |ctx, rsc| {
+                f(
+                    EventIdCtx {
                         widget: id,
                         state: ctx.state,
                         data: ctx.data,
-                    });
-                });
-                id
-            }
+                    },
+                    rsc,
+                );
+            });
+            id
         }
     }
 }
+impl<WL: WidgetLike<Rsc, Tag>, Rsc: HasEvents, Tag> Eventable<Rsc, Tag> for WL {}
+
+widget_trait! {
+    pub trait TaskEventable<Rsc: HasEvents + HasTasks>;
+    fn task_on<'a, E: EventLike, F: AsyncWidgetEventFn<Rsc, WL::Widget>>(
+        self,
+        event: E,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, WL::Widget>
+        where <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>: Send,
+        for<'b> F::CallRefFuture<'b>: Send,
+    {
+        let f = Arc::new(f);
+        move |rsc| {
+            let id = self.add(rsc);
+            rsc.register_event(id, event.into_event(), move |_, rsc| {
+                let f = f.clone();
+                rsc.tasks_mut().spawn(async move |task| {
+                    f(AsyncEventIdCtx {
+                        widget: id,
+                        task,
+                    }).await;
+                });
+            });
+            id
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait HasTasks: Sized + HasState + HasEvents {
+    fn tasks_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Tasks<Self>;
+
+    fn spawn_task<F: AsyncFnOnce(TaskCtx<Self>) + 'static + std::marker::Send>(&mut self, task: F)
+    where
+        F::CallOnceFuture: Send,
+    {
+        self.tasks_mut().spawn(task);
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait AsyncWidgetEventFn<Rsc: HasEvents, W: ?Sized>:
+    AsyncFn(AsyncEventIdCtx<Rsc, W>) + Send + Sync + 'static
+{
+}
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, F: AsyncFn(AsyncEventIdCtx<Rsc, W>) + Send + Sync + 'static, W: ?Sized>
+    AsyncWidgetEventFn<Rsc, W> for F
+{
+}
+
+pub struct AsyncEventIdCtx<Rsc: HasEvents, W: ?Sized> {
+    pub widget: WeakWidget<W>,
+    task: TaskCtx<Rsc>,
+}
+
+impl<Rsc: HasEvents, W: ?Sized> AsyncEventIdCtx<Rsc, W> {
+    pub fn update(&mut self, f: impl TaskUpdate<Rsc> + 'static) {
+        self.task.update(f);
+    }
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,17 @@
 #![feature(unboxed_closures)]
 #![feature(fn_traits)]
-#![feature(gen_blocks)]
 #![feature(associated_type_defaults)]
 #![feature(unsize)]
 #![feature(option_into_flat_iter)]
+#![feature(async_fn_traits)]
 
 pub mod default;
 pub mod event;
-pub mod typed;
 pub mod widget;
 
 pub use iris_core as core;
 pub use iris_macro as macros;
 
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! state_prelude {
-    ($vis:vis $state:ty) => {
-        iris::event_state!($vis $state);
-        $vis use iris::{
-            default::*,
-            core::{len_fns::*, util::Vec2, *},
-            macros::*,
-            widget::*,
-        };
-    };
-}
-
 pub mod prelude {
     use super::*;
     pub use default::*;
@@ -35,5 +21,5 @@ pub mod prelude {
     pub use widget::*;
 
     pub use iris_core::util::Vec2;
-    pub use typed::*;
+    pub use len_fns::*;
 }

src/typed.rs

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! event_state {
-    ($vis:vis $state:ty) => {
-        mod local_event_trait {
-            use super::*;
-            #[allow(unused_imports)]
-            use $crate::prelude::*;
-            pub trait EventableCtx<WL: WidgetLike<$state, Tag>, Tag> {
-                fn on<E: EventLike>(
-                    self,
-                    event: E,
-                    f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<
-                        <$state as HasState>::State,
-                        <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>,
-                        WL::Widget
-                    >,
-                ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<$state, WL::Widget>;
-            }
-            impl<WL: WidgetLike<$state, Tag>, Tag> EventableCtx<WL, Tag> for WL {
-                fn on<E: EventLike>(
-                    self,
-                    event: E,
-                    f: impl for<'a> WidgetEventFn<
-                        <$state as HasState>::State,
-                        <E::Event as Event>::Data<'a>,
-                        WL::Widget
-                    >,
-                ) -> impl WidgetIdFn<$state, WL::Widget> {
-                    eventable::Eventable::on(self, event, f)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        $vis type EventManager = $crate::prelude::EventManager<<$state as HasState>::State>;
-        $vis use local_event_trait::*;
-    };
-}
-pub use event_state;

src/widget/image.rs

@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ impl Widget for Image {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn image<State: HasUi>(image: impl LoadableImage) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Image> {
+pub fn image<State: UiRsc>(image: impl LoadableImage) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Image> {
     let image = image.get_image().expect("Failed to load image");
     move |state| Image {
-        handle: state.get_mut().add_texture(image),
+        handle: state.ui_mut().textures.add(image),
     }
 }
 

src/widget/mask.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Masked {
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
 }
 
 impl Widget for Masked {

src/widget/position/align.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Aligned {
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
     pub align: Align,
 }
 

src/widget/position/layer.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct LayerOffset {
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
     pub offset: usize,
 }
 

src/widget/position/max_size.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct MaxSize {
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
     pub x: Option<Len>,
     pub y: Option<Len>,
 }

src/widget/position/offset.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Offset {
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
     pub amt: UiVec2,
 }
 

src/widget/position/pad.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Pad {
     pub padding: Padding,
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
 }
 
 impl Widget for Pad {

src/widget/position/scroll.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Scroll {
-    inner: WidgetHandle,
+    inner: StrongWidget,
     axis: Axis,
     amt: f32,
     snap_end: bool,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl Widget for Scroll {
 }
 
 impl Scroll {
-    pub fn new(inner: WidgetHandle, axis: Axis) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(inner: StrongWidget, axis: Axis) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner,
             axis,

src/widget/position/sized.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Sized {
-    pub inner: WidgetHandle,
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
     pub x: Option<Len>,
     pub y: Option<Len>,
 }

src/widget/position/span.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 pub struct Span {
-    pub children: Vec<WidgetHandle>,
+    pub children: Vec<StrongWidget>,
     pub dir: Dir,
     pub gap: f32,
 }
@@ -62,11 +62,11 @@ impl Span {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, w: WidgetHandle) {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, w: StrongWidget) {
         self.children.push(w);
     }
 
