Bring the headless rig into the repository (#17)

Reviewed-on: iris/iris#17
Reviewed-by: iris <2+iris@noreply.localhost>
Co-authored-by: iris-ai <4+iris-ai@noreply.localhost>

Cargo.toml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "rt", "rt-multi-thread"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "rt", "rt-multi-thread", "time"] }
 
 [workspace]
-members = ["core", "macro"]
+members = ["core", "macro", "rig-input"]
 
 [workspace.package]
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ edition = "2024"
 [workspace.dependencies]
 pollster = "0.4.0"
 winit = "0.30.12"
-wgpu = "28.0.0"
+wgpu = "30.0.1"
 bytemuck = "1.23.1"
-image = "0.25.6"
+image = "0.25.10"
 parley = "0.11.1"
 swash = "0.2.10"
 fxhash = "0.2.1"
@@ -40,3 +40,5 @@ arboard = "3.6.1"
 iris-core = { path = "core" }
 iris-macro = { path = "macro" }
 tokio = "1.49.0"
+wayland-client = "0.31.15"
+wayland-protocols-wlr = { version = "0.3.12", features = ["client"] }

core/src/event/manager.rs

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ type EventData<Rsc, E> = (E, Rc<dyn for<'a> EventFn<Rsc, <E as Event>::Data<'a>>
 pub struct TypeEventManager<Rsc: HasEvents, E: Event> {
     // TODO: reduce visiblity!!
     pub active: HashMap<LayerId, HashMap<WidgetId, E::State>>,
+    pub global: E::Global,
     map: HashMap<WidgetId, Vec<EventData<Rsc, E>>>,
 }
 
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ impl<Rsc: HasEvents, E: Event> Default for TypeEventManager<Rsc, E> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             active: Default::default(),
+            global: Default::default(),
             map: Default::default(),
         }
     }
@@ -138,11 +140,13 @@ impl<Rsc: HasEvents + 'static, E: Event> TypeEventManager<Rsc, E> {
     pub fn run_fn<'a>(
         &mut self,
         id: impl IdLike,
-    ) -> impl for<'b> FnOnce(EventCtx<'_, Rsc, E::Data<'b>>, &mut Rsc) + 'a {
+    ) -> impl for<'b> FnOnce(EventCtx<'_, Rsc, E::Data<'b>>, &mut Rsc) -> bool + 'a {
         let fs = self.map.get(&id.id()).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
         move |ctx, rsc| {
+            let mut consumed = false;
             for (e, f) in fs {
                 if let Some(data) = e.should_run(&ctx.data) {
+                    consumed |= e.consumes(&data);
                     f(
                         EventCtx {
                             state: ctx.state,
@@ -152,6 +156,7 @@ impl<Rsc: HasEvents + 'static, E: Event> TypeEventManager<Rsc, E> {
                     )
                 }
             }
+            consumed
         }
     }
 }

core/src/event/mod.rs

@@ -9,10 +9,19 @@ pub use rsc::*;
 pub trait Event: Sized + 'static + Clone {
     type Data<'a>: Clone = ();
     type State: Default = ();
+    /// State the whole event type keeps, rather than one copy per widget.
+    type Global: Default = ();
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn should_run<'a>(&self, data: &Self::Data<'a>) -> Option<Self::Data<'a>> {
         Some(data.clone())
     }
+
+    /// Whether having run on this data uses up whatever triggered it, so
+    /// nothing further should see it.
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn consumes(&self, data: &Self::Data<'_>) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait EventLike {

core/src/event/rsc.rs

@@ -21,12 +21,13 @@ pub trait HasEvents: Sized + UiRsc + HasState {
 }
 
 pub trait RunEvents: HasEvents {
+    /// Whether anything that ran used up what triggered it.
     fn run_event<E: EventLike>(
         &mut self,
         id: impl IdLike,
         data: <E::Event as Event>::Data<'_>,
         state: &mut Self::State,
-    ) {
+    ) -> bool {
         let f = self.events_mut().get_type::<E>().run_fn(id);
         f(EventCtx { state, data }, self)
     }

core/src/orientation/pos.rs

@@ -56,13 +56,6 @@ impl UiVec2 {
         }
     }
 
-    pub const fn outside(&self, region: &UiRegion) -> UiVec2 {
-        UiVec2 {
-            x: self.x.outside(&region.x),
-            y: self.y.outside(&region.y),
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn axis_mut(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> &mut UiScalar {
         match axis {
             Axis::X => &mut self.x,
@@ -209,10 +202,12 @@ impl UiScalar {
         }
     }
 
-    pub const fn outside(&self, span: &UiSpan) -> Self {
+    /// Undoes `within`, and `None` where the span has a fixed length: every
-        let rel = self.rel.lerp_inv(span.start.rel, span.end.rel);
+    /// fraction of it lands on the same `rel`, so none can be told apart.
+    pub fn outside(&self, span: &UiSpan) -> Option<Self> {
+        let rel = self.rel.lerp_inv(span.start.rel, span.end.rel)?;
         let abs = self.abs - rel.lerp(span.start.abs, span.end.abs);
-        Self { rel, abs }
+        Some(Self { rel, abs })
     }
 
     pub fn within_len(&self, len: UiScalar) -> Self {
@@ -283,11 +278,11 @@ impl UiSpan {
         }
     }
 
