more wrestling

src/ir/upper/ident.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// a generic identifier for all (identifiable) kinds
+/// eg. a::b::c.d.e
+/// or a::Result<T,_>
+pub struct UIdent {
+    pub status: IdentStatus,
+    pub origin: Origin,
+}
+
+pub enum IdentStatus {
+    Res(Res),
+    Unres {
+        base: ResBase,
+        path: Vec<MemberIdent>,
+    },
+    Failed(Option<ResErr>),
+    Cooked,
+}
+
+pub struct MemberIdent {
+    pub ty: MemberTy,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub gargs: Vec<TypeID>,
+    pub origin: Origin,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum MemberTy {
+    Member,
+    Field,
+}
+
+impl MemberTy {
+    pub fn sep(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            MemberTy::Member => "::",
+            MemberTy::Field => ".",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for MemberTy {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(match self {
+            MemberTy::Member => "member",
+            MemberTy::Field => "field",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Res {
+    Var(VarID),
+    Fn(FnInst),
+    Struct(StructInst),
+    Type(TypeID),
+    Generic(GenericID),
+    Module(ModID),
+}
+
+impl Res {
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> KindTy {
+        match self {
+            Res::Var(..) => KindTy::Var,
+            Res::Fn(..) => KindTy::Fn,
+            Res::Struct(..) => KindTy::Struct,
+            Res::Type(..) => KindTy::Type,
+            Res::Module(..) => KindTy::Module,
+            Res::Generic(..) => KindTy::Generic,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn display_str(&self, p: &UProgram) -> String {
+        let name = match self {
+            Res::Var(id) => &p.vars[id].name,
+            Res::Fn(fi) => &p.fns[fi.id].name,
+            Res::Struct(si) => &p.structs[si.id].name,
+            Res::Type(id) => &p.type_name(id),
+            Res::Generic(id) => &p.generics[id].name,
+            Res::Module(id) => &p.modules[id].name,
+        };
+        format!("{} '{}'", self.kind(), name)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum ResBase {
+    Unvalidated(MemRes),
+    Validated(Res),
+}
+
+impl ResBase {
+    pub fn display_str(&self, p: &UProgram) -> String {
+        match self {
+            ResBase::Unvalidated(uv) => uv.display_str(p),
+            ResBase::Validated(res) => res.display_str(p),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MemRes {
+    pub mem: Member,
+    pub origin: Origin,
+    pub gargs: Vec<TypeID>,
+}
+
+impl MemRes {
+    pub fn display_str(&self, p: &UProgram) -> String {
+        self.mem.id.display_str(p)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IdentID {
+    pub fn var(&self, p: &UProgram) -> Option<VarID> {
+        match p.idents[self].status {
+            IdentStatus::Res(Res::Var(id)) => Some(id),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn fun<'a>(&self, p: &'a UProgram) -> Option<&'a FnInst> {
+        match &p.idents[self].status {
+            IdentStatus::Res(Res::Fn(i)) => Some(&i),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn struc<'a>(&self, p: &'a UProgram) -> Option<&'a StructInst> {
+        match &p.idents[self].status {
+            IdentStatus::Res(Res::Struct(i)) => Some(&i),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/ir/upper/instr.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,31 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use super::{arch::riscv64::RV64Instruction, DataID, IdentID, Origin, ResStage, Unresolved};
+use super::{arch::riscv64::RV64Instruction, *};
 use crate::compiler::arch::riscv::Reg;
 
+pub trait ResStage {
+    type Var;
+    type Func;
+    type Struct;
+    type Type;
+}
+
+pub struct Unresolved;
+impl ResStage for Unresolved {
+    type Var = IdentID;
+    type Func = IdentID;
+    type Struct = IdentID;
+    type Type = IdentID;
+}
+
+pub struct Resolved;
+impl ResStage for Resolved {
+    type Var = VarID;
+    type Func = FnInst;
+    type Struct = StructInst;
+    type Type = TypeID;
+}
+
 pub enum UInstruction<S: ResStage = Unresolved> {
     Mv {
         dst: S::Var,

src/ir/upper/kind.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! all main IR Upper data structures stored in UProgram
 
-use super::{FnInst, ResErr, StructInst, Type, UInstrInst, UInstruction, UProgram};
+use super::*;
 use crate::{
     common::FileSpan,
     ir::{Len, ID},
@@ -10,29 +10,6 @@ use std::{
     fmt::{Debug, Display},
 };
 
-pub trait ResStage {
-    type Var;
-    type Func;
-    type Struct;
-    type Type;
-}
-
-pub struct Unresolved;
-impl ResStage for Unresolved {
-    type Var = IdentID;
-    type Func = IdentID;
-    type Struct = IdentID;
-    type Type = IdentID;
-}
-
-pub struct Resolved;
-impl ResStage for Resolved {
-    type Var = VarID;
-    type Func = FnInst;
-    type Struct = StructInst;
-    type Type = TypeID;
-}
-
 pub type NamePath = Vec<String>;
 
 pub type FnID = ID<UFunc>;
@@ -79,55 +56,6 @@ pub struct UVar {
     pub children: HashMap<String, VarID>,
 }
 
-/// a generic identifier for all (identifiable) kinds
-/// eg. a::b::c.d.e
-/// or a::Result<T,_>
-pub struct UIdent {
-    pub status: IdentStatus,
-    pub origin: Origin,
-}
-
-pub enum IdentStatus {
-    Res(Res),
-    Unres {
-        base: ResBase,
-        path: Vec<MemberIdent>,
-    },
-    Failed(Option<ResErr>),
-    Cooked,
-}
-
-pub struct MemberIdent {
-    pub ty: MemberTy,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub gargs: Vec<TypeID>,
-    pub origin: Origin,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum MemberTy {
-    Member,
-    Field,
-}
-
-impl MemberTy {
-    pub fn sep(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            MemberTy::Member => "::",
-            MemberTy::Field => ".",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for MemberTy {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(match self {
-            MemberTy::Member => "member",
-            MemberTy::Field => "field",
-        })
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct VarOffset {
     pub id: VarID,
@@ -186,7 +114,7 @@ impl MemberID {
             MemberID::Fn(id) => &p.fns[id].name,
             MemberID::Struct(id) => &p.structs[id].name,
             MemberID::Module(id) => &p.modules[id].name,
-            MemberID::Type(id) => &p.type_name(id),
+            MemberID::Type(def) => &p.type_name(def.ty),
         };
         format!("{} '{}'", self.kind(), name)
     }
@@ -218,90 +146,6 @@ impl Display for KindTy {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum Res {
-    Var(VarID),
-    Fn(FnInst),
-    Struct(StructInst),
-    Type(TypeID),
-    Generic(GenericID),
-    Module(ModID),
-}
-
-impl Res {
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> KindTy {
-        match self {
-            Res::Var(..) => KindTy::Var,
-            Res::Fn(..) => KindTy::Fn,
-            Res::Struct(..) => KindTy::Struct,
-            Res::Type(..) => KindTy::Type,
-            Res::Module(..) => KindTy::Module,
-            Res::Generic(..) => KindTy::Generic,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn display_str(&self, p: &UProgram) -> String {
-        let name = match self {
-            Res::Var(id) => &p.vars[id].name,
-            Res::Fn(fi) => &p.fns[fi.id].name,
-            Res::Struct(si) => &p.structs[si.id].name,
-            Res::Type(id) => &p.type_name(id),
-            Res::Generic(id) => &p.generics[id].name,
-            Res::Module(id) => &p.modules[id].name,
-        };
-        format!("{} '{}'", self.kind(), name)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub enum ResBase {
-    Unvalidated(MemRes),
-    Validated(Res),
-}
-
-impl ResBase {
-    pub fn display_str(&self, p: &UProgram) -> String {
-        match self {
-            ResBase::Unvalidated(uv) => uv.display_str(p),
-            ResBase::Validated(res) => res.display_str(p),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct MemRes {
-    pub mem: Member,
-    pub origin: Origin,
-    pub gargs: Vec<TypeID>,
-}
-
-impl MemRes {
-    pub fn display_str(&self, p: &UProgram) -> String {
-        self.mem.id.display_str(p)
-    }
-}
-
-impl IdentID {
-    pub fn var(&self, p: &UProgram) -> Option<VarID> {
-        match p.idents[self].status {
-            IdentStatus::Res(Res::Var(id)) => Some(id),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn fun<'a>(&self, p: &'a UProgram) -> Option<&'a FnInst> {
-        match &p.idents[self].status {
-            IdentStatus::Res(Res::Fn(i)) => Some(&i),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn struc<'a>(&self, p: &'a UProgram) -> Option<&'a StructInst> {
-        match &p.idents[self].status {
-            IdentStatus::Res(Res::Struct(i)) => Some(&i),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl UFunc {
     pub fn flat_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UInstrInst> {
         InstrIter::new(self.instructions.iter())

src/ir/upper/mod.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod program;
 mod ty;
 mod resolve;
 mod error;
+mod ident;
 
 use super::*;
 