-    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<WidgetHandle> {
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<StrongWidget> {
         self.children.pop()
     }
 
@@ -159,15 +159,15 @@ pub struct SpanBuilder<State, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Ta
     _pd: PhantomData<(State, Tag)>,
 }
 
-impl<State: StateLike<State>, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Tag>, Tag>
-    WidgetFnTrait<State> for SpanBuilder<State, LEN, Wa, Tag>
+impl<Rsc, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<Rsc, LEN, Tag>, Tag> WidgetFnTrait<Rsc>
+    for SpanBuilder<Rsc, LEN, Wa, Tag>
 {
     type Widget = Span;
 
     #[track_caller]
-    fn run(self, state: &mut State) -> Self::Widget {
+    fn run(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> Self::Widget {
         Span {
-            children: self.children.add(state).arr.into_iter().collect(),
+            children: self.children.add(rsc).arr.into_iter().collect(),
             dir: self.dir,
             gap: self.gap,
         }
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl<State, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Tag>, Tag>
 }
 
 impl std::ops::Deref for Span {
-    type Target = Vec<WidgetHandle>;
+    type Target = Vec<StrongWidget>;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.children

src/widget/position/stack.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
 pub struct Stack {
-    pub children: Vec<WidgetHandle>,
+    pub children: Vec<StrongWidget>,
     pub size: StackSize,
 }
 
@@ -48,14 +48,15 @@ pub struct StackBuilder<State, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, T
     _pd: PhantomData<(State, Tag)>,
 }
 
-impl<State: StateLike<State>, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Tag>, Tag> FnOnce<(&mut State,)>
-    for StackBuilder<State, LEN, Wa, Tag>
+impl<Rsc, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<Rsc, LEN, Tag>, Tag> WidgetFnTrait<Rsc>
+    for StackBuilder<Rsc, LEN, Wa, Tag>
 {
-    type Output = Stack;
+    type Widget = Stack;
 
-    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: (&mut State,)) -> Self::Output {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn run(self, rsc: &mut Rsc) -> Self::Widget {
         Stack {
-            children: self.children.add(args.0).arr.into_iter().collect(),
+            children: self.children.add(rsc).arr.into_iter().collect(),
             size: self.size,
         }
     }

src/widget/ptr.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 use std::marker::{Sized, Unsize};
 
 pub struct WidgetPtr {
-    pub inner: Option<WidgetHandle>,
+    pub inner: Option<StrongWidget>,
 }
 
 impl Widget for WidgetPtr {
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ impl WidgetPtr {
             inner: Default::default(),
         }
     }
-    pub fn set<W: ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>>(&mut self, to: WidgetHandle<W>) {
+    pub fn set<W: ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>>(&mut self, to: StrongWidget<W>) {
         self.inner = Some(to)
     }
 
     pub fn replace<W: ?Sized + Unsize<dyn Widget>>(
         &mut self,
-        to: WidgetHandle<W>,
-    ) -> Option<WidgetHandle> {
+        to: StrongWidget<W>,
+    ) -> Option<StrongWidget> {
         self.inner.replace(to)
     }
 }

src/widget/text/build.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
-use cosmic_text::{Attrs, Family, Metrics};
 use std::marker::{PhantomData, Sized};
 
 pub struct TextBuilder<State, O = TextOutput, H: WidgetOption<State> = ()> {
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ impl<State, O, H: WidgetOption<State>> TextBuilder<State, O, H> {
         self.attrs.color = color;
         self
     }
-    pub fn family(mut self, family: Family<'static>) -> Self {
+    pub fn family(mut self, family: Family) -> Self {
         self.attrs.family = family;
         self
     }
@@ -51,15 +50,15 @@ impl<State, O, H: WidgetOption<State>> TextBuilder<State, O, H> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<State: HasUi + StateLike<State>, O> TextBuilder<State, O> {
-    pub fn hint<W: WidgetLike<State, Tag>, Tag>(
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc, O> TextBuilder<Rsc, O> {
+    pub fn hint<W: WidgetLike<Rsc, Tag>, Tag>(
         self,
         hint: W,
-    ) -> TextBuilder<State, O, impl WidgetOption<State>> {
+    ) -> TextBuilder<Rsc, O, impl WidgetOption<Rsc>> {
         TextBuilder {
             content: self.content,
             attrs: self.attrs,
-            hint: move |ui: &mut State| Some(hint.add_strong(ui).any()),
+            hint: move |rsc: &mut Rsc| Some(hint.add_strong(rsc).any()),
             output: self.output,
             state: PhantomData,
         }
@@ -75,26 +74,20 @@ pub trait TextBuilderOutput<State>: Sized {
 }
 
 pub struct TextOutput;
-impl<State: HasUi> TextBuilderOutput<State> for TextOutput {
+impl<Rsc: UiRsc> TextBuilderOutput<Rsc> for TextOutput {
     type Output = Text;
 
-    fn run<H: WidgetOption<State>>(
-        state: &mut State,
-        builder: TextBuilder<State, Self, H>,
+    fn run<H: WidgetOption<Rsc>>(
+        state: &mut Rsc,
+        builder: TextBuilder<Rsc, Self, H>,
     ) -> Self::Output {
-        let mut buf = TextBuffer::new_empty(Metrics::new(
-            builder.attrs.font_size,
-            builder.attrs.line_height,
-        ));
+        let buf = TextBuffer::new(&builder.content);
         let hint = builder.hint.get(state);
-        let font_system = &mut state.get_mut().text.font_system;
-        buf.set_text(font_system, &builder.content, &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
         let mut text = Text {
             content: builder.content.into(),
             view: TextView::new(buf, builder.attrs, hint),
         };
         text.content.changed = false;
-        builder.attrs.apply(font_system, &mut text.view.buf, None);
         text
     }
 }
@@ -103,26 +96,18 @@ pub struct TextEditOutput {
     mode: EditMode,
 }
 