-    pub const fn outside(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
+    pub fn outside(&self, parent: &Self) -> Option<Self> {
-        Self {
+        Some(Self {
-            start: self.start.outside(parent),
+            start: self.start.outside(parent)?,
-            end: self.end.outside(parent),
+            end: self.end.outside(parent)?,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     pub const fn len(&self) -> UiScalar {
@@ -324,14 +319,7 @@ impl UiRegion {
             y: self.y.within(&parent.y),
         }
     }
-    pub const fn outside(&self, parent: &Self) -> Self {
+    pub const fn axis(&self, axis: Axis) -> &UiSpan {
-        Self {
-            x: self.x.outside(&parent.x),
-            y: self.y.outside(&parent.y),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub const fn axis(&mut self, axis: Axis) -> &UiSpan {
         match axis {
             Axis::X => &self.x,
             Axis::Y => &self.y,
@@ -409,6 +397,50 @@ impl UiRegion {
     }
 }
 
+/// Taking a drawing out of one box and putting it in another, checked once
+/// for a whole subtree so that applying it cannot fail.
+///
+/// A box of a fixed length holds each part as an offset from its start rather
+/// than as a fraction of it, so those parts can be carried to a box of the
+/// same length but never stretched to a different one.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Remap {
+    from: UiRegion,
+    to: UiRegion,
+}
+
+impl Remap {
+    pub fn new(from: UiRegion, to: UiRegion) -> Option<Self> {
+        [Axis::X, Axis::Y]
+            .into_iter()
+            .all(|axis| {
+                let (from, to) = (from.axis(axis), to.axis(axis));
+                from.start.rel != from.end.rel || from.len() == to.len()
+            })
+            .then_some(Self { from, to })
+    }
+
+    pub fn apply(&self, region: UiRegion) -> UiRegion {
+        UiRegion {
+            x: Self::span(region.x, self.from.x, self.to.x),
+            y: Self::span(region.y, self.from.y, self.to.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn span(span: UiSpan, from: UiSpan, to: UiSpan) -> UiSpan {
+        match span.outside(&from) {
+            Some(out) => out.within(&to),
+            // `new` admits this only where the two are the same length, so
+            // the difference between their starts is the whole move.
+            None => {
+                let mut span = span;
+                span.shift(to.start - from.start);
+                span
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for UiRegion {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         write!(
@@ -421,7 +453,7 @@ impl Display for UiRegion {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PixelRegion {
     pub top_left: Vec2,
     pub bot_right: Vec2,

core/src/primitive/layer.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
 
 use crate::{
-    render::{MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst, Primitives},
+    render::{LayerDraws, MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst},
     util::to_mut,
 };
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct Child {
     tail: usize,
 }
 
-pub type PrimitiveLayers = Layers<Primitives>;
+pub type DrawLayers = Layers<LayerDraws>;
 
 impl<T: Default> Layers<T> {
     pub fn new() -> Layers<T> {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl<T: Default> Layers<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl PrimitiveLayers {
+impl DrawLayers {
     pub fn write<P: Primitive>(
         &mut self,
         layer: LayerId,

core/src/primitive/text.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    Align, GlyphAtlas, GlyphEntry, GlyphKey, PlacedGlyph, RegionAlign, Textures, UiColor,
+    Align, GlyphAtlas, GlyphEntry, GlyphKey, PlacedGlyph, RegionAlign, UiColor, util::Vec2,
-    util::Vec2,
 };
 use parley::{
     Alignment, AlignmentOptions, FontContext, FontFamily, FontFamilyName, GenericFamily, Layout,
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ impl TextBuffer {
 }
 
 impl TextData {
-    pub fn place(&mut self, buffer: &TextBuffer, textures: &mut Textures) -> Vec<PlacedGlyph> {
+    pub fn place(&mut self, buffer: &TextBuffer) -> Vec<PlacedGlyph> {
         let mut placed = Vec::new();
         for line in buffer.layout.lines() {
             for item in line.items() {
@@ -185,17 +184,14 @@ impl TextData {
                         subpixel,
                         coords: coords_hash,
                     };
-                    let Some(entry) = self.glyph_entry(
+                    let Some(entry) = self.glyph_entry(GlyphRaster {
-                        GlyphRaster {
                         key,
                         font: font_ref,
                         font_size,
                         coords,
                         subpixel,
                         glyph_id: glyph.id,
-                        },
+                    }) else {
-                        textures,
-                    ) else {
                         continue;
                     };
                     placed.push(PlacedGlyph {
@@ -211,11 +207,7 @@ impl TextData {
         placed
     }
 
-    fn glyph_entry(
+    fn glyph_entry(&mut self, glyph: GlyphRaster<'_>) -> Option<GlyphEntry> {
-        &mut self,
-        glyph: GlyphRaster<'_>,
-        textures: &mut Textures,
-    ) -> Option<GlyphEntry> {
         if let Some(entry) = self.atlas.get(&glyph.key) {
             return entry;
         }
@@ -237,7 +229,7 @@ impl TextData {
         .render(&mut scaler, glyph.glyph_id as u16);
 
         if let Some(image) = image {
-            self.atlas.insert(glyph.key, &image, textures)
+            self.atlas.insert(glyph.key, &image)
         } else {
             self.atlas.insert_empty(glyph.key);
             None
@@ -278,10 +270,9 @@ impl TextData {
         buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
         attrs: &TextAttrs,
         width: Option<f32>,
-        textures: &mut Textures,
     ) -> RenderedText {
         buffer.shape(self, attrs, width);
-        let glyphs = self.place(buffer, textures);
+        let glyphs = self.place(buffer);
         RenderedText {
             glyphs,
             size: buffer.size(),