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@ pub use program::*;
 pub use ty::*;
 pub use error::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
+pub use ident::*;

src/ir/upper/program.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ impl UProgram {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         let mut types = Vec::new();
         let tc = TypeCache {
-            unit: push_id(&mut types, Type::Unit),
+            unit: push_id(&mut types, Type::Real(RType::Unit)),
             error: push_id(&mut types, Type::Error),
         };
         Self {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl UProgram {
     }
 
     pub fn infer(&mut self) -> TypeID {
-        self.def_ty(Type::Infer)
+        self.def_ty(RType::Infer.ty())
     }
 
     pub fn def_var(&mut self, v: UVar) -> VarID {
@@ -79,14 +79,15 @@ impl UProgram {
 
     pub fn type_name(&self, ty: impl Typed) -> String {
         match ty.ty(self) {
-            Type::Struct(ty) => {
+            Type::Real(rty) => match rty {
+                RType::Struct(ty) => {
                     format!(
                         "{}{}",
                         self.structs[ty.id].name,
                         self.gparams_str(&ty.gargs)
                     )
                 }
-            Type::FnRef(ty) => {
+                RType::FnRef(ty) => {
                     format!(
                         "fn{}({}) -> {}",
                         &self.gparams_str(&ty.gargs),
@@ -94,16 +95,18 @@ impl UProgram {
                         &self.type_name(self.fns[ty.id].ret)
                     )
                 }
-            Type::Ref(t) => format!("{}&", self.type_name(t)),
+                RType::Ref(t) => format!("{}&", self.type_name(t)),
-            Type::Deref(t) => format!("{}^", self.type_name(t)),
+                RType::Deref(t) => format!("{}^", self.type_name(t)),
-            Type::Bits(size) => format!("b{}", size),
+                RType::Bits(size) => format!("b{}", size),
-            Type::Array(t, len) => format!("[{}; {len}]", self.type_name(t)),
+                RType::Array(t, len) => format!("[{}; {len}]", self.type_name(t)),
-            Type::Unit => "()".to_string(),
+                RType::Unit => "()".to_string(),
-            Type::Slice(t) => format!("&[{}]", self.type_name(t)),
+                RType::Slice(t) => format!("&[{}]", self.type_name(t)),
+                RType::Infer => "{inferred}".to_string(),
+            },
             Type::Error => "{error}".to_string(),
-            Type::Infer => "{inferred}".to_string(),
             Type::Unres(_) => "{unresolved}".to_string(),
             Type::Generic(id) => self.generics[id].name.clone(),
+            Type::Ptr(id) => self.type_name(id),
         }
     }
 