-impl<State: HasUi> TextBuilderOutput<State> for TextEditOutput {
+impl<State: UiRsc> TextBuilderOutput<State> for TextEditOutput {
     type Output = TextEdit;
 
     fn run<H: WidgetOption<State>>(
         state: &mut State,
         builder: TextBuilder<State, Self, H>,
     ) -> Self::Output {
-        let buf = TextBuffer::new_empty(Metrics::new(
-            builder.attrs.font_size,
-            builder.attrs.line_height,
-        ));
-        let mut text = TextEdit::new(
+        let buf = TextBuffer::new(&builder.content);
+        TextEdit::new(
             TextView::new(buf, builder.attrs, builder.hint.get(state)),
             builder.output.mode,
-        );
-        let font_system = &mut state.get_mut().text.font_system;
-        text.buf
-            .set_text(font_system, &builder.content, &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
-        builder.attrs.apply(font_system, &mut text.buf, None);
-        text
+        )
     }
 }
 

src/widget/text/edit.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
-use cosmic_text::{Affinity, Attrs, Cursor, FontSystem, LayoutRun, Motion};
+use iris_core::{TextData, UiColor};
+use parley::{Affinity, Layout, Selection};
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 use winit::{
     event::KeyEvent,
     keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
 };
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Motion {
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    LeftWord,
+    RightWord,
+    Up,
+    Down,
+    LineStart,
+    LineEnd,
+}
+
 pub struct TextEdit {
     view: TextView,
-    selection: TextSelection,
-    history: Vec<(String, TextSelection)>,
-    double_hit: Option<Cursor>,
+    /// `None` represents unfocused, which Parley's `Selection` cannot express.
+    selection: Option<Selection>,
+    history: Vec<(String, Option<Selection>)>,
+    double_hit: Option<usize>,
     pub mode: EditMode,
 }
 
@@ -25,27 +38,19 @@ impl TextEdit {
     pub fn new(view: TextView, mode: EditMode) -> Self {
         Self {
             view,
-            selection: Default::default(),
+            selection: None,
             history: Default::default(),
             double_hit: None,
             mode,
         }
     }
-    pub fn select_content(&self, start: Cursor, end: Cursor) -> String {
-        let (start, end) = sort_cursors(start, end);
-        let mut iter = self.buf.lines.iter().skip(start.line);
-        let first = iter.next().unwrap();
-        if start.line == end.line {
-            first.text()[start.index..end.index].to_string()
-        } else {
-            let mut str = first.text()[start.index..].to_string();
-            for _ in (start.line + 1)..end.line {
-                str = str + "\n" + iter.next().unwrap().text();
-            }
-            let last = iter.next().unwrap();
-            str = str + "\n" + &last.text()[..end.index];
-            str
+
+    pub fn selected_text(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let sel = self.selection?;
+        if sel.is_collapsed() {
+            return None;
         }
+        Some(self.buf.text()[sel.text_range()].to_string())
     }
 }
 
@@ -57,39 +62,29 @@ impl Widget for TextEdit {
         painter.layer = base;
         let region = self.region();
 
-        let size = vec2(1, self.attrs.line_height);
-        match self.selection {
-            TextSelection::None => (),
-            TextSelection::Pos(cursor) => {
-                if let Some(offset) = cursor_pos(cursor, &self.buf) {
-                    painter.primitive_within(
-                        RectPrimitive::color(Color::WHITE),
-                        size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT).offset(offset).within(&region),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-            TextSelection::Span { start, end } => {
-                let (start, end) = sort_cursors(start, end);
-                for (l, x, width) in iter_layout_lines(start, end, &self.buf) {
-                    let top_left = vec2(x, self.attrs.line_height * l as f32);
-                    painter.primitive_within(
-                        RectPrimitive::color(Color::SKY),
-                        size.with_x(width)
-                            .align(Align::TOP_LEFT)
-                            .offset(top_left)
-                            .within(&region),
-                    );
-                }
-                if let Some(end_offset) = cursor_pos(end, &self.buf) {
-                    painter.primitive_within(
-                        RectPrimitive::color(Color::WHITE),
-                        size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT)
-                            .offset(end_offset)
-                            .within(&region),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
+        let Some(selection) = self.selection else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let layout = self.view.buf.layout();
+
+        // parley reports selection as boxes in layout space, so bidi and
+        // wrapped lines come out right without this code knowing about either.
+        for (rect, _) in selection.geometry(layout) {
+            let size = vec2(rect.width() as f32, rect.height() as f32);
+            let top_left = vec2(rect.x0 as f32, rect.y0 as f32);
+            painter.primitive_within(
+                RectPrimitive::color(Color::SKY),
+                size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT).offset(top_left).within(&region),
+            );
         }
+
+        let caret = selection.focus().geometry(layout, CARET_WIDTH);
+        let size = vec2(caret.width() as f32, caret.height() as f32);
+        let top_left = vec2(caret.x0 as f32, caret.y0 as f32);
+        painter.primitive_within(
+            RectPrimitive::color(Color::WHITE),
+            size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT).offset(top_left).within(&region),
+        );
     }
 
     fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
@@ -101,154 +96,60 @@ impl Widget for TextEdit {
     }
 }
 
-/// provides top left + width
-fn iter_layout_lines(
-    start: Cursor,
-    end: Cursor,
-    buf: &TextBuffer,
-) -> impl Iterator<Item = (usize, f32, f32)> {
-    gen move {
-        let mut iter = buf.layout_runs().enumerate();
-        for (i, line) in iter.by_ref() {
-            if line.line_i == start.line
-                && let Some(start_x) = index_x(&line, start.index)
-            {
-                if start.line == end.line
-                    && let Some(end_x) = index_x(&line, end.index)
-                {
-                    yield (i, start_x, end_x - start_x);
-                    return;
-                }
-                yield (i, start_x, line.line_w - start_x);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        for (i, line) in iter {
-            if line.line_i > end.line {
-                return;
-            }
-            if line.line_i == end.line
-                && let Some(end_x) = index_x(&line, end.index)
-            {
-                yield (i, 0.0, end_x);
-                return;
-            }
-            yield (i, 0.0, line.line_w);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// copied & modified from fn found in Editor in cosmic_text
-/// returns x pos of a (non layout) index within an layout run
-fn index_x(run: &LayoutRun, index: usize) -> Option<f32> {
-    for glyph in run.glyphs.iter() {
-        if index == glyph.start {
-            return Some(glyph.x);
-        } else if index > glyph.start && index < glyph.end {
-            // Guess x offset based on characters
-            let mut before = 0;
-            let mut total = 0;
-
-            let cluster = &run.text[glyph.start..glyph.end];
-            for (i, _) in cluster.grapheme_indices(true) {
-                if glyph.start + i < index {
-                    before += 1;
-                }
-                total += 1;
-            }
-
-            let offset = glyph.w * (before as f32) / (total as f32);
-            return Some(glyph.x + offset);
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-/// returns top of line segment where cursor should visually select
-fn cursor_pos(cursor: Cursor, buf: &TextBuffer) -> Option<Vec2> {
-    let mut prev = None;
-    for run in buf
-        .layout_runs()
-        .skip_while(|r| r.line_i < cursor.line)
-        .take_while(|r| r.line_i == cursor.line)
-    {
-        prev = Some(vec2(run.line_w, run.line_top));
-        if let Some(pos) = index_x(&run, cursor.index) {
-            return Some(vec2(pos, run.line_top));
-        }
-    }
-    prev
-}
+const CARET_WIDTH: f32 = 1.0;
 