core/src/primitive/texture.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{
+use crate::util::{RefCounter, Vec2};
-    render::TexturePrimitive,
-    util::{RefCounter, Vec2},
-};
 use image::{DynamicImage, GenericImageView};
 use std::{
     ops::Index,
@@ -10,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct TextureHandle {
-    inner: TexturePrimitive,
+    slot: u32,
     size: Vec2,
     counter: RefCounter,
     send: Sender<u32>,
@@ -31,6 +28,8 @@ pub enum TextureUpdate<'a> {
     Set(u32, &'a DynamicImage),
     Patch(u32, PatchRect, &'a DynamicImage),
     Free(u32),
+    /// Added and freed before the renderer drained either update. It still has
+    /// to push a slot to stay lined up with `images`; `Free` then empties it.
     PushFree,
     SetFree,
 }
@@ -64,14 +63,8 @@ impl Textures {
     pub fn add(&mut self, image: impl Into<DynamicImage>) -> TextureHandle {
         let image = image.into();
         let size = image.dimensions().into();
-        let view_idx = self.push(image);
-        // 0 == default in renderer; TODO: actually create samplers here
-        let sampler_idx = 0;
         TextureHandle {
-            inner: TexturePrimitive {
+            slot: self.push(image),
-                view_idx,
-                sampler_idx,
-            },
             size,
             counter: RefCounter::new(),
             send: self.send.clone(),
@@ -92,15 +85,20 @@ impl Textures {
     }
 
     pub fn image_mut(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle) -> &mut DynamicImage {
-        self.images[handle.inner.view_idx as usize]
+        self.images[handle.slot as usize]
             .as_mut()
             .expect("texture was freed while still held")
     }
 
     /// Queue an upload of just `rect`, after writing it with `image_mut`.
     pub fn patch(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, rect: PatchRect) {
-        self.updates
+        self.updates.push(Update::Patch(handle.slot, rect));
-            .push(Update::Patch(handle.inner.view_idx, rect));
+    }
+
+    /// How many textures are live, which is what a ui can ask; the renderer's
+    /// copies follow from the updates it drains.
+    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.images.iter().flatten().count()
     }
 
     pub fn free(&mut self) {
@@ -131,8 +129,9 @@ impl Textures {
 }
 
 impl TextureHandle {
-    pub fn primitive(&self) -> TexturePrimitive {
+    /// Index into `Textures`, and into the renderer's parallel slots.
-        self.inner
+    pub fn slot(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.slot
     }
     pub fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
         self.size
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ impl TextureHandle {
 impl Drop for TextureHandle {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         if self.counter.drop() {
-            let _ = self.send.send(self.inner.view_idx);
+            let _ = self.send.send(self.slot);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ impl Index<&TextureHandle> for Textures {
     type Output = DynamicImage;
 
     fn index(&self, index: &TextureHandle) -> &Self::Output {
-        self.images[index.inner.view_idx as usize].as_ref().unwrap()
+        self.images[index.slot as usize].as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 }
 

core/src/render/atlas.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use crate::{
-    PatchRect, TextureHandle, Textures,
+    PatchRect,
     util::{HashMap, Vec2},
 };
 use image::RgbaImage;
 use swash::scale::image::{Content, Image};
 
-const PAGE: u32 = 1024;
+/// Side of one page, and so of every layer of `render::page`'s array texture.
+pub(crate) const PAGE: u32 = 1024;
 
 /// Transparent margin kept around every glyph, so that sampling one cannot
 /// pick up its neighbour along a shared edge.
@@ -35,8 +36,8 @@ pub struct GlyphEntry {
     pub width: u32,
     pub height: u32,
     pub is_colored: bool,
-    pub view_idx: u32,
+    /// Which atlas array layer this glyph is on.
-    pub sampler_idx: u32,
+    pub layer: u32,
 }
 
 impl GlyphEntry {
@@ -48,18 +49,26 @@ impl GlyphEntry {
 }
 
 struct Page {
-    handle: TextureHandle,
+    image: RgbaImage,
     x: u32,
     y: u32,
     shelf_height: u32,
 }
 
+/// A rectangle of one page the renderer has not uploaded yet.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PageUpload {
+    pub layer: u32,
+    pub rect: PatchRect,
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct GlyphAtlas {
     pages: Vec<Page>,
     /// `None` for a glyph that rasterised to nothing -- a space, say. Cached
     /// too, so it is not re-rasterised on every layout.
     entries: HashMap<GlyphKey, Option<GlyphEntry>>,
+    uploads: Vec<PageUpload>,
 }
 
 impl GlyphAtlas {
@@ -67,12 +76,7 @@ impl GlyphAtlas {
         self.entries.get(key).copied()
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: GlyphKey, image: &Image) -> Option<GlyphEntry> {
-        &mut self,
-        key: GlyphKey,
-        image: &Image,
-        textures: &mut Textures,
-    ) -> Option<GlyphEntry> {
         let w = image.placement.width;
         let h = image.placement.height;
         if w == 0 || h == 0 {
@@ -94,23 +98,11 @@ impl GlyphAtlas {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let (page_idx, x, y) = self.allocate(w, h, textures);
+        let upload = self.allocate(w, h);
-        let page = &self.pages[page_idx];
+        let PatchRect { x, y, .. } = upload.rect;
+        write_glyph(&mut self.pages[upload.layer as usize].image, image, x, y);
+        self.uploads.push(upload);
 