src/ir/upper/resolve.rs

@@ -1,773 +0,0 @@
-use super::{
-    inst_fn_var, inst_type, inst_typedef, inst_var, push_id, report_errs, resolve_refs, validate_gargs, ControlFlowOp, DataID, FnInst, IdentID, IdentStatus, KindTy, MemberID, MemberTy, Origin, Res, ResBase, ResErr, StructInst, Type, TypeID, TypeMismatch, UData, UFunc, UGeneric, UIdent, UInstrInst, UInstruction, UModule, UProgram, UStruct, UVar, VarID
-};
-use crate::{
-    common::CompilerOutput,
-    ir::{MemRes, Member},
-};
-use std::{
-    collections::HashSet,
-    convert::Infallible,
-    ops::{BitOrAssign, FromResidual},
-};
-
-// dawg this file is way too long
-// this is the omega file tho that's super cool
-
-impl UProgram {
-    pub fn resolve(&mut self, output: &mut CompilerOutput) {
-        let mut unfinished = Vec::new();
-        let mut data = ResData {
-            unfinished: Vec::new(),
-            changed: false,
-            types: &mut self.types,
-            s: Sources {
-                idents: &mut self.idents,
-                vars: &mut self.vars,
-                fns: &self.fns,
-                structs: &self.structs,
-                generics: &self.generics,
-                data: &self.data,
-                modules: &self.modules,
-            },
-            errs: Vec::new(),
-        };
-        for (fid, f) in self.fns.iter().enumerate() {
-            for i in &f.instructions {
-                resolve_instr(
-                    &mut data,
-                    ResolveCtx {
-                        ret: f.ret,
-                        breakable: false,
-                        i,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-            // this currently works bc expressions create temporary variables
-            // although you can't do things like loop {return 3} (need to analyze control flow)
-            if !matches!(data.types[f.ret], Type::Unit)
-                && f.instructions
-                    .last()
-                    .is_none_or(|i| !matches!(i.i, UInstruction::Ret { .. }))
-            {
-                data.errs.push(ResErr::NoReturn { fid });
-            }
-        }
-        while !data.unfinished.is_empty() && data.changed {
-            data.changed = false;
-            std::mem::swap(&mut data.unfinished, &mut unfinished);
-            for ctx in unfinished.drain(..) {
-                resolve_instr(&mut data, ctx);
-            }
-        }
-        let errs = data.errs;
-        report_errs(self, output, errs);
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct ResolveCtx<'a> {
-    ret: TypeID,
-    breakable: bool,
-    i: &'a UInstrInst,
-}
-
-pub fn resolve_instr<'a>(data: &mut ResData<'a>, ctx: ResolveCtx<'a>) -> Option<()> {
-    let mut res = InstrRes::Finished;
-    match &ctx.i.i {
-        UInstruction::Call { dst, f, args } => {
-            let fi = data.res_id::<UFunc>(f, ctx)?;
-            let f = &data.s.fns[fi.id];
-            for (src, &dest) in args.iter().zip(&f.args) {
-                res |= data.match_types::<UVar, UVar>(dest, src, src);
-            }
-            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, Type>(dst, f.ret, dst);
-        }
-        UInstruction::Mv { dst, src } => {
-            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, UVar>(dst, src, src);
-        }
-        UInstruction::Ref { dst, src } => {
-            let dstid = data.res_var_ty(dst, ctx)?;
-            let Type::Ref(dest_ty) = data.types[dstid] else {
-                compiler_error()
-            };
-            res |= data.match_types::<Type, UVar>(dest_ty, src, src);
-        }
-        UInstruction::Deref { dst, src } => {
-            let srcid = data.res_var_ty(src, ctx)?;
-            let Type::Ref(src_ty) = data.types[srcid] else {
-                let origin = src.origin(data);
-                data.errs.push(ResErr::CannotDeref { origin, ty: srcid });
-                return None;
-            };
-            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, Type>(dst, src_ty, src);
-        }
-        UInstruction::LoadData { dst, src } => {
-            let srcid = src.type_id(&data.s);
-            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, Type>(dst, srcid, dst);
-        }
-        UInstruction::LoadSlice { dst, src } => {
-            let dstid = data.res_var_ty(dst, ctx)?;
-            let srcid = src.type_id(&data.s);
-            let Type::Slice(dstty) = data.types[dstid] else {
-                compiler_error()
-            };
-            let Type::Array(srcty, _) = data.types[srcid] else {
-                compiler_error()
-            };
-            res |= data.match_types(dstty, srcty, dst);
-        }
-        UInstruction::AsmBlock { instructions, args } => {
-            // TODO
-        }
-        UInstruction::Ret { src } => {
-            res |= data.match_types::<Type, UVar>(ctx.ret, src, src);
-        }
-        UInstruction::Construct { dst, struc, fields } => {
-            let si = data.res_id::<UStruct>(dst, ctx)?;
-            let sid = si.id;
-            let st = &data.s.structs[sid];
-            let mut used = HashSet::new();
-            for (name, field) in &st.fields {
-                if let Some(src) = fields.get(name) {
-                    used.insert(name);
-                    res |= data.match_types::<Type, UVar>(field.ty, src, src);
-                } else {
-                    let origin = dst.origin(data);
-                    data.errs.push(ResErr::MissingField {
-                        origin,
-                        id: sid,
-                        name: name.clone(),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-            for (name, _) in fields {
-                if !used.contains(name) {
-                    let origin = dst.origin(data);
-                    data.errs.push(ResErr::UnknownStructField {
-                        origin,
-                        id: sid,
-                        name: name.clone(),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        UInstruction::If { cond, body } => {
-            if let Some(id) = data.res_var_ty(cond, ctx) {
-                if !matches!(data.types[id], Type::Bits(64)) {
-                    let origin = cond.origin(data);
-                    data.errs.push(ResErr::CondType { origin, ty: id });
-                }
-            }
-            for i in body {
-                resolve_instr(
-                    data,
-                    ResolveCtx {
-                        ret: ctx.ret,
-                        breakable: ctx.breakable,
-                        i,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        UInstruction::Loop { body } => {
-            for i in body {
-                resolve_instr(
-                    data,
-                    ResolveCtx {
-                        ret: ctx.ret,
-                        breakable: true,
-                        i,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        UInstruction::Break => {
-            if !ctx.breakable {
-                data.errs.push(ResErr::BadControlFlow {
-                    op: ControlFlowOp::Break,
-                    origin: ctx.i.origin,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-        UInstruction::Continue => {
-            if !ctx.breakable {
-                data.errs.push(ResErr::BadControlFlow {
-                    op: ControlFlowOp::Continue,
-                    origin: ctx.i.origin,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    match res {
-        InstrRes::Finished => (),
-        InstrRes::Unfinished => data.unfinished.push(ctx),
-    }
-    return None;
-}
-
-fn compiler_error() -> ! {
-    // TODO: this is probably a compiler error / should never happen
-    panic!("how could this happen to me (you)");
-}
-
-pub fn match_types(data: &mut ResData, dst: impl TypeIDed, src: impl TypeIDed) -> MatchRes {
-    let dstid = data.res_ty(&dst)?;
-    let srcid = data.res_ty(&src)?;
-    if dstid == srcid {
-        return MatchRes::Finished;
-    }
-    let error = || {
-        MatchRes::Error(vec![TypeMismatch {
-            dst: dstid,
-            src: srcid,
-        }])
-    };
-    match (data.types[dstid].clone(), data.types[srcid].clone()) {
-        (Type::Error, _) | (_, Type::Error) => MatchRes::Finished,
-        (Type::Infer, Type::Infer) => MatchRes::Unfinished,
-        (Type::Infer, x) => {
-            data.changed = true;
-            data.types[dstid] = x;
-            dst.finish(&mut data.s, data.types);
-            MatchRes::Finished
-        }
-        (x, Type::Infer) => {
-            data.changed = true;
-            data.types[srcid] = x;
-            src.finish(&mut data.s, data.types);
-            MatchRes::Finished
-        }
-        (Type::Struct(dest), Type::Struct(src)) => {
-            if dest.id != src.id {
-                return error();
-            }
-            match_all(data, dest.gargs.iter().cloned(), src.gargs.iter().cloned())
-        }
-        // (
-        //     Type::Fn {
-        //         args: dst_args,
-        //         ret: dst_ret,
-        //     },
-        //     Type::Fn {
-        //         args: src_args,
-        //         ret: src_ret,
-        //     },
-        // ) => {
-        //     let dst = dst_args.into_iter().chain(once(dst_ret));
-        //     let src = src_args.into_iter().chain(once(src_ret));
-        //     match_all(data, dst, src)
-        // }
-        (Type::Ref(dest), Type::Ref(src)) => match_types(data, dest, src),
-        (Type::Slice(dest), Type::Slice(src)) => match_types(data, dest, src),
-        (Type::Array(dest, dlen), Type::Array(src, slen)) => {
-            if dlen == slen {
-                match_types(data, dest, src)
-            } else {
-                error()
-            }
-        }
-        _ => error(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn match_all(
-    data: &mut ResData,
-    dst: impl Iterator<Item = TypeID>,
-    src: impl Iterator<Item = TypeID>,
-) -> MatchRes {
-    let mut finished = true;
-    let mut errors = Vec::new();
-    for (dst, src) in dst.zip(src) {
-        match match_types(data, dst, src) {
-            MatchRes::Unfinished => finished = false,
-            MatchRes::Error(errs) => errors.extend(errs),
-            MatchRes::Finished => (),
-        }
-    }
-    if finished {
-        if errors.is_empty() {
-            MatchRes::Finished
-        } else {
-            MatchRes::Error(errors)
-        }
-    } else {
-        MatchRes::Unfinished
-    }
-}
-
-struct Sources<'a> {
-    idents: &'a mut [UIdent],
-    vars: &'a mut Vec<UVar>,
-    fns: &'a [UFunc],
-    structs: &'a [UStruct],
-    generics: &'a [UGeneric],
-    data: &'a [UData],
-    modules: &'a [UModule],
-}
-
-struct ResData<'a> {
-    unfinished: Vec<ResolveCtx<'a>>,
-    changed: bool,
-    types: &'a mut Vec<Type>,
-    s: Sources<'a>,
-    errs: Vec<ResErr>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> ResData<'a> {
-    pub fn match_types<Dst: ResKind, Src: ResKind>(
-        &mut self,
-        dst: impl Resolvable<Dst>,
-        src: impl Resolvable<Src>,
-        origin: impl HasOrigin,
-    ) -> InstrRes
-    where
-        Dst::Res: TypeIDed,
-        Src::Res: TypeIDed,
-    {
-        let dst = dst
-            .try_res(&mut self.s, self.types, &mut self.errs, &mut self.changed)?
-            .type_id(&self.s);
-        let src = src
-            .try_res(&mut self.s, self.types, &mut self.errs, &mut self.changed)?
-            .type_id(&self.s);
-        let res = match_types(self, dst, src);
-        match res {
-            MatchRes::Unfinished => InstrRes::Unfinished,
-            MatchRes::Finished => InstrRes::Finished,
-            MatchRes::Error(es) => {
-                self.errs.push(ResErr::Type {
-                    errs: es,
-                    origin: origin.origin(self),
-                    dst,
-                    src,
-                });
-                InstrRes::Finished
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn try_res_id<K: ResKind>(&mut self, x: impl Resolvable<K>) -> Result<K::Res, InstrRes> {
-        x.try_res(
-            &mut self.s,
-            &mut self.types,
-            &mut self.errs,
-            &mut self.changed,
-        )
-    }
-    pub fn res_var_ty<'b: 'a>(
-        &mut self,
-        x: impl Resolvable<UVar>,
-        ctx: ResolveCtx<'b>,
-    ) -> Option<TypeID> {
-        self.res_id::<UVar>(x, ctx).map(|i| i.type_id(&self.s))
-    }
-    pub fn res_id<'b: 'a, K: ResKind>(
-        &mut self,
-        x: impl Resolvable<K>,
-        ctx: ResolveCtx<'b>,
-    ) -> Option<K::Res> {
-        match self.try_res_id(x) {
-            Ok(id) => return Some(id),
-            Err(InstrRes::Unfinished) => self.unfinished.push(ctx),
-            Err(InstrRes::Finished) => (),
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
-    pub fn res_ty(&mut self, x: &impl TypeIDed) -> Result<TypeID, InstrRes> {
-        let id = resolve_refs(self.types, x.type_id(&self.s));
-        Ok(if let Type::Unres(ident) = self.types[id] {
-            match self.try_res_id::<Type>(ident) {
-                Ok(nid) => {
-                    // this does NOT feel good lmao
-                    self.types[id] = self.types[nid].clone();
-                    x.finish(&mut self.s, self.types);
-                    nid
-                }
-                Err(res) => return Err(res),
-            }
-        } else {
-            id
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum MatchRes {
-    Unfinished,
-    Finished,
-    Error(Vec<TypeMismatch>),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum InstrRes {
-    Finished,
-    Unfinished,
-}
-
-impl MemRes {
-    pub fn validate(
-        &self,
-        fns: &[UFunc],
-        structs: &[UStruct],
-        generics: &[UGeneric],
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-    ) -> Result<Res, Option<ResErr>> {
-        let no_gargs = || {
-            if self.gargs.len() > 0 {
-                Err(ResErr::GenericCount {
-                    origin: self.origin,
-                    expected: 0,
-                    found: self.gargs.len(),
-                })
-            } else {
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        };
-        Ok(match &self.mem.id {
-            &MemberID::Fn(id) => {
-                validate_gargs(
-                    &fns[id].gargs,
-                    &self.gargs,
-                    generics,
-                    types,
-                    errs,
-                    self.origin,
-                )?;
-                Res::Fn(FnInst {
-                    id,
-                    gargs: self.gargs.clone(),
-                })
-            }
-            &MemberID::Struct(id) => {
-                validate_gargs(
-                    &structs[id].gargs,
-                    &self.gargs,
-                    generics,
-                    types,
-                    errs,
-                    self.origin,
-                )?;
-                Res::Struct(StructInst {
-                    id,
-                    gargs: self.gargs.clone(),
-                })
-            }
-            &MemberID::Var(id) => {
-                no_gargs()?;
-                Res::Var(id)
-            }
-            &MemberID::Module(id) => {
-                no_gargs()?;
-                Res::Module(id)
-            }
-            MemberID::Type(def) => {
-                validate_gargs(&def.gargs, &self.gargs, generics, types, errs, self.origin)?;
-                inst_typedef(def, &self.gargs, types);
-                Res::Type(def.ty)
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl IdentID {
-    pub fn resolve(
-        self,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        changed: &mut bool,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-    ) -> Result<Res, InstrRes> {
-        let status = &mut s.idents[self].status;
-        // TOOD: there are some clones here that shouldn't be needed
-        Ok(match status {
-            IdentStatus::Res(r) => r.clone(),
-            IdentStatus::Unres { path, base } => {
-                while let Some(mem) = path.pop() {
-                    let res = match base {
-                        ResBase::Unvalidated(u) => {
-                            match u.validate(s.fns, s.structs, s.generics, types, errs) {
-                                Ok(res) => res,
-                                Err(err) => {
-                                    *status = IdentStatus::Failed(err);
-                                    return Err(InstrRes::Finished);
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                        ResBase::Validated(res) => res.clone(),
-                    };
-                    *base = match (res, mem.ty) {
-                        (Res::Module(id), MemberTy::Member) => {
-                            let Some(m) = s.modules[id].members.get(&mem.name) else {
-                                return Err(InstrRes::Unfinished);
-                            };
-                            ResBase::Unvalidated(MemRes {
-                                mem: m.clone(),
-                                origin: mem.origin,
-                                gargs: mem.gargs,
-                            })
-                        }
-                        (Res::Var(id), MemberTy::Field) => {
-                            // trait resolution here
-                            let Some(&child) = s.vars[id].children.get(&mem.name) else {
-                                return Err(InstrRes::Unfinished);
-                            };
-                            ResBase::Unvalidated(MemRes {
-                                mem: Member {
-                                    id: MemberID::Var(child),
-                                },
-                                origin: mem.origin,
-                                gargs: mem.gargs,
-                            })
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            *status = IdentStatus::Failed(Some(ResErr::UnknownMember {
-                                origin: mem.origin,
-                                ty: mem.ty,
-                                name: mem.name.clone(),
-                                parent: base.clone(),
-                            }));
-                            return Err(InstrRes::Finished);
-                        }
-                    };
-                }
-                let res = match base {
-                    ResBase::Unvalidated(u) => {
-                        match u.validate(s.fns, s.structs, s.generics, types, errs) {
-                            Ok(res) => res,
-                            Err(err) => {
-                                *status = IdentStatus::Failed(err);
-                                return Err(InstrRes::Finished);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    ResBase::Validated(res) => res.clone(),
-                };
-                *status = IdentStatus::Res(res.clone());
-                *changed = true;
-                res
-            }
-            IdentStatus::Cooked => return Err(InstrRes::Finished),
-            IdentStatus::Failed(_) => return Err(InstrRes::Finished),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl BitOrAssign for InstrRes {
-    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
-        match rhs {
-            InstrRes::Finished => (),
-            InstrRes::Unfinished => *self = InstrRes::Unfinished,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FromResidual<Option<Infallible>> for InstrRes {
-    fn from_residual(_: Option<Infallible>) -> Self {
-        Self::Unfinished
-    }
-}
-
-trait Resolvable<K: ResKind> {
-    fn try_res(
-        &self,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-        changed: &mut bool,
-    ) -> Result<K::Res, InstrRes>;
-}
-
-impl<K: ResKind> Resolvable<K> for IdentID {
-    fn try_res(
-        &self,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-        changed: &mut bool,
-    ) -> Result<K::Res, InstrRes> {
-        let origin = s.idents[self].origin;
-        let res = self.resolve(s, types, changed, errs)?;
-        match K::from_res(res, types, s, origin) {
-            Ok(res) => Ok(res),
-            Err(res) => {
-                errs.push(ResErr::KindMismatch {
-                    origin,
-                    expected: K::ty(),
-                    found: res,
-                });
-                Err(InstrRes::Finished)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<K: ResKind> Resolvable<K> for &IdentID {
-    fn try_res(
-        &self,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-        changed: &mut bool,
-    ) -> Result<K::Res, InstrRes> {
-        Resolvable::<K>::try_res(*self, s, types, errs, changed)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Resolvable<UVar> for VarID {
-    fn try_res(
-        &self,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-        changed: &mut bool,
-    ) -> Result<<UVar as ResKind>::Res, InstrRes> {
-        Ok(*self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Resolvable<Type> for TypeID {
-    fn try_res(
-        &self,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-        changed: &mut bool,
-    ) -> Result<<Type as ResKind>::Res, InstrRes> {
-        Ok(*self)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait ResKind {
-    type Res;
-    fn ty() -> KindTy;
-    fn from_res(
-        res: Res,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        origin: Origin,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Res, Res>;
-}
-
-impl ResKind for UFunc {
-    type Res = FnInst;
-    fn ty() -> KindTy {
-        KindTy::Fn
-    }
-    fn from_res(res: Res, _: &mut Vec<Type>, _: &mut Sources, _: Origin) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
-        match res {
-            Res::Fn(fi) => Ok(fi),
-            _ => Err(res),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ResKind for UVar {
-    type Res = VarID;
-    fn ty() -> KindTy {
-        KindTy::Var
-    }
-    fn from_res(
-        res: Res,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        origin: Origin,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
-        Ok(match res {
-            Res::Fn(fty) => inst_fn_var(fty, s.fns, origin, s.vars, types),
-            Res::Var(id) => id,
-            _ => return Err(res),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl ResKind for UStruct {
-    type Res = StructInst;
-    fn ty() -> KindTy {
-        KindTy::Struct
-    }
-    fn from_res(res: Res, _: &mut Vec<Type>, _: &mut Sources, _: Origin) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
-        match res {
-            Res::Struct(si) => Ok(si),
-            _ => Err(res),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ResKind for Type {
-    type Res = TypeID;
-    fn ty() -> KindTy {
-        KindTy::Type
-    }
-    fn from_res(
-        res: Res,
-        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-        s: &mut Sources,
-        _: Origin,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
-        Ok(match res {
-            Res::Struct(si) => push_id(types, Type::Struct(si)),
-            Res::Type(id) => id,
-            _ => return Err(res),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait TypeIDed {
-    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID;
-    fn finish(&self, s: &mut Sources, types: &mut Vec<Type>) {}
-}
-
-impl TypeIDed for TypeID {
-    fn type_id(&self, _: &Sources) -> TypeID {
-        *self
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypeIDed for VarID {
-    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID {
-        s.vars[self].ty
-    }
-    fn finish(&self, s: &mut Sources, types: &mut Vec<Type>) {
-        inst_var(s.vars, s.structs, *self, types);
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypeIDed for DataID {
-    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID {
-        s.data[self].ty
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: TypeIDed> TypeIDed for &T {
-    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID {
-        (*self).type_id(s)
-    }
-}
-
-impl FromResidual<Result<Infallible, InstrRes>> for InstrRes {
-    fn from_residual(residual: Result<Infallible, InstrRes>) -> Self {
-        match residual {
-            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
-            Err(r) => r,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-trait HasOrigin {
-    fn origin(&self, data: &ResData) -> Origin;
-}
-
-impl HasOrigin for &IdentID {
-    fn origin(&self, data: &ResData) -> Origin {
-        data.s.idents[*self].origin
-    }
-}
-impl FromResidual<Result<Infallible, MatchRes>> for MatchRes {
-    fn from_residual(residual: Result<Infallible, MatchRes>) -> Self {
-        match residual {
-            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
-            Err(r) => r,
-        }
-    }
-}