 pub struct TextEditCtx<'a> {
     pub text: &'a mut TextEdit,
-    pub font_system: &'a mut FontSystem,
+    pub data: &'a mut TextData,
 }
 
 impl<'a> TextEditCtx<'a> {
+    /// Returns a layout synchronized with the current text.
+    fn layout(&mut self) -> &Layout<UiColor> {
+        let attrs = self.text.view.attrs.clone();
+        let width = self.text.view.wrap_width();
+        self.text.view.buf.shape(self.data, &attrs, width);
+        self.text.view.buf.layout()
+    }
+
+    /// Keep the selection valid after the text underneath it changed.
+    fn refresh(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(sel) = self.text.selection {
+            let layout = self.layout();
+            self.text.selection = Some(sel.refresh(layout));
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn take(&mut self) -> String {
-        let text = self
-            .text
-            .buf
-            .lines
-            .drain(..)
-            .map(|l| l.into_text())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join("\n");
-        self.text
-            .buf
-            .set_text(self.font_system, "", &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
-        self.text.selection.clear();
+        let text = self.text.view.buf.text().to_string();
+        self.set("");
         text
     }
 
     pub fn set(&mut self, text: &str) {
         let text = self.string(text);
-        self.text
-            .buf
-            .set_text(self.font_system, &text, &Attrs::new(), SHAPING, None);
-        self.text.selection.clear();
+        self.text.view.buf.set_text(text);
+        self.text.view.buf.changed = true;
+        self.text.selection = None;
     }
 
     pub fn motion(&mut self, motion: Motion, select: bool) {
-        if let TextSelection::Pos(cursor) = self.text.selection
-            && let Some(new) = self.buf_motion(cursor, motion)
-        {
-            if select {
-                self.text.selection = TextSelection::Span {
-                    start: cursor,
-                    end: new,
-                };
-            } else {
-                self.text.selection = TextSelection::Pos(new);
-            }
-        } else if let TextSelection::Span { start, end } = self.text.selection {
-            if select {
-                if let Some(cursor) = self.buf_motion(end, motion) {
-                    self.text.selection = TextSelection::Span { start, end: cursor };
-                }
-            } else {
-                let (start, end) = sort_cursors(start, end);
-                let sel = &mut self.text.selection;
-                match motion {
-                    Motion::Left | Motion::LeftWord => *sel = TextSelection::Pos(start),
-                    Motion::Right | Motion::RightWord => *sel = TextSelection::Pos(end),
-                    _ => {
-                        if let Some(cursor) = self.buf_motion(end, motion) {
-                            self.text.selection = TextSelection::Pos(cursor);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        let Some(sel) = self.text.selection else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let layout = self.layout();
+        let sel = apply_motion(sel, layout, motion, select);
+        self.text.selection = Some(sel);
     }
 
+    /// Replace the `len` characters before the caret. This is the IME's
+    /// preedit path: it re-sends the whole composition each time.
     pub fn replace(&mut self, len: usize, text: &str) {
         let text = self.string(text);
         for _ in 0..len {
-            self.delete(false);
+            self.backspace(false);
         }
-        self.insert_inner(&text, false);
+        self.insert_str(&text);
     }
 
     fn string(&self, text: &str) -> String {
@@ -261,202 +162,184 @@ impl<'a> TextEditCtx<'a> {
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, text: &str) {
         let text = self.string(text);
-        let mut lines = text.split('\n');
-        let Some(first) = lines.next() else {
+        self.insert_str(&text);
+    }
+
+    fn insert_str(&mut self, text: &str) {
+        if text.is_empty() {
             return;
-        };
-        self.insert_inner(first, true);
-        for line in lines {
-            self.newline();
-            self.insert_inner(line, true);
         }
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear_span(&mut self) -> bool {
-        if let TextSelection::Span { start, end } = self.text.selection {
-            self.delete_between(start, end);
-            let (start, _) = sort_cursors(start, end);
-            self.text.selection = TextSelection::Pos(start);
-            true
-        } else {
-            false
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn delete_between(&mut self, start: Cursor, end: Cursor) {
-        let lines = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines;
-        let (start, end) = sort_cursors(start, end);
-        if start.line == end.line {
-            let line = &mut lines[start.line];
-            let text = line.text();
-            let text = text[..start.index].to_string() + &text[end.index..];
-            edit_line(line, text);
-        } else {
-            // start
-            let start_text = lines[start.line].text()[..start.index].to_string();
-            let end_text = &lines[end.line].text()[end.index..];
-            let text = start_text + end_text;
-            edit_line(&mut lines[start.line], text);
-        }
-        // between
-        let range = (start.line + 1)..=end.line;
-        if !range.is_empty() {
-            lines.splice(range, None);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn insert_inner(&mut self, text: &str, mov: bool) {
         self.clear_span();
-        if let TextSelection::Pos(cursor) = &mut self.text.selection {
-            let line = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines[cursor.line];
-            let mut line_text = line.text().to_string();
-            line_text.insert_str(cursor.index, text);
-            edit_line(line, line_text);
-            if mov {
-                for _ in 0..text.chars().count() {
-                    self.motion(Motion::Right, false);
-                }
-            }
+        let at = match self.text.selection {
+            Some(sel) => sel.focus().index(),
+            None => return,
+        };
+        let at = at.min(self.text.view.buf.text().len());
+        self.text.view.buf.edit().insert_str(at, text);
+        self.text.view.buf.changed = true;
+        self.set_caret(at + text.len());
+    }
+
+    /// True when there was a span to remove.
+    pub fn clear_span(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let Some(sel) = self.text.selection else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        if sel.is_collapsed() {
+            return false;
         }
+        let range = sel.text_range();
+        self.text.view.buf.edit().replace_range(range.clone(), "");
+        self.text.view.buf.changed = true;
+        self.set_caret(range.start);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn set_caret(&mut self, index: usize) {
+        let index = index.min(self.text.view.buf.text().len());
+        let layout = self.layout();
+        self.text.selection = Some(Selection::from_byte_index(
+            layout,
+            index,
+            Affinity::default(),
+        ));
     }
 