-        let img = textures.image_mut(&page.handle);
-        let rgba = img.as_mut_rgba8().expect("atlas page is rgba8");
-        write_glyph(rgba, image, x, y);
-
-        let handle = page.handle.clone();
-        let rect = PatchRect {
-            x,
-            y,
-            width: w,
-            height: h,
-        };
-        textures.patch(&handle, rect);
-
-        let page = &self.pages[page_idx];
         let scale = 1.0 / PAGE as f32;
         let entry = GlyphEntry {
             uv_min: Vec2::new(x as f32 * scale, y as f32 * scale),
@@ -120,39 +112,60 @@ impl GlyphAtlas {
             width: w,
             height: h,
             is_colored: matches!(image.content, Content::Color),
-            view_idx: page.handle.primitive().view_idx,
+            layer: upload.layer,
-            sampler_idx: page.handle.primitive().sampler_idx,
         };
         self.entries.insert(key, Some(entry));
         Some(entry)
     }
 
-    fn allocate(&mut self, w: u32, h: u32, textures: &mut Textures) -> (usize, u32, u32) {
+    /// Reserves room for a `w` by `h` glyph, adding a page if none has it.
+    fn allocate(&mut self, w: u32, h: u32) -> PageUpload {
+        let rect = |x, y| PatchRect {
+            x,
+            y,
+            width: w,
+            height: h,
+        };
         if let Some((i, (x, y))) = self
             .pages
             .iter_mut()
             .enumerate()
             .find_map(|(i, page)| page.allocate(w, h).map(|position| (i, position)))
         {
-            return (i, x, y);
+            return PageUpload {
+                layer: i as u32,
+                rect: rect(x, y),
+            };
         }
 
-        let handle = textures.add(RgbaImage::new(PAGE, PAGE));
         self.pages.push(Page {
-            handle,
+            image: RgbaImage::new(PAGE, PAGE),
             x: PAD + w + PAD,
             y: PAD,
             shelf_height: h + PAD,
         });
-        (self.pages.len() - 1, PAD, PAD)
+        PageUpload {
+            layer: self.pages.len() as u32 - 1,
+            rect: rect(PAD, PAD),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Drains what has been written since the last call, for the renderer to
+    /// upload. A new page needs nothing more: wgpu leaves the rest of a fresh
+    /// layer transparent, which is what an atlas wants.
+    pub fn uploads(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (PageUpload, &RgbaImage)> {
+        let pages = &self.pages;
+        self.uploads
+            .drain(..)
+            .map(|upload| (upload, &pages[upload.layer as usize].image))
     }
 
     pub fn insert_empty(&mut self, key: GlyphKey) {
         self.entries.insert(key, None);
     }
 
-    pub fn page_count(&self) -> usize {
+    pub fn page_count(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.pages.len()
+        self.pages.len() as u32
     }
 
     pub fn glyph_count(&self) -> usize {

core/src/render/data.rs

@@ -12,20 +12,16 @@ pub struct WindowUniform {
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
 pub struct PrimitiveInstance {
     pub region: UiRegion,
-    pub binding: u32,
-    pub idx: u32,
     pub mask_idx: MaskIdx,
 }
 
 impl PrimitiveInstance {
-    const ATTRIBS: [VertexAttribute; 7] = vertex_attr_array![
+    const ATTRIBS: [VertexAttribute; 5] = vertex_attr_array![
         0 => Float32x2,
         1 => Float32x2,
         2 => Float32x2,
         3 => Float32x2,
         4 => Uint32,
-        5 => Uint32,
-        6 => Uint32,
     ];
 
     pub fn desc() -> VertexBufferLayout<'static> {

core/src/render/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-use std::num::NonZero;
-
 use crate::{
     UiData, UiRenderState,
-    render::{data::PrimitiveInstance, texture::GpuTextures, util::ArrBuf},
+    render::{data::PrimitiveInstance, util::ArrBuf},
     util::{HashMap, Vec2},
 };
 use data::WindowUniform;
@@ -13,6 +11,7 @@ use wgpu::{
 
 mod atlas;
 mod data;
+mod page;
 mod primitive;
 mod texture;
 mod util;
@@ -21,42 +20,63 @@ pub use atlas::*;
 pub use data::{Mask, MaskIdx};
 pub use primitive::*;
 
-const SHAPE_SHADER: &str = include_str!("./shader.wgsl");
+const PRELUDE: &str = include_str!("./shader/prelude.wgsl");
 
 pub struct UiRenderNode {
-    uniform_group: BindGroup,
+    shared_layout: BindGroupLayout,
-    primitive_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    shared_group: BindGroup,
-    rsc_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    format: TextureFormat,
-    rsc_group: BindGroup,
 