src/ir/upper/resolve/error.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-use crate::common::{CompilerMsg, CompilerOutput};
+use crate::{
+    common::{CompilerMsg, CompilerOutput},
+    ir::RType,
+};
 
 use super::{
-    IdentStatus, KindTy, MemRes, MemberTy, Origin, Res, ResBase, StructID, Type, TypeID, UProgram
+    IdentStatus, KindTy, MemberTy, Origin, Res, ResBase, StructID, Type, TypeID, UProgram,
 };
 
 pub fn report_errs(p: &UProgram, output: &mut CompilerOutput, mut errs: Vec<ResErr>) {
@@ -16,7 +19,11 @@ pub fn report_errs(p: &UProgram, output: &mut CompilerOutput, mut errs: Vec<ResE
                     parent: base.clone(),
                 })
             }
-            IdentStatus::Failed(err) => errs.push(err.clone()),
+            IdentStatus::Failed(err) => {
+                if let Some(err) = err {
+                    errs.push(err.clone())
+                }
+            }
             _ => (),
         }
     }
@@ -113,11 +120,7 @@ pub fn report_errs(p: &UProgram, output: &mut CompilerOutput, mut errs: Vec<ResE
     }
     for var in &p.vars {
         match &p.types[var.ty] {
-            Type::Error => output.err(CompilerMsg::new(
+            Type::Real(RType::Infer) => output.err(CompilerMsg::new(
-                format!("Var {:?} is error type!", var.name),
-                var.origin,
-            )),
-            Type::Infer => output.err(CompilerMsg::new(
                 format!("Type of {:?} cannot be inferred", var.name),
                 var.origin,
             )),