     pub fn newline(&mut self) {
-        if self.text.mode == EditMode::SingleLine {
-            return;
-        }
-        self.clear_span();
-        if let TextSelection::Pos(cursor) = &mut self.text.selection {
-            let lines = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines;
-            let line = &mut lines[cursor.line];
-            let new = line.split_off(cursor.index);
-            cursor.line += 1;
-            lines.insert(cursor.line, new);
-            cursor.index = 0;
+        if self.text.mode == EditMode::MultiLine {
+            self.insert_str("\n");
         }
     }
 
     pub fn backspace(&mut self, word: bool) {
-        if !self.clear_span()
-            && let TextSelection::Pos(cursor) = &mut self.text.selection
-            && (cursor.index != 0 || cursor.line != 0)
-        {
-            self.motion(if word { Motion::LeftWord } else { Motion::Left }, false);
-            self.delete(word);
+        if self.clear_span() {
+            return;
         }
+        let Some(sel) = self.text.selection else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let end = sel.focus().index();
+        if end == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        let start = {
+            let layout = self.layout();
+            if word {
+                sel.focus().previous_logical_word(layout).index()
+            } else {
+                let Some(cluster) = sel.focus().logical_clusters(layout)[0] else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                let range = cluster.text_range();
+                if cluster.is_hard_line_break() || cluster.is_emoji() {
+                    range.start
+                } else {
+                    self.text.view.buf.text()[..range.end]
+                        .char_indices()
+                        .next_back()
+                        .map_or(range.start, |(start, _)| start)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        self.delete_range(start, end);
     }
 
     pub fn delete(&mut self, word: bool) {
-        if !self.clear_span()
-            && let TextSelection::Pos(cursor) = &mut self.text.selection
-        {
+        if self.clear_span() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(sel) = self.text.selection else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let start = sel.focus().index();
+        if start >= self.text.view.buf.text().len() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let end = {
+            let layout = self.layout();
             if word {
-                let start = *cursor;
-                if let Some(end) = self.buf_motion(start, Motion::RightWord) {
-                    self.delete_between(start, end);
-                }
+                sel.focus().next_logical_word(layout).index()
             } else {
-                let lines = &mut self.text.view.buf.lines;
-                let line = &mut lines[cursor.line];
-                if cursor.index == line.text().len() {
-                    if cursor.line == lines.len() - 1 {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    let add = lines.remove(cursor.line + 1).into_text();
-                    let line = &mut lines[cursor.line];
-                    let mut cur = line.text().to_string();
-                    cur.push_str(&add);
-                    edit_line(line, cur);
-                } else {
-                    let mut text = line.text().to_string();
-                    text.remove(cursor.index);
-                    edit_line(line, text);
-                }
+                let clusters = sel.focus().logical_clusters(layout);
+                let Some(cluster) = clusters[1].as_ref() else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                cluster.text_range().end
             }
-        }
+        };
+        self.delete_range(start, end);
     }
 
-    fn buf_motion(&mut self, cursor: Cursor, motion: Motion) -> Option<Cursor> {
-        self.text
-            .buf
-            .cursor_motion(self.font_system, cursor, None, motion)
-            .map(|r| r.0)
+    fn delete_range(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize) {
+        let len = self.text.view.buf.text().len();
+        let (start, end) = (start.min(end).min(len), start.max(end).min(len));
+        if start == end {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.text.view.buf.edit().replace_range(start..end, "");
+        self.text.view.buf.changed = true;
+        self.set_caret(start);
     }
 
-    pub fn select_word_at(&mut self, cursor: Cursor) {
-        if let (Some(start), Some(end)) = (
-            self.buf_motion(cursor, Motion::LeftWord),
-            self.buf_motion(cursor, Motion::RightWord),
-        ) {
-            self.text.selection = TextSelection::Span { start, end };
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn select_line_at(&mut self, cursor: Cursor) {
-        let end = self.text.buf.lines[cursor.line].text().len();
-        self.text.selection = TextSelection::Span {
-            start: Cursor::new(cursor.line, 0),
-            end: Cursor::new(cursor.line, end),
+    pub fn select_all(&mut self) {
+        let len = self.text.view.buf.text().len();
+        if len == 0 {
+            return;
         }
+        let layout = self.layout();
+        let anchor = parley::Cursor::from_byte_index(layout, 0, Affinity::default());
+        let focus = parley::Cursor::from_byte_index(layout, len, Affinity::default());
+        self.text.selection = Some(Selection::new(anchor, focus));
     }
 
     pub fn select(&mut self, pos: Vec2, size: Vec2, drag: bool, recent: bool) {
         let pos = pos - self.text.region().top_left().to_abs(size);
-        let hit = self.text.buf.hit(pos.x, pos.y);
-        let sel = &mut self.text.selection;
-        match sel {
-            TextSelection::None => {
-                if !drag && let Some(hit) = hit {
-                    *sel = TextSelection::Pos(hit)
-                }
+        let prev_sel = self.text.selection;
+        let prev_hit = self.text.double_hit;
+
+        let outcome = {
+            let layout = self.layout();
+            if drag {
+                prev_sel.map(|sel| (Some(sel.extend_to_point(layout, pos.x, pos.y)), prev_hit))
+            } else {
+                let hit = Selection::from_point(layout, pos.x, pos.y);
+                let index = hit.focus().index();
+                // Successive clicks at one index select the word, then the line.
+                Some(if recent && prev_hit == Some(index) {
+                    (Some(Selection::line_from_point(layout, pos.x, pos.y)), None)
+                } else if recent && prev_sel.map(|s| s.focus().index()) == Some(index) {
+                    (
+                        Some(Selection::word_from_point(layout, pos.x, pos.y)),
+                        Some(index),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    (Some(hit), None)
+                })
             }
-            TextSelection::Pos(pos) => match (hit, drag) {
-                (None, false) => *sel = TextSelection::None,
-                (None, true) => (),
-                (Some(hit), false) => {
-                    if recent && hit == *pos {
-                        self.text.double_hit = Some(hit);
-                        return self.select_word_at(hit);
-                    } else {
-                        *pos = hit
-                    }
-                }
-                (Some(end), true) => *sel = TextSelection::Span { start: *pos, end },
-            },
-            TextSelection::Span { start, end } => match (hit, drag) {
-                (None, false) => *sel = TextSelection::None,
-                (None, true) => *sel = TextSelection::Pos(*start),
-                (Some(hit), false) => {
-                    if recent
-                        && let Some(double) = self.text.double_hit
-                        && double == hit
-                    {
-                        return self.select_line_at(hit);
-                    } else {
-                        *sel = TextSelection::Pos(hit)
-                    }
-                }
-                (Some(hit), true) => *end = hit,
-            },
-        }
-        if let TextSelection::Span { start, end } = sel
-            && start == end
-        {
-            *sel = TextSelection::Pos(*start);
+        };
+
+        if let Some((selection, double_hit)) = outcome {
+            self.text.selection = selection;
+            self.text.double_hit = double_hit;
         }
     }
 