-    pipeline: RenderPipeline,
+    /// One per registered primitive, in id order.
+    primitives: Vec<PrimitivePipeline>,
 
     layers: HashMap<usize, RenderLayer>,
     active: Vec<usize>,
     window_buffer: Buffer,
-    textures: GpuTextures,
     masks: ArrBuf<Mask>,
 }
 
 struct RenderLayer {
+    /// One per registered primitive, `None` where this layer draws none.
+    primitives: Vec<Option<ListBuffers>>,
+}
+
+/// What draws one registered primitive.
+struct PrimitivePipeline {
+    data_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    pipeline: RenderPipeline,
+    render: Box<dyn PrimitiveRender>,
+}
+
+/// One list's vertex buffer and the data its shader reads.
+struct ListBuffers {
     instance: ArrBuf<PrimitiveInstance>,
-    primitives: PrimitiveBuffers,
+    data: ArrBuf<u8>,
-    primitive_group: BindGroup,
+    group: Option<BindGroup>,
+    /// What the primitive asked to keep per instance, if anything.
+    bindings: Vec<u32>,
 }
 
 impl UiRenderNode {
     pub fn draw<'a>(&'a self, pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>) {
-        pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
+        pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.shared_group, &[]);
-        pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.uniform_group, &[]);
-        pass.set_bind_group(2, &self.rsc_group, &[]);
         for i in &self.active {
             let layer = &self.layers[i];
-            if layer.instance.len() == 0 {
+            for (id, list) in layer.primitives.iter().enumerate() {
-                continue;
+                let Some(list) = list else { continue };
+                let Some(group) = &list.group else { continue };
+                let primitive = &self.primitives[id];
+                pass.set_pipeline(&primitive.pipeline);
+                pass.set_bind_group(1, group, &[]);
+                pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, list.instance.buffer.slice(..));
+                primitive.render.draw(
+                    pass,
+                    ListDraw {
+                        instances: list.instance.len() as u32,
+                        bindings: &list.bindings,
+                    },
+                );
             }
-            pass.set_bind_group(1, &layer.primitive_group, &[]);
-            pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, layer.instance.buffer.slice(..));
-            pass.draw(0..4, 0..layer.instance.len() as u32);
         }
     }
 
@@ -67,55 +87,56 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
         ui: &mut UiData,
         ui_render: &mut UiRenderState,
     ) {
+        // Before the layers: each list is given its pipeline's data layout.
+        self.build_pipelines(device, queue, &ui.primitives);
         self.active.clear();
-        for (i, primitives) in ui_render.layers.iter_mut() {
+        for (i, draws) in ui_render.layers.iter_mut() {
             self.active.push(i);
-            for change in primitives.apply_free() {
+            for change in draws.apply_free() {
                 if let Some(inst) = ui_render.active.get_mut(&change.id) {
                     for h in &mut inst.primitives {
-                        if h.layer == i && h.inst_idx == change.old {
+                        if h.layer == i && h.kind == change.kind && h.inst_idx == change.old {
                             h.inst_idx = change.new;
                             break;
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
-            let rlayer = self.layers.entry(i).or_insert_with(|| {
+            let rlayer = self.layers.entry(i).or_insert_with(RenderLayer::new);
-                let primitives = PrimitiveBuffers::new(device);
+            if draws.updated {
-                let primitive_group =
+                let lists = draws.primitives();
-                    Self::primitive_group(device, &self.primitive_layout, primitives.buffers());
+                // The zip would otherwise skip a list with no pipeline.
-                RenderLayer {
+                assert!(lists.len() <= self.primitives.len());
-                    instance: ArrBuf::new(
+                rlayer.primitives.resize_with(lists.len(), || None);
-                        device,
+                for ((buffers, list), primitive) in rlayer
-                        BufferUsages::VERTEX | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                    .primitives
-                        "instance",
+                    .iter_mut()
-                    ),
+                    .zip(lists)
-                    primitives,
+                    .zip(&self.primitives)
-                    primitive_group,
+                {
+                    let Some(list) = list else {
+                        continue;
+                    };
+                    buffers
+                        .get_or_insert_with(|| ListBuffers::new(device))
+                        .update(device, queue, primitive, list);
                 }
-            });
+                draws.updated = false;
-            if primitives.updated {
-                rlayer
-                    .instance
-                    .update(device, queue, primitives.instances());
-                rlayer.primitives.update(device, queue, primitives.data());
-                rlayer.primitive_group = Self::primitive_group(
-                    device,
-                    &self.primitive_layout,
-                    rlayer.primitives.buffers(),
-                );
-                primitives.updated = false;
             }
         }
-        let mut changed = false;
+        for primitive in &mut self.primitives {
-        changed |= self.textures.update(&mut ui.textures);
+            primitive.render.update(ui);
+        }
         if ui.masks.changed {
             ui.masks.changed = false;
-            self.masks.update(device, queue, &ui.masks[..]);
+            if self.masks.update(device, queue, &ui.masks[..]) {
-            changed = true;
+                self.shared_group = Self::shared_group(
+                    device,
+                    &self.shared_layout,
+                    &self.window_buffer,
+                    &self.masks,
+                );
             }
-        if changed {
-            self.rsc_group = Self::rsc_group(device, &self.rsc_layout, &self.textures, &self.masks);
         }
     }
 
@@ -128,17 +149,7 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
         queue.write_buffer(&self.window_buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(slice));
     }
 