src/ir/upper/resolve/ident.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+use super::*;
+
+impl MemRes {
+    pub fn validate(
+        &self,
+        fns: &[UFunc],
+        structs: &[UStruct],
+        generics: &[UGeneric],
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+    ) -> Result<Res, Option<ResErr>> {
+        let no_gargs = || {
+            if self.gargs.len() > 0 {
+                Err(ResErr::GenericCount {
+                    origin: self.origin,
+                    expected: 0,
+                    found: self.gargs.len(),
+                })
+            } else {
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(match &self.mem.id {
+            &MemberID::Fn(id) => {
+                validate_gargs(
+                    &fns[id].gargs,
+                    &self.gargs,
+                    generics,
+                    types,
+                    errs,
+                    self.origin,
+                )?;
+                Res::Fn(FnInst {
+                    id,
+                    gargs: self.gargs.clone(),
+                })
+            }
+            &MemberID::Struct(id) => {
+                validate_gargs(
+                    &structs[id].gargs,
+                    &self.gargs,
+                    generics,
+                    types,
+                    errs,
+                    self.origin,
+                )?;
+                Res::Struct(StructInst {
+                    id,
+                    gargs: self.gargs.clone(),
+                })
+            }
+            &MemberID::Var(id) => {
+                no_gargs()?;
+                Res::Var(id)
+            }
+            &MemberID::Module(id) => {
+                no_gargs()?;
+                Res::Module(id)
+            }
+            MemberID::Type(def) => {
+                validate_gargs(&def.gargs, &self.gargs, generics, types, errs, self.origin)?;
+                inst_typedef(def, &self.gargs, types);
+                Res::Type(def.ty)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl IdentID {
+    pub fn resolve(
+        self,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        changed: &mut bool,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+    ) -> Result<Res, ResolveRes> {
+        let status = &mut s.idents[self].status;
+        // TOOD: there are some clones here that shouldn't be needed
+        Ok(match status {
+            IdentStatus::Res(r) => r.clone(),
+            IdentStatus::Unres { path, base } => {
+                while let Some(mem) = path.pop() {
+                    let res = match base {
+                        ResBase::Unvalidated(u) => {
+                            match u.validate(s.fns, s.structs, s.generics, types, errs) {
+                                Ok(res) => res,
+                                Err(err) => {
+                                    *status = IdentStatus::Failed(err);
+                                    return Err(ResolveRes::Finished);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ResBase::Validated(res) => res.clone(),
+                    };
+                    *base = match (res, mem.ty) {
+                        (Res::Module(id), MemberTy::Member) => {
+                            let Some(m) = s.modules[id].members.get(&mem.name) else {
+                                return Err(ResolveRes::Unfinished);
+                            };
+                            ResBase::Unvalidated(MemRes {
+                                mem: m.clone(),
+                                origin: mem.origin,
+                                gargs: mem.gargs,
+                            })
+                        }
+                        (Res::Var(id), MemberTy::Field) => {
+                            // trait resolution here
+                            let Some(&child) = s.vars[id].children.get(&mem.name) else {
+                                return Err(ResolveRes::Unfinished);
+                            };
+                            ResBase::Unvalidated(MemRes {
+                                mem: Member {
+                                    id: MemberID::Var(child),
+                                },
+                                origin: mem.origin,
+                                gargs: mem.gargs,
+                            })
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            *status = IdentStatus::Failed(Some(ResErr::UnknownMember {
+                                origin: mem.origin,
+                                ty: mem.ty,
+                                name: mem.name.clone(),
+                                parent: base.clone(),
+                            }));
+                            return Err(ResolveRes::Finished);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                let res = match base {
+                    ResBase::Unvalidated(u) => {
+                        match u.validate(s.fns, s.structs, s.generics, types, errs) {
+                            Ok(res) => res,
+                            Err(err) => {
+                                *status = IdentStatus::Failed(err);
+                                return Err(ResolveRes::Finished);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ResBase::Validated(res) => res.clone(),
+                };
+                *status = IdentStatus::Res(res.clone());
+                *changed = true;
+                res
+            }
+            IdentStatus::Cooked => return Err(ResolveRes::Finished),
+            IdentStatus::Failed(_) => return Err(ResolveRes::Finished),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn validate_gargs(
+    dst: &[GenericID],
+    src: &[TypeID],
+    generics: &[UGeneric],
+    types: &[Type],
+    errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+    origin: Origin,
+) -> Result<(), Option<ResErr>> {
+    if dst.len() != src.len() {
+        return Err(Some(ResErr::GenericCount {
+            origin,
+            expected: dst.len(),
+            found: src.len(),
+        }));
+    }
+    for (dst, src) in dst.iter().zip(src.iter()) {
+        let g = &generics[dst];
+        let t = &types[src];
+        // TODO: validate trait constraints
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+

src/ir/upper/resolve/instantiate.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn inst_fn_var(
+    fi: FnInst,
+    fns: &[UFunc],
+    origin: Origin,
+    vars: &mut Vec<UVar>,
+    types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+) -> VarID {
+    let name = fns[fi.id].name.clone();
+    let ty = push_id(types, RType::FnRef(fi).ty());
+    push_id(
+        vars,
+        UVar {
+            name,
+            origin,
+            ty,
+            parent: None,
+            children: HashMap::new(),
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn inst_struct_var(
+    si: StructInst,
+    structs: &[UStruct],
+    origin: Origin,
+    vars: &mut Vec<UVar>,
+    types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+) -> VarID {
+    let name = structs[si.id].name.clone();
+    let ty = push_id(types, RType::Struct(si).ty());
+    let id = push_id(
+        vars,
+        UVar {
+            name,
+            origin,
+            ty,
+            parent: None,
+            children: HashMap::new(),
+        },
+    );
+    inst_var(vars, structs, id, types);
+    id
+}
+
+pub fn inst_var(vars: &mut Vec<UVar>, structs: &[UStruct], id: VarID, types: &mut Vec<Type>) {
+    match real_type(types, vars[id].ty) {
+        RType::Struct(si) => {
+            let fields = &structs[si.id].fields;
+            let s_gargs = &structs[si.id].gargs;
+            let gmap = inst_gmap(s_gargs, &si.gargs);
+            let children = fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, f)| {
+                    (name.clone(), {
+                        let ty = inst_type(f.ty, types, &gmap);
+                        let fid = push_id(
+                            vars,
+                            UVar {
+                                name: name.clone(),
+                                origin: f.origin,
+                                ty,
+                                parent: Some(id),
+                                children: HashMap::new(),
+                            },
+                        );
+                        inst_var(vars, structs, fid, types);
+                        fid
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect();
+            vars[id].children = children;
+        }
+        _ => (),
+    }
+}
+
+/// gargs assumed to be valid
+pub fn inst_typedef(def: &TypeDef, gargs: &[TypeID], types: &mut Vec<Type>) -> TypeID {
+    let gmap = inst_gmap(&def.gargs, &gargs);
+    inst_type(def.ty, types, &gmap)
+}
+
+pub fn inst_gmap(dst: &[GenericID], src: &[TypeID]) -> HashMap<GenericID, TypeID> {
+    let mut gmap = HashMap::new();
+    for (&gid, &tid) in dst.iter().zip(src) {
+        gmap.insert(gid, tid);
+    }
+    gmap
+}
+
+pub fn inst_type(id: TypeID, types: &mut Vec<Type>, gmap: &HashMap<GenericID, TypeID>) -> TypeID {
+    if gmap.len() == 0 {
+        return id;
+    }
+    match inst_type_(id, types, gmap) {
+        Some(new) => new,
+        None => id,
+    }
+}
+
+fn inst_type_(
+    id: TypeID,
+    types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+    gmap: &HashMap<GenericID, TypeID>,
+) -> Option<TypeID> {
+    let ty = match types[id].clone() {
+        Type::Real(rty) => match rty {
+            RType::Bits(_) => return None,
+            RType::Struct(struct_ty) => RType::Struct(StructInst {
+                id: struct_ty.id,
+                gargs: inst_all(&struct_ty.gargs, types, gmap)?,
+            }),
+            RType::FnRef(fn_ty) => RType::FnRef(FnInst {
+                id: fn_ty.id,
+                gargs: inst_all(&fn_ty.gargs, types, gmap)?,
+            }),
+            RType::Ref(id) => RType::Ref(inst_type_(id, types, gmap)?),
+            RType::Slice(id) => RType::Slice(inst_type_(id, types, gmap)?),
+            RType::Array(id, len) => RType::Array(inst_type_(id, types, gmap)?, len),
+            RType::Unit => return None,
+            RType::Generic(gid) => {
+                return gmap
+                    .get(&gid)
+                    .map(|id| Some(*id))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| None)
+            }
+            RType::Infer => RType::Infer,
+        }
+        .ty(),
+        Type::Deref(id) => Type::Deref(inst_type_(id, types, gmap)?),
+        Type::Ptr(id) => Type::Ptr(inst_type_(id, types, gmap)?),
+        Type::Unres(mod_path) => Type::Unres(mod_path.clone()),
+        Type::Error => return None,
+    };
+    Some(push_id(types, ty))
+}
+
+fn inst_all(
+    ids: &[TypeID],
+    types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+    gmap: &HashMap<GenericID, TypeID>,
+) -> Option<Vec<TypeID>> {
+    let mut vec = None;
+    for (i, &id) in ids.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(id) = inst_type_(id, types, gmap) {
+            vec.get_or_insert_with(|| ids.iter().take(i).cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                .push(id);
+        } else if let Some(vec) = &mut vec {
+            vec.push(id)
+        }
+    }
+    vec
+}
+