     pub fn deselect(&mut self) {
-        self.text.selection = TextSelection::None;
+        self.text.selection = None;
+        self.text.double_hit = None;
     }
 
     pub fn apply_event(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent, modifiers: &Modifiers) -> TextInputResult {
-        let old = (self.text.content(), self.text.selection);
+        let old = (self.text.view.buf.text().to_string(), self.text.selection);
         let mut undo = false;
         let res = self.apply_event_inner(event, modifiers, &mut undo);
-        if undo && let Some((old, selection)) = self.text.history.pop() {
-            self.set(&old);
-            self.text.selection = selection;
-        } else if self.text.content() != old.0 {
+        if undo {
+            if let Some((old, selection)) = self.text.history.pop() {
+                self.set(&old);
+                self.text.selection = selection;
+                self.refresh();
+            }
+        } else if self.text.view.buf.text() != old.0 {
             self.text.history.push(old);
         }
         res
@@ -481,21 +364,25 @@ impl<'a> TextEditCtx<'a> {
                     }
                 }
                 NamedKey::ArrowRight => {
-                    if modifiers.control {
-                        self.motion(Motion::RightWord, modifiers.shift)
+                    let motion = if modifiers.control {
+                        Motion::RightWord
                     } else {
-                        self.motion(Motion::Right, modifiers.shift)
-                    }
+                        Motion::Right
+                    };
+                    self.motion(motion, modifiers.shift);
                 }
                 NamedKey::ArrowLeft => {
-                    if modifiers.control {
-                        self.motion(Motion::LeftWord, modifiers.shift)
+                    let motion = if modifiers.control {
+                        Motion::LeftWord
                     } else {
-                        self.motion(Motion::Left, modifiers.shift)
-                    }
+                        Motion::Left
+                    };
+                    self.motion(motion, modifiers.shift);
                 }
                 NamedKey::ArrowUp => self.motion(Motion::Up, modifiers.shift),
                 NamedKey::ArrowDown => self.motion(Motion::Down, modifiers.shift),
+                NamedKey::Home => self.motion(Motion::LineStart, modifiers.shift),
+                NamedKey::End => self.motion(Motion::LineEnd, modifiers.shift),
                 NamedKey::Escape => {
                     self.deselect();
                     return TextInputResult::Unfocus;
@@ -507,34 +394,18 @@ impl<'a> TextEditCtx<'a> {
                     match text.as_str() {
                         "v" => return TextInputResult::Paste,
                         "c" => {
-                            if let TextSelection::Span { start, end } = self.text.selection {
-                                let content = self.text.select_content(start, end);
+                            if let Some(content) = self.text.selected_text() {
                                 return TextInputResult::Copy(content);
                             }
                         }
                         "x" => {
-                            if let TextSelection::Span { start, end } = self.text.selection {
-                                let content = self.text.select_content(start, end);
+                            if let Some(content) = self.text.selected_text() {
                                 self.clear_span();
                                 return TextInputResult::Copy(content);
                             }
                         }
-                        "a" => {
-                            if !self.text.buf.lines[0].text().is_empty()
-                                || self.text.buf.lines.len() > 1
-                            {
-                                let lines = &self.text.buf.lines;
-                                let last_line = lines.len() - 1;
-                                let last_idx = lines[last_line].text().len();
-                                self.text.selection = TextSelection::Span {
-                                    start: Cursor::new(0, 0),
-                                    end: Cursor::new(last_line, last_idx),
-                                };
-                            }
-                        }
-                        "z" => {
-                            *undo = true;
-                        }
+                        "a" => self.select_all(),
+                        "z" => *undo = true,
                         _ => self.insert(text),
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -547,6 +418,24 @@ impl<'a> TextEditCtx<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+fn apply_motion(
+    sel: Selection,
+    layout: &Layout<UiColor>,
+    motion: Motion,
+    extend: bool,
+) -> Selection {
+    match motion {
+        Motion::Left => sel.previous_visual(layout, extend),
+        Motion::Right => sel.next_visual(layout, extend),
+        Motion::LeftWord => sel.previous_visual_word(layout, extend),
+        Motion::RightWord => sel.next_visual_word(layout, extend),
+        Motion::Up => sel.previous_line(layout, extend),
+        Motion::Down => sel.next_line(layout, extend),
+        Motion::LineStart => sel.line_start(layout, extend),
+        Motion::LineEnd => sel.line_end(layout, extend),
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct Modifiers {
     pub shift: bool,
@@ -569,33 +458,6 @@ pub enum TextInputResult {
     Paste,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum TextSelection {
-    #[default]
-    None,
-    Pos(Cursor),
-    Span {
-        start: Cursor,
-        end: Cursor,
-    },
-}
-
-impl TextSelection {
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        match self {
-            TextSelection::None => (),
-            TextSelection::Pos(cursor) => {
-                cursor.line = 0;
-                cursor.index = 0;
-                cursor.affinity = Affinity::default();
-            }
-            TextSelection::Span { start: _, end: _ } => {
-                *self = TextSelection::None;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl TextInputResult {
     pub fn unfocus(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, TextInputResult::Unfocus)
@@ -617,15 +479,15 @@ impl DerefMut for TextEdit {
 }
 