-    pub fn new(
+    pub fn new(device: &Device, config: &SurfaceConfiguration) -> Self {
-        device: &Device,
-        queue: &Queue,
-        config: &SurfaceConfiguration,
-        limits: UiLimits,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let shader = device.create_shader_module(ShaderModuleDescriptor {
-            label: Some("UI Shape Shader"),
-            source: ShaderSource::Wgsl(SHAPE_SHADER.into()),
-        });
-
         let window_uniform = WindowUniform {
             width: config.width as f32,
             height: config.height as f32,
@@ -149,67 +160,73 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
             usage: BufferUsages::UNIFORM | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
         });
 
-        let uniform_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+        let shared_layout = Self::shared_layout(device);
-            entries: &[BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                binding: 0,
-                visibility: ShaderStages::VERTEX | ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-                ty: BindingType::Buffer {
-                    ty: BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                    has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                    min_binding_size: None,
-                },
-                count: None,
-            }],
-            label: Some("window"),
-        });
-
-        let uniform_group = Self::bind_group_0(device, &uniform_layout, &window_buffer);
-
-        let primitive_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-            entries: &core::array::from_fn::<_, { PrimitiveBuffers::LEN }, _>(|i| {
-                BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                    binding: i as u32,
-                    visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-                    ty: BindingType::Buffer {
-                        ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
-                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                        min_binding_size: None,
-                    },
-                    count: None,
-                }
-            }),
-            label: Some("primitive"),
-        });
-
-        let tex_manager = GpuTextures::new(device, queue);
         let masks = ArrBuf::new(
             device,
             BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
             "ui masks",
         );
+        let shared_group = Self::shared_group(device, &shared_layout, &window_buffer, &masks);
 
-        let rsc_layout = Self::rsc_layout(device, &limits);
+        Self {
-        let rsc_group = Self::rsc_group(device, &rsc_layout, &tex_manager, &masks);
+            shared_layout,
+            shared_group,
+            format: config.format,
+            primitives: Vec::new(),
+            window_buffer,
+            layers: HashMap::default(),
+            active: Vec::new(),
+            masks,
+        }
+    }
 
-        let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+    /// Compiles a pipeline for every primitive registered since the last call.
-            label: Some("UI Shape Pipeline Layout"),
+    /// Sources only ever arrive at the end, so an id keeps its pipeline.
-            bind_group_layouts: &[&uniform_layout, &primitive_layout, &rsc_layout],
+    fn build_pipelines(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, registry: &PrimitiveRegistry) {
+        for source in &registry.sources()[self.primitives.len()..] {
+            let render = (source.render)(device, queue);
+            let data_layout = Self::data_layout(device, source.stride);
+            let mut groups = vec![Some(&self.shared_layout), Some(&data_layout)];
+            groups.extend(render.layout().map(Some));
+            let layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+                label: Some(source.label),
+                bind_group_layouts: &groups,
                 immediate_size: 0,
             });
-        let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            let pipeline = Self::pipeline(device, &layout, self.format, source.wgsl, source.label);
-            label: Some("UI Shape Pipeline"),
+            self.primitives.push(PrimitivePipeline {
-            layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
+                data_layout,
+                pipeline,
+                render,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pipeline(
+        device: &Device,
+        layout: &PipelineLayout,
+        format: TextureFormat,
+        wgsl: &str,
+        label: &str,
+    ) -> RenderPipeline {
+        let module = device.create_shader_module(ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+            label: Some(label),
+            source: ShaderSource::Wgsl(format!("{PRELUDE}\n{wgsl}").into()),
+        });
+        device.create_render_pipeline(&RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some(label),
+            layout: Some(layout),
             vertex: VertexState {
-                module: &shader,
+                module: &module,
                 entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
-                buffers: &[PrimitiveInstance::desc()],
+                buffers: &[Some(PrimitiveInstance::desc())],
                 compilation_options: Default::default(),
             },
             fragment: Some(FragmentState {
-                module: &shader,
+                module: &module,
                 entry_point: Some("fs_main"),
                 targets: &[Some(ColorTargetState {
-                    format: config.format,
+                    format,
                     blend: Some(BlendState::ALPHA_BLENDING),
                     write_mask: ColorWrites::ALL,
                 })],
@@ -232,90 +249,42 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
             },
             multiview_mask: None,
             cache: None,
-        });
-
-        Self {
-            uniform_group,
-            primitive_layout,
-            rsc_layout,
-            rsc_group,
-            pipeline,
-            window_buffer,
-            layers: HashMap::default(),
-            active: Vec::new(),
-            textures: tex_manager,
-            masks,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn bind_group_0(
-        device: &Device,
-        layout: &BindGroupLayout,
-        window_buffer: &Buffer,
-    ) -> BindGroup {
-        device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
-            layout,
-            entries: &[BindGroupEntry {
-                binding: 0,
-                resource: window_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
-            }],
-            label: Some("ui window"),
         })
     }
 