src/ir/upper/resolve/instr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn resolve_instr<'a>(data: &mut ResData<'a>, ctx: ResolveCtx<'a>) -> Option<()> {
+    let mut res = ResolveRes::Finished;
+    match &ctx.i.i {
+        UInstruction::Call { dst, f, args } => {
+            let fi = data.res_id::<UFunc>(f, ctx)?;
+            let f = &data.s.fns[fi.id];
+            for (src, &dest) in args.iter().zip(&f.args) {
+                res |= data.match_types::<UVar, UVar>(dest, src, src);
+            }
+            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, Type>(dst, f.ret, dst);
+        }
+        UInstruction::Mv { dst, src } => {
+            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, UVar>(dst, src, src);
+        }
+        UInstruction::Ref { dst, src } => {
+            let dstty = data.res_var_ty(dst, ctx)?.0;
+            let &RType::Ref(dest_ty) = dstty else {
+                compiler_error()
+            };
+            res |= data.match_types::<Type, UVar>(dest_ty, src, src);
+        }
+        UInstruction::Deref { dst, src } => {
+            let (srcty, srcid) = data.res_var_ty(src, ctx)?;
+            let &RType::Ref(src_ty) = srcty else {
+                let origin = src.origin(data);
+                data.errs.push(ResErr::CannotDeref { origin, ty: srcid });
+                return None;
+            };
+            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, Type>(dst, src_ty, src);
+        }
+        UInstruction::LoadData { dst, src } => {
+            let srcid = src.type_id(&data.s);
+            res |= data.match_types::<UVar, Type>(dst, srcid, dst);
+        }
+        UInstruction::LoadSlice { dst, src } => {
+            let (dstty, dstid) = data.res_var_ty(dst, ctx)?;
+            let &RType::Slice(dstty) = dstty else {
+                compiler_error()
+            };
+            let srcid = src.type_id(&data.s);
+            let Type::Real(RType::Array(srcty, _)) = data.types[srcid] else {
+                compiler_error()
+            };
+            res |= data.match_types(dstty, srcty, dst);
+        }
+        UInstruction::AsmBlock { instructions, args } => {
+            // TODO
+        }
+        UInstruction::Ret { src } => {
+            res |= data.match_types::<Type, UVar>(ctx.ret, src, src);
+        }
+        UInstruction::Construct { dst, struc, fields } => {
+            let si = data.res_id::<UStruct>(dst, ctx)?;
+            let sid = si.id;
+            let st = &data.s.structs[sid];
+            let mut used = HashSet::new();
+            for (name, field) in &st.fields {
+                if let Some(src) = fields.get(name) {
+                    used.insert(name);
+                    res |= data.match_types::<Type, UVar>(field.ty, src, src);
+                } else {
+                    let origin = dst.origin(data);
+                    data.errs.push(ResErr::MissingField {
+                        origin,
+                        id: sid,
+                        name: name.clone(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            for (name, _) in fields {
+                if !used.contains(name) {
+                    let origin = dst.origin(data);
+                    data.errs.push(ResErr::UnknownStructField {
+                        origin,
+                        id: sid,
+                        name: name.clone(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        UInstruction::If { cond, body } => {
+            if let Some(ty) = data.res_var_ty(cond, ctx) {
+                if !matches!(ty.0, RType::Bits(64)) {
+                    let id = ty.1;
+                    let origin = cond.origin(data);
+                    data.errs.push(ResErr::CondType { origin, ty: id });
+                }
+            }
+            for i in body {
+                resolve_instr(
+                    data,
+                    ResolveCtx {
+                        ret: ctx.ret,
+                        breakable: ctx.breakable,
+                        i,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        UInstruction::Loop { body } => {
+            for i in body {
+                resolve_instr(
+                    data,
+                    ResolveCtx {
+                        ret: ctx.ret,
+                        breakable: true,
+                        i,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        UInstruction::Break => {
+            if !ctx.breakable {
+                data.errs.push(ResErr::BadControlFlow {
+                    op: ControlFlowOp::Break,
+                    origin: ctx.i.origin,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        UInstruction::Continue => {
+            if !ctx.breakable {
+                data.errs.push(ResErr::BadControlFlow {
+                    op: ControlFlowOp::Continue,
+                    origin: ctx.i.origin,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    match res {
+        ResolveRes::Finished => (),
+        ResolveRes::Unfinished => data.unfinished.push(ctx),
+    }
+    return None;
+}