 pub trait TextEditable {
-    fn edit<'a>(&self, ui: &'a mut impl HasUi) -> TextEditCtx<'a>;
+    fn edit<'a>(&self, ui: &'a mut impl UiRsc) -> TextEditCtx<'a>;
 }
 
 impl<I: IdLike<Widget = TextEdit>> TextEditable for I {
-    fn edit<'a>(&self, ui: &'a mut impl HasUi) -> TextEditCtx<'a> {
+    fn edit<'a>(&self, ui: &'a mut impl UiRsc) -> TextEditCtx<'a> {
         let ui = ui.ui_mut();
         TextEditCtx {
             text: ui.widgets.get_mut(self).unwrap(),
-            font_system: &mut ui.text.font_system,
+            data: &mut ui.text,
         }
     }
 }

src/widget/text/mod.rs

@@ -6,11 +6,8 @@ pub use edit::*;
 use iris_core::util::MutDetect;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
-use cosmic_text::{Attrs, BufferLine, Cursor, Metrics, Shaping};
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
-pub const SHAPING: Shaping = Shaping::Advanced;
-
 pub struct Text {
     pub content: MutDetect<String>,
     view: TextView,
@@ -22,11 +19,22 @@ pub struct TextView {
     // cache
     tex: Option<RenderedText>,
     width: Option<f32>,
-    pub hint: Option<WidgetHandle>,
+    pub hint: Option<StrongWidget>,
 }
 
 impl TextView {
-    pub fn new(buf: TextBuffer, attrs: TextAttrs, hint: Option<WidgetHandle>) -> Self {
+    fn is_blank(&self) -> bool {
+        self.buf.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// The width used by the cached layout.
+    pub fn wrap_width(&self) -> Option<f32> {
+        self.width
+    }
+}
+
+impl TextView {
+    pub fn new(buf: TextBuffer, attrs: TextAttrs, hint: Option<StrongWidget>) -> Self {
         Self {
             attrs: attrs.into(),
             buf: buf.into(),
@@ -45,15 +53,6 @@ impl TextView {
             .align(self.align)
     }
 
-    fn tex_region(&self, tex: &RenderedText) -> UiRegion {
-        let region = tex.size.align(self.align);
-        let dims = tex.handle.size();
-        let mut region = region.offset(tex.top_left_offset);
-        region.x.end = region.x.start + UiScalar::abs(dims.x);
-        region.y.end = region.y.start + UiScalar::abs(dims.y);
-        region
-    }
-
     fn render(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> RenderedText {
         let width = if self.attrs.wrap {
             Some(ctx.px_size().x)
@@ -68,10 +67,7 @@ impl TextView {
             return tex.clone();
         }
         self.width = width;
-        let font_system = &mut ctx.text.font_system;
-        self.attrs.apply(font_system, &mut self.buf, width);
-        self.buf.shape_until_scroll(font_system, false);
-        let tex = ctx.draw_text(&mut self.buf, &self.attrs);
+        let tex = ctx.draw_text(&mut self.buf, &self.attrs, width);
         self.tex = Some(tex.clone());
         self.attrs.changed = false;
         self.buf.changed = false;
@@ -81,9 +77,8 @@ impl TextView {
         self.tex.as_ref()
     }
     pub fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        if let Some(hint) = &self.hint
-            && let [line] = &self.buf.lines[..]
-            && line.text().is_empty()
+        if self.is_blank()
+            && let Some(hint) = &self.hint
         {
             ctx.width(hint)
         } else {
@@ -91,9 +86,8 @@ impl TextView {
         }
     }
     pub fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        if let Some(hint) = &self.hint
-            && let [line] = &self.buf.lines[..]
-            && line.text().is_empty()
+        if self.is_blank()
+            && let Some(hint) = &self.hint
         {
             ctx.height(hint)
         } else {
@@ -102,47 +96,35 @@ impl TextView {
     }
     pub fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> UiRegion {
         let tex = self.render(&mut painter.size_ctx());
-        let region = self.tex_region(&tex);
-        if let Some(hint) = &self.hint
-            && let [line] = &self.buf.lines[..]
-            && line.text().is_empty()
+        let region = tex.size.align(self.align);
+        if self.is_blank()
+            && let Some(hint) = &self.hint
         {
             painter.widget(hint);
         } else {
-            painter.texture_within(&tex.handle, region);
+            let within = region.within(&painter.region());
+            painter.glyphs(&tex, within);
         }
         region
     }
 
     pub fn content(&self) -> String {
-        self.buf
-            .lines
-            .iter()
-            .map(|l| l.text())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join("\n")
+        self.buf.text().to_string()
     }
 }
 
 impl Text {
     pub fn new(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
-        let attrs = TextAttrs::default();
-        let buf = TextBuffer::new_empty(Metrics::new(attrs.font_size, attrs.line_height));
+        let content: String = content.into();
         Self {
-            content: content.into().into(),
-            view: TextView::new(buf, attrs, None),
+            view: TextView::new(TextBuffer::new(&content), TextAttrs::default(), None),
+            content: content.into(),
         }
     }
-    fn update_buf(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) {
+    fn update_buf(&mut self, _ctx: &mut SizeCtx) {
         if self.content.changed {
             self.content.changed = false;
-            self.view.buf.set_text(
-                &mut ctx.text.font_system,
-                &self.content,
-                &Attrs::new().family(self.view.attrs.family),
-                SHAPING,
-                None,
-            );
+            self.view.buf.set_text(self.content.as_str());
         }
     }
 }
@@ -164,16 +146,6 @@ impl Widget for Text {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn sort_cursors(a: Cursor, b: Cursor) -> (Cursor, Cursor) {
-    let start = a.min(b);
-    let end = a.max(b);
-    (start, end)
-}
-
-pub fn edit_line(line: &mut BufferLine, text: String) {
-    line.set_text(text, line.ending(), line.attrs_list().clone());
-}
-
 impl Deref for Text {
     type Target = TextAttrs;
 

src/widget/trait_fns.rs

@@ -3,35 +3,35 @@ use crate::prelude::*;
 
 // these methods should "not require any context" (require unit) because they're in core
 widget_trait! {
-    pub trait CoreWidget<State: HasUi + StateLike<State> + 'static>;
+    pub trait CoreWidget<Rsc: UiRsc + 'static>;
 
-    fn pad(self, padding: impl Into<Padding>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Pad> {
+    fn pad(self, padding: impl Into<Padding>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Pad> {
         |state| Pad {
             padding: padding.into(),
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
         }
     }
 