-    fn primitive_group(
+    /// What every draw in the ui is given: the window and the masks.
-        device: &Device,
+    fn shared_layout(device: &Device) -> BindGroupLayout {
-        layout: &BindGroupLayout,
-        buffers: [(u32, &Buffer); PrimitiveBuffers::LEN],
-    ) -> BindGroup {
-        device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
-            layout,
-            entries: &buffers.map(|(binding, buf)| BindGroupEntry {
-                binding,
-                resource: buf.as_entire_binding(),
-            }),
-            label: Some("ui primitives"),
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn rsc_layout(device: &Device, limits: &UiLimits) -> BindGroupLayout {
         device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
             entries: &[
                 BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                     binding: 0,
-                    visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    visibility: ShaderStages::VERTEX | ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-                    ty: BindingType::Texture {
+                    ty: BindingType::Buffer {
-                        sample_type: TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: false },
+                        ty: BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                        view_dimension: TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                        multisampled: false,
+                        min_binding_size: BufferSize::new(size_of::<WindowUniform>() as u64),
                     },
-                    count: Some(NonZero::new(limits.max_textures).unwrap()),
+                    count: None,
                 },
                 BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                     binding: 1,
                     visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-                    ty: BindingType::Sampler(SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering),
-                    count: Some(NonZero::new(limits.max_samplers).unwrap()),
-                },
-                BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                    binding: 2,
-                    visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
                     ty: BindingType::Buffer {
                         ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
                         has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                        min_binding_size: None,
+                        min_binding_size: BufferSize::new(size_of::<Mask>() as u64),
                     },
                     count: None,
                 },
             ],
-            label: Some("ui rsc"),
+            label: Some("ui shared"),
         })
     }
 
-    fn rsc_group(
+    fn shared_group(
         device: &Device,
         layout: &BindGroupLayout,
-        tex_manager: &GpuTextures,
+        window: &Buffer,
         masks: &ArrBuf<Mask>,
     ) -> BindGroup {
         device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
@@ -323,45 +292,85 @@ impl UiRenderNode {
             entries: &[
                 BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 0,
-                    resource: BindingResource::TextureViewArray(&tex_manager.views()),
+                    resource: window.as_entire_binding(),
                 },
                 BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 1,
-                    resource: BindingResource::SamplerArray(&tex_manager.samplers()),
-                },
-                BindGroupEntry {
-                    binding: 2,
                     resource: masks.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
                 },
             ],
-            label: Some("ui rsc"),
+            label: Some("ui shared"),
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn view_count(&self) -> usize {
+    /// Layout for a list of one primitive's data. Every size in the ui is
-        self.textures.view_count()
+    /// stated, so "is the buffer big enough for one entry?" is answered when
+    /// the bind group is made; a `None` size is wgpu's to check on every draw.
+    fn data_layout(device: &Device, stride: u64) -> BindGroupLayout {
+        device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            entries: &[BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                ty: BindingType::Buffer {
+                    ty: BufferBindingType::Storage { read_only: true },
+                    has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                    min_binding_size: BufferSize::new(stride),
+                },
+                count: None,
+            }],
+            label: Some("ui primitive data"),
+        })
     }
 }
 
-pub struct UiLimits {
+impl RenderLayer {
-    max_textures: u32,
+    fn new() -> Self {
-    max_samplers: u32,
-}
-
-impl Default for UiLimits {
-    fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            max_textures: 100000,
+            primitives: Vec::new(),
-            max_samplers: 1000,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl UiLimits {
+impl ListBuffers {
-    pub fn max_binding_array_elements_per_shader_stage(&self) -> u32 {
+    fn new(device: &Device) -> Self {
-        self.max_textures + self.max_samplers
+        Self {
+            instance: ArrBuf::new(
+                device,
+                BufferUsages::VERTEX | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                "instance",
+            ),
+            data: ArrBuf::new(
+                device,
+                BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                "primitive data",
+            ),
+            group: None,
+            bindings: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &Device,
+        queue: &Queue,
+        primitive: &PrimitivePipeline,
+        list: &InstanceList,
+    ) {
+        self.bindings.clear();
+        primitive.render.instance_bindings(list, &mut self.bindings);
+        self.instance.update(device, queue, list.instances());
+        let resized = self.data.update(device, queue, list.data());
+        if list.instances().is_empty() {
+            self.group = None;
+        } else if resized || self.group.is_none() {
+            self.group = Some(device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
+                layout: &primitive.data_layout,
+                entries: &[BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    resource: self.data.buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                }],
+                label: Some("ui primitive data"),
+            }));
         }
-    pub fn max_binding_array_sampler_elements_per_shader_stage(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.max_samplers
     }
 }