src/ir/upper/resolve/matc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn match_types(data: &mut ResData, dst: impl TypeIDed, src: impl TypeIDed) -> MatchRes {
+    let dstid = dst.type_id(&data.s);
+    let srcid = src.type_id(&data.s);
+    let dstty = data.real_ty(&dst)?.clone();
+    let srcty = data.real_ty(&src)?.clone();
+    let error = || {
+        MatchRes::Error(vec![TypeMismatch {
+            dst: dstid,
+            src: srcid,
+        }])
+    };
+    match (dstty, srcty) {
+        // prefer changing dst over src
+        (RType::Infer, _) => {
+            data.changed = true;
+            data.types[dstid] = Type::Ptr(srcid);
+            dst.finish(&mut data.s, data.types);
+            MatchRes::Finished
+        }
+        (_, RType::Infer) => {
+            data.changed = true;
+            data.types[srcid] = Type::Ptr(dstid);
+            src.finish(&mut data.s, data.types);
+            MatchRes::Finished
+        }
+        (RType::Struct(dest), RType::Struct(src)) => {
+            if dest.id != src.id {
+                return error();
+            }
+            match_all(data, dest.gargs.iter().cloned(), src.gargs.iter().cloned())
+        }
+        // (
+        //     Type::Fn {
+        //         args: dst_args,
+        //         ret: dst_ret,
+        //     },
+        //     Type::Fn {
+        //         args: src_args,
+        //         ret: src_ret,
+        //     },
+        // ) => {
+        //     let dst = dst_args.into_iter().chain(once(dst_ret));
+        //     let src = src_args.into_iter().chain(once(src_ret));
+        //     match_all(data, dst, src)
+        // }
+        (RType::Ref(dest), RType::Ref(src)) => match_types(data, dest, src),
+        (RType::Slice(dest), RType::Slice(src)) => match_types(data, dest, src),
+        (RType::Array(dest, dlen), RType::Array(src, slen)) => {
+            if dlen == slen {
+                match_types(data, dest, src)
+            } else {
+                error()
+            }
+        }
+        _ => error(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn match_all(
+    data: &mut ResData,
+    dst: impl Iterator<Item = TypeID>,
+    src: impl Iterator<Item = TypeID>,
+) -> MatchRes {
+    let mut finished = true;
+    let mut errors = Vec::new();
+    for (dst, src) in dst.zip(src) {
+        match match_types(data, dst, src) {
+            MatchRes::Unfinished => finished = false,
+            MatchRes::Error(errs) => errors.extend(errs),
+            MatchRes::Finished => (),
+        }
+    }
+    if finished {
+        if errors.is_empty() {
+            MatchRes::Finished
+        } else {
+            MatchRes::Error(errors)
+        }
+    } else {
+        MatchRes::Unfinished
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ResData<'a> {
+    pub fn match_types<Dst: ResKind, Src: ResKind>(
+        &mut self,
+        dst: impl Resolvable<Dst>,
+        src: impl Resolvable<Src>,
+        origin: impl HasOrigin,
+    ) -> ResolveRes
+    where
+        Dst::Res: TypeIDed,
+        Src::Res: TypeIDed,
+    {
+        let dst = dst
+            .try_res(&mut self.s, self.types, &mut self.errs, &mut self.changed)?
+            .type_id(&self.s);
+        let src = src
+            .try_res(&mut self.s, self.types, &mut self.errs, &mut self.changed)?
+            .type_id(&self.s);
+        let res = match_types(self, dst, src);
+        match res {
+            MatchRes::Unfinished => ResolveRes::Unfinished,
+            MatchRes::Finished => ResolveRes::Finished,
+            MatchRes::Error(es) => {
+                self.errs.push(ResErr::Type {
+                    errs: es,
+                    origin: origin.origin(self),
+                    dst,
+                    src,
+                });
+                ResolveRes::Finished
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn real_ty(&mut self, x: &impl TypeIDed) -> Result<&RType, MatchRes> {
+        real_type(self.types, x.type_id(&self.s)).map_err(|res| match res {
+            ResolveRes::Finished => MatchRes::Finished,
+            ResolveRes::Unfinished => MatchRes::Unfinished,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum MatchRes {
+    Unfinished,
+    Finished,
+    Error(Vec<TypeMismatch>),
+}
+
+impl FromResidual<Result<Infallible, MatchRes>> for MatchRes {
+    fn from_residual(residual: Result<Infallible, MatchRes>) -> Self {
+        match residual {
+            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Err(r) => r,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/ir/upper/resolve/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::{
+    common::CompilerOutput,
+    ir::{MemRes, Member},
+};
+use std::{
+    convert::Infallible,
+    ops::{BitOrAssign, FromResidual},
+};
+
+mod error;
+mod instr;
+mod matc;
+mod ident;
+mod instantiate;
+
+pub use error::*;
+use instr::*;
+use instantiate::*;
+
+impl UProgram {
+    pub fn resolve(&mut self, output: &mut CompilerOutput) {
+        let mut unfinished = Vec::new();
+        let mut data = ResData {
+            unfinished: Vec::new(),
+            changed: false,
+            types: &mut self.types,
+            s: Sources {
+                idents: &mut self.idents,
+                vars: &mut self.vars,
+                fns: &self.fns,
+                structs: &self.structs,
+                generics: &self.generics,
+                data: &self.data,
+                modules: &self.modules,
+            },
+            errs: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        for (fid, f) in self.fns.iter().enumerate() {
+            for i in &f.instructions {
+                resolve_instr(
+                    &mut data,
+                    ResolveCtx {
+                        ret: f.ret,
+                        breakable: false,
+                        i,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+            // this currently works bc expressions create temporary variables
+            // although you can't do things like loop {return 3} (need to analyze control flow)
+            if data.types[f.ret] != RType::Unit.ty()
+                && f.instructions
+                    .last()
+                    .is_none_or(|i| !matches!(i.i, UInstruction::Ret { .. }))
+            {
+                data.errs.push(ResErr::NoReturn { fid });
+            }
+        }
+        while !data.unfinished.is_empty() && data.changed {
+            data.changed = false;
+            std::mem::swap(&mut data.unfinished, &mut unfinished);
+            for ctx in unfinished.drain(..) {
+                resolve_instr(&mut data, ctx);
+            }
+        }
+        let errs = data.errs;
+        report_errs(self, output, errs);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct ResolveCtx<'a> {
+    ret: TypeID,
+    breakable: bool,
+    i: &'a UInstrInst,
+}
+
+fn compiler_error() -> ! {
+    // TODO: this is probably a compiler error / should never happen
+    panic!("how could this happen to me (you)");
+}
+
+struct Sources<'a> {
+    idents: &'a mut [UIdent],
+    vars: &'a mut Vec<UVar>,
+    fns: &'a [UFunc],
+    structs: &'a [UStruct],
+    generics: &'a [UGeneric],
+    data: &'a [UData],
+    modules: &'a [UModule],
+}
+
+struct ResData<'a> {
+    unfinished: Vec<ResolveCtx<'a>>,
+    changed: bool,
+    types: &'a mut Vec<Type>,
+    s: Sources<'a>,
+    errs: Vec<ResErr>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ResData<'a> {
+    pub fn try_res_id<K: ResKind>(&mut self, x: impl Resolvable<K>) -> Result<K::Res, ResolveRes> {
+        x.try_res(
+            &mut self.s,
+            &mut self.types,
+            &mut self.errs,
+            &mut self.changed,
+        )
+    }
+    pub fn res_var_ty<'b: 'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        x: impl Resolvable<UVar>,
+        ctx: ResolveCtx<'b>,
+    ) -> Option<(&RType, TypeID)> {
+        let id = self.res_id::<UVar>(x, ctx).map(|i| i.type_id(&self.s))?;
+        real_type(self.types, id).ok().map(|ty| (ty, id))
+    }
+    pub fn res_id<'b: 'a, K: ResKind>(
+        &mut self,
+        x: impl Resolvable<K>,
+        ctx: ResolveCtx<'b>,
+    ) -> Option<K::Res> {
+        match self.try_res_id(x) {
+            Ok(id) => return Some(id),
+            Err(ResolveRes::Unfinished) => self.unfinished.push(ctx),
+            Err(ResolveRes::Finished) => (),
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ResolveRes {
+    Finished,
+    Unfinished,
+}
+
+impl BitOrAssign for ResolveRes {
+    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        match rhs {
+            ResolveRes::Finished => (),
+            ResolveRes::Unfinished => *self = ResolveRes::Unfinished,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromResidual<Option<Infallible>> for ResolveRes {
+    fn from_residual(_: Option<Infallible>) -> Self {
+        Self::Unfinished
+    }
+}
+
+trait Resolvable<K: ResKind> {
+    fn try_res(
+        &self,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+        changed: &mut bool,
+    ) -> Result<K::Res, ResolveRes>;
+}
+
+impl<K: ResKind> Resolvable<K> for IdentID {
+    fn try_res(
+        &self,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+        changed: &mut bool,
+    ) -> Result<K::Res, ResolveRes> {
+        let origin = s.idents[self].origin;
+        let res = self.resolve(s, types, changed, errs)?;
+        match K::from_res(res, types, s, origin) {
+            Ok(res) => Ok(res),
+            Err(res) => {
+                errs.push(ResErr::KindMismatch {
+                    origin,
+                    expected: K::ty(),
+                    found: res,
+                });
+                Err(ResolveRes::Finished)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: ResKind> Resolvable<K> for &IdentID {
+    fn try_res(
+        &self,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+        changed: &mut bool,
+    ) -> Result<K::Res, ResolveRes> {
+        Resolvable::<K>::try_res(*self, s, types, errs, changed)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Resolvable<UVar> for VarID {
+    fn try_res(
+        &self,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+        changed: &mut bool,
+    ) -> Result<<UVar as ResKind>::Res, ResolveRes> {
+        Ok(*self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Resolvable<Type> for TypeID {
+    fn try_res(
+        &self,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
+        changed: &mut bool,
+    ) -> Result<<Type as ResKind>::Res, ResolveRes> {
+        Ok(*self)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ResKind {
+    type Res;
+    fn ty() -> KindTy;
+    fn from_res(
+        res: Res,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        origin: Origin,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Res, Res>;
+}
+
+impl ResKind for UFunc {
+    type Res = FnInst;
+    fn ty() -> KindTy {
+        KindTy::Fn
+    }
+    fn from_res(res: Res, _: &mut Vec<Type>, _: &mut Sources, _: Origin) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
+        match res {
+            Res::Fn(fi) => Ok(fi),
+            _ => Err(res),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResKind for UVar {
+    type Res = VarID;
+    fn ty() -> KindTy {
+        KindTy::Var
+    }
+    fn from_res(
+        res: Res,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        origin: Origin,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
+        Ok(match res {
+            Res::Fn(fty) => inst_fn_var(fty, s.fns, origin, s.vars, types),
+            Res::Var(id) => id,
+            _ => return Err(res),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResKind for UStruct {
+    type Res = StructInst;
+    fn ty() -> KindTy {
+        KindTy::Struct
+    }
+    fn from_res(res: Res, _: &mut Vec<Type>, _: &mut Sources, _: Origin) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
+        match res {
+            Res::Struct(si) => Ok(si),
+            _ => Err(res),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResKind for Type {
+    type Res = TypeID;
+    fn ty() -> KindTy {
+        KindTy::Type
+    }
+    fn from_res(
+        res: Res,
+        types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+        s: &mut Sources,
+        _: Origin,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Res, Res> {
+        Ok(match res {
+            Res::Struct(si) => push_id(types, RType::Struct(si).ty()),
+            Res::Type(id) => id,
+            _ => return Err(res),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait TypeIDed {
+    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID;
+    fn finish(&self, s: &mut Sources, types: &mut Vec<Type>) {}
+}
+
+impl TypeIDed for TypeID {
+    fn type_id(&self, _: &Sources) -> TypeID {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeIDed for VarID {
+    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID {
+        s.vars[self].ty
+    }
+    fn finish(&self, s: &mut Sources, types: &mut Vec<Type>) {
+        inst_var(s.vars, s.structs, *self, types);
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeIDed for DataID {
+    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID {
+        s.data[self].ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: TypeIDed> TypeIDed for &T {
+    fn type_id(&self, s: &Sources) -> TypeID {
+        (*self).type_id(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromResidual<Result<Infallible, ResolveRes>> for ResolveRes {
+    fn from_residual(residual: Result<Infallible, ResolveRes>) -> Self {
+        match residual {
+            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Err(r) => r,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+trait HasOrigin {
+    fn origin(&self, data: &ResData) -> Origin;
+}
+
+impl HasOrigin for &IdentID {
+    fn origin(&self, data: &ResData) -> Origin {
+        data.s.idents[*self].origin
+    }
+}