-    fn align(self, align: impl Into<Align>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Aligned> {
+    fn align(self, align: impl Into<Align>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Aligned> {
         move |state| Aligned {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
             align: align.into(),
         }
     }
 
-    fn center(self) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Aligned> {
+    fn center(self) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Aligned> {
         self.align(Align::CENTER)
     }
 
-    fn label(self, label: impl Into<String>) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, WL::Widget> {
+    fn label(self, label: impl Into<String>) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, WL::Widget> {
         |state| {
             let id = self.add(state);
-            state.get_mut().set_label(id, label.into());
+            state.ui_mut().widgets.set_label(id, label.into());
             id
         }
     }
 
-    fn sized(self, size: impl Into<Size>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Sized> {
+    fn sized(self, size: impl Into<Size>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Sized> {
         let size = size.into();
         move |state| Sized {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn max_width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, MaxSize> {
+    fn max_width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, MaxSize> {
         let len = len.into();
         move |state| MaxSize {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn max_height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, MaxSize> {
+    fn max_height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, MaxSize> {
         let len = len.into();
         move |state| MaxSize {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Sized> {
+    fn width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Sized> {
         let len = len.into();
         move |state| Sized {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Sized> {
+    fn height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Sized> {
         let len = len.into();
         move |state| Sized {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
@@ -76,65 +76,64 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn offset(self, amt: impl Into<UiVec2>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Offset> {
+    fn offset(self, amt: impl Into<UiVec2>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Offset> {
         move |state| Offset {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
             amt: amt.into(),
         }
     }
 
-    fn scrollable(self) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State, Scroll> where State: HasEvents {
-        use eventable::*;
+    fn scrollable(self) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc, Scroll> where Rsc: HasEvents {
         move |state| {
             Scroll::new(self.add_strong(state), Axis::Y)
-                .on(CursorSense::Scroll, |ctx: &mut EventIdCtx<'_, State::State, CursorData<'_>, Scroll>| {
+                .on(CursorSense::Scroll, |ctx, rsc| {
                     let delta = ctx.data.scroll_delta.y * 50.0;
-                    ctx.widget().scroll(delta);
+                    ctx.widget(rsc).scroll(delta);
                 })
                 .add(state)
         }
     }
 
-    fn masked(self) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Masked> {
+    fn masked(self) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Masked> {
         move |state| Masked {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
         }
     }
 
-    fn background<T>(self, w: impl WidgetLike<State, T>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Stack> {
+    fn background<T>(self, w: impl WidgetLike<Rsc, T>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Stack> {
         move |state| Stack {
             children: vec![w.add_strong(state), self.add_strong(state)],
             size: StackSize::Child(1),
         }
     }
 
-    fn foreground<T>(self, w: impl WidgetLike<State, T>) -> impl WidgetFn<State, Stack> {
+    fn foreground<T>(self, w: impl WidgetLike<Rsc, T>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Stack> {
         move |state| Stack {
             children: vec![self.add_strong(state), w.add_strong(state)],
             size: StackSize::Child(0),
         }
     }
 
-    fn layer_offset(self, offset: usize) -> impl WidgetFn<State, LayerOffset> {
+    fn layer_offset(self, offset: usize) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, LayerOffset> {
         move |state| LayerOffset {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
             offset,
         }
     }
 
-    fn to_any(self) -> impl WidgetIdFn<State> {
+    fn to_any(self) -> impl WidgetIdFn<Rsc> {
         |state| self.add(state)
     }
 
-    fn set_ptr(self, ptr: WidgetRef<WidgetPtr>, state: &mut State) {
+    fn set_ptr(self, ptr: WeakWidget<WidgetPtr>, state: &mut Rsc) {
         let id = self.add_strong(state);
-        state.get_mut()[ptr].inner = Some(id);
+        state.ui_mut().widgets[ptr].inner = Some(id);
     }
 }
 
-pub trait CoreWidgetArr<State, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Tag>, Tag> {
-    fn span(self, dir: Dir) -> SpanBuilder<State, LEN, Wa, Tag>;
-    fn stack(self) -> StackBuilder<State, LEN, Wa, Tag>;
+pub trait CoreWidgetArr<Rsc, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<Rsc, LEN, Tag>, Tag> {
+    fn span(self, dir: Dir) -> SpanBuilder<Rsc, LEN, Wa, Tag>;
+    fn stack(self) -> StackBuilder<Rsc, LEN, Wa, Tag>;
 }
 
 impl<State, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Tag>, Tag>

tests/text_edit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+fn editor(text: &str, mode: EditMode) -> (TextEdit, TextData) {
+    let view = TextView::new(TextBuffer::new(text), TextAttrs::default(), None);
+    (TextEdit::new(view, mode), TextData::default())
+}
+
+fn press(edit: &mut TextEditCtx<'_>, x: f32) {
+    edit.select(vec2(x, 10.0), vec2(400.0, 200.0), false, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pressing_an_empty_field_places_input() {
+    let (mut text, mut data) = editor("", EditMode::SingleLine);
+    let mut edit = TextEditCtx {
+        text: &mut text,
+        data: &mut data,
+    };
+
+    press(&mut edit, 40.0);
+    edit.insert("hello");
+
+    assert_eq!(edit.text.content(), "hello");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn preedit_replaces_the_previous_composition() {
+    let (mut text, mut data) = editor("", EditMode::SingleLine);
+    let mut edit = TextEditCtx {
+        text: &mut text,
+        data: &mut data,
+    };
+
+    press(&mut edit, 0.0);
+    edit.replace(0, "に");
+    edit.replace(1, "日本");
+
+    assert_eq!(edit.text.content(), "日本");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn backspace_respects_utf8_boundaries() {
+    let (mut text, mut data) = editor("aé", EditMode::SingleLine);
+    let mut edit = TextEditCtx {
+        text: &mut text,
+        data: &mut data,
+    };
+
+    press(&mut edit, f32::MAX);
+    edit.backspace(false);
+
+    assert_eq!(edit.text.content(), "a");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn typing_replaces_the_selection() {
+    let (mut text, mut data) = editor("hello", EditMode::SingleLine);
+    let mut edit = TextEditCtx {
+        text: &mut text,
+        data: &mut data,
+    };
+
+    edit.select_all();
+    edit.insert("goodbye");
+
+    assert_eq!(edit.text.content(), "goodbye");
+}