src/ir/upper/ty.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use super::{FnID, GenericID, IdentID, Len, ResolveRes, StructID, TypeID, UProgram, VarID};
-
-use super::{
-    push_id, FnID, GenericID, IdentID, Len, Origin, ResErr, StructID, TypeDef, TypeID, UFunc,
-    UGeneric, UProgram, UStruct, UVar, VarID,
-};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct FieldRef {
@@ -25,23 +20,36 @@ pub struct FnInst {
     pub gargs: Vec<TypeID>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Type {
+    Real(RType),
+    Deref(TypeID),
+    Ptr(TypeID),
+    Unres(IdentID),
+    Error,
+}
+
+/// "real" types
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum RType {
     Bits(u32),
     Struct(StructInst),
-    FnRef(FnInst),
     // this can be added for constraints later (F: fn(...) -> ...)
     // Fn { args: Vec<TypeID>, ret: TypeID },
+    // "fake" types
+    FnRef(FnInst),
     Ref(TypeID),
-    Deref(TypeID),
     Slice(TypeID),
     Array(TypeID, Len),
     Unit,
-    // "fake" types
-    Unres(IdentID),
-    Generic(GenericID),
     Infer,
-    Error,
+    Generic(GenericID),
+}
+
+impl RType {
+    pub const fn ty(self) -> Type {
+        Type::Real(self)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Type {
@@ -61,16 +69,16 @@ impl Type {
 
 impl TypeID {
     pub fn rf(self) -> Type {
-        Type::Ref(self)
+        RType::Ref(self).ty()
     }
     pub fn derf(self) -> Type {
         Type::Deref(self)
     }
     pub fn arr(self, len: Len) -> Type {
-        Type::Array(self, len)
+        RType::Array(self, len).ty()
     }
     pub fn slice(self) -> Type {
-        Type::Slice(self)
+        RType::Slice(self).ty()
     }
 }
 
@@ -80,159 +88,15 @@ impl Type {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn inst_fn_var(
+pub fn real_type(types: &[Type], id: TypeID) -> Result<&RType, ResolveRes> {
-    fi: FnInst,
+    match &types[id] {
-    fns: &[UFunc],
+        Type::Real(rtype) => Ok(rtype),
-    origin: Origin,
+        &Type::Ptr(id) => real_type(types, id),
-    vars: &mut Vec<UVar>,
+        &Type::Deref(id) => match real_type(types, id)? {
-    types: &mut Vec<Type>,
+            &RType::Ref(id) => real_type(types, id),
-) -> VarID {
+            _ => Err(ResolveRes::Finished),
-    let name = fns[fi.id].name.clone();
-    let ty = push_id(types, Type::FnRef(fi));
-    push_id(
-        vars,
-        UVar {
-            name,
-            origin,
-            ty,
-            parent: None,
-            children: HashMap::new(),
         },
-    )
+        Type::Unres(_) => Err(ResolveRes::Unfinished),
-}
+        Type::Error => Err(ResolveRes::Finished),
-
-pub fn inst_struct_var(
-    si: StructInst,
-    structs: &[UStruct],
-    origin: Origin,
-    vars: &mut Vec<UVar>,
-    types: &mut Vec<Type>,
-) -> VarID {
-    let name = structs[si.id].name.clone();
-    let ty = push_id(types, Type::Struct(si));
-    let id = push_id(
-        vars,
-        UVar {
-            name,
-            origin,
-            ty,
-            parent: None,
-            children: HashMap::new(),
-        },
-    );
-    inst_var(vars, structs, id, types);
-    id
-}
-
-pub fn inst_var(vars: &mut Vec<UVar>, structs: &[UStruct], id: VarID, types: &mut Vec<Type>) {
-    match &types[resolve_refs(types, vars[id].ty)] {
-        Type::Struct(si) => {
-            let fields = &structs[si.id].fields;
-            let s_gargs = &structs[si.id].gargs;
-            let gmap = inst_gmap(s_gargs, &si.gargs);
-            let children = fields
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(name, f)| {
-                    (name.clone(), {
-                        let ty = inst_type(f.ty, types, &gmap);
-                        let fid = push_id(
-                            vars,
-                            UVar {
-                                name: name.clone(),
-                                origin: f.origin,
-                                ty,
-                                parent: Some(id),
-                                children: HashMap::new(),
-                            },
-                        );
-                        inst_var(vars, structs, fid, types);
-                        fid
-                    })
-                })
-                .collect();
-            vars[id].children = children;
-        }
-        _ => (),
     }
 }
-
-pub fn resolve_refs(types: &[Type], id: TypeID) -> TypeID {
-    if let Type::Deref(rid) = types[id]
-        && let Type::Ref(nid) = types[rid]
-    {
-        nid
-    } else {
-        id
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn validate_gargs(
-    dst: &[GenericID],
-    src: &[TypeID],
-    generics: &[UGeneric],
-    types: &[Type],
-    errs: &mut Vec<ResErr>,
-    origin: Origin,
-) -> Result<(), Option<ResErr>> {
-    if dst.len() != src.len() {
-        return Err(Some(ResErr::GenericCount {
-            origin,
-            expected: dst.len(),
-            found: src.len(),
-        }));
-    }
-    for (dst, src) in dst.iter().zip(src.iter()) {
-        let g = &generics[dst];
-        let t = &types[src];
-        // TODO: validate trait constraints
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// gargs assumed to be valid
-pub fn inst_typedef(def: &TypeDef, gargs: &[TypeID], types: &mut Vec<Type>) -> TypeID {
-    let gmap = inst_gmap(&def.gargs, &gargs);
-    inst_type(def.ty, types, &gmap)
-}
-
-pub fn inst_gmap(dst: &[GenericID], src: &[TypeID]) -> HashMap<GenericID, TypeID> {
-    let mut gmap = HashMap::new();
-    for (&gid, &tid) in dst.iter().zip(src) {
-        gmap.insert(gid, tid);
-    }
-    gmap
-}
-
-pub fn inst_type(id: TypeID, types: &mut Vec<Type>, gmap: &HashMap<GenericID, TypeID>) -> TypeID {
-    let ty = match types[id].clone() {
-        Type::Bits(_) => return id,
-        Type::Struct(struct_ty) => Type::Struct(StructInst {
-            id: struct_ty.id,
-            gargs: struct_ty
-                .gargs
-                .iter()
-                .map(|id| inst_type(*id, types, gmap))
-                .collect(),
-        }),
-        Type::FnRef(fn_ty) => Type::FnRef(FnInst {
-            id: fn_ty.id,
-            gargs: fn_ty
-                .gargs
-                .iter()
-                .map(|id| inst_type(*id, types, gmap))
-                .collect(),
-        }),
-        Type::Ref(id) => Type::Ref(inst_type(id, types, gmap)),
-        Type::Deref(id) => Type::Deref(inst_type(id, types, gmap)),
-        Type::Slice(id) => Type::Slice(inst_type(id, types, gmap)),
-        Type::Array(id, len) => Type::Array(inst_type(id, types, gmap), len),
-        Type::Unit => Type::Unit,
-        Type::Unres(mod_path) => Type::Unres(mod_path.clone()),
-        Type::Generic(gid) => return gmap.get(&gid).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| id),
-        Type::Infer => Type::Infer,
-        Type::Error => Type::Error,
-    };
-    push_id(types, ty)
-}
-
-// type Test<T, U> = (&T, &U)