core/src/render/page.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+use wgpu::*;
+
+use crate::{GlyphAtlas, UiData};
+
+use super::{
+    atlas::PAGE,
+    primitive::{ListDraw, PrimitiveRender},
+    texture::{default_sampler, sampled_group, sampled_layout, write_region},
+};
+
+/// Draws glyphs from the atlas, which it owns: one array texture bound once
+/// for a whole list, since every glyph in it reads the same pages.
+pub struct GlyphRender {
+    pages: GpuPages,
+    layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    sampler: Sampler,
+}
+
+impl GlyphRender {
+    pub fn new(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Self {
+        let layout = sampled_layout(device, TextureViewDimension::D2Array, "ui atlas");
+        let sampler = default_sampler(device);
+        Self {
+            pages: GpuPages::new(device, queue, &layout, &sampler),
+            layout,
+            sampler,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PrimitiveRender for GlyphRender {
+    fn layout(&self) -> Option<&BindGroupLayout> {
+        Some(&self.layout)
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, ui: &mut UiData) {
+        self.pages
+            .update(&mut ui.text.atlas, &self.layout, &self.sampler);
+    }
+
+    fn draw<'a>(&'a self, pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>, list: ListDraw<'a>) {
+        pass.set_bind_group(2, self.pages.group(), &[]);
+        pass.draw(0..4, 0..list.instances);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The glyph atlas on the GPU: one array texture whose layers are the pages
+/// `GlyphAtlas` packs.
+///
+/// One array rather than a texture per page because a layer index is ordinary
+/// Vulkan 1.0 / GLES sampling, where a `binding_array` would need
+/// `VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing`, which a real share of Android GPUs lack.
+pub struct GpuPages {
+    device: Device,
+    queue: Queue,
+    texture: Texture,
+    group: BindGroup,
+}
+
+impl GpuPages {
+    pub fn new(
+        device: &Device,
+        queue: &Queue,
+        layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        sampler: &Sampler,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let texture = create_array(device, 1);
+        Self {
+            device: device.clone(),
+            queue: queue.clone(),
+            group: atlas_group(device, layout, &texture, sampler),
+            texture,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, atlas: &mut GlyphAtlas, layout: &BindGroupLayout, sampler: &Sampler) {
+        if atlas.page_count() > self.texture.depth_or_array_layers() {
+            self.grow(atlas.page_count(), layout, sampler);
+        }
+        for (upload, page) in atlas.uploads() {
+            let dst = TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                texture: &self.texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: Origin3d {
+                    x: upload.rect.x,
+                    y: upload.rect.y,
+                    z: upload.layer,
+                },
+                aspect: TextureAspect::All,
+            };
+            write_region(&self.queue, dst, page, upload.rect);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn group(&self) -> &BindGroup {
+        &self.group
+    }
+
+    /// Doubles until `needed` fits and copies the old layers across GPU side.
+    /// The new texture stales the group, so that is rebuilt here.
+    fn grow(&mut self, needed: u32, layout: &BindGroupLayout, sampler: &Sampler) {
+        let old = self.texture.depth_or_array_layers();
+        let mut layers = old;
+        while layers < needed {
+            layers *= 2;
+        }
+        let texture = create_array(&self.device, layers);
+        let mut encoder = self
+            .device
+            .create_command_encoder(&CommandEncoderDescriptor {
+                label: Some("atlas grow"),
+            });
+        encoder.copy_texture_to_texture(
+            self.texture.as_image_copy(),
+            texture.as_image_copy(),
+            Extent3d {
+                width: PAGE,
+                height: PAGE,
+                depth_or_array_layers: old,
+            },
+        );
+        self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
+        self.group = atlas_group(&self.device, layout, &texture, sampler);
+        self.texture = texture;
+    }
+}
+
+fn atlas_group(
+    device: &Device,
+    layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+    texture: &Texture,
+    sampler: &Sampler,
+) -> BindGroup {
+    let view = texture.create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor {
+        dimension: Some(TextureViewDimension::D2Array),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    sampled_group(device, layout, &view, sampler, "ui atlas")
+}
+
+fn create_array(device: &Device, layers: u32) -> Texture {
+    device.create_texture(&TextureDescriptor {
+        label: Some("glyph atlas"),
+        size: Extent3d {
+            width: PAGE,
+            height: PAGE,
+            depth_or_array_layers: layers,
+        },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: TextureDimension::D2,
+        format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+        usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | TextureUsages::COPY_DST | TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    })
+}

core/src/render/primitive.rs

@@ -1,115 +1,247 @@
-use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use std::{any::TypeId, marker::PhantomData};
 
 use crate::{
-    Color, UiRegion, WidgetId,
+    Color, TextureHandle, UiData, UiRegion, WidgetId,
     render::{
-        ArrBuf,
         data::{MaskIdx, PrimitiveInstance},
+        page::GlyphRender,
+        texture::ImageRender,
     },
-    util::Vec2,
+    util::{HashMap, Vec2},
 };
 use bytemuck::Pod;
-use wgpu::*;
+use wgpu::{BindGroupLayout, Device, Queue, RenderPass};
 
-pub struct Primitives {
+/// One instance of a primitive, laid out as the struct its shader reads.
+///
+/// The type carries its own shader, so drawing one is all the wiring it needs:
+/// its list, free list, buffers and pipeline follow from being registered.
+pub trait Primitive: Pod + 'static {
+    /// Compiled after `prelude.wgsl`, which states what it declares and what
+    /// it is given.
+    const WGSL: &'static str;
+
+    /// Made once, the first time the renderer sees this primitive. It owns
+    /// whatever the shader samples and records the primitive's own draws; the
+    /// default owns nothing and draws every instance in one call.
+    fn render(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Box<dyn PrimitiveRender>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let _ = (device, queue);
+        Box::new(Instanced)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The renderer's half of a primitive: what it samples, what it uploads, and
+/// what draws it records.
+///
+/// Everything a draw shares -- the pipeline, the window and masks, the list's
+/// own data and instance buffer -- is set before this is called. What is left
+/// is what only this primitive knows: its group 2, and how many draws its
+/// instances are.
+pub trait PrimitiveRender {
+    /// The layout its shader reads at group 2. `None` for a primitive whose
+    /// shader samples nothing, whose pipeline then has no group 2 at all.
+    fn layout(&self) -> Option<&BindGroupLayout> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Uploads whatever this primitive owns, once a frame, before any draw.
+    fn update(&mut self, ui: &mut UiData) {
+        let _ = ui;
+    }
+
+    /// Keeps what the primitive needs per instance at draw time, read from
+    /// the list's own data. A primitive that binds nothing per instance --
+    /// most of them -- leaves this empty and draws in one call.
+    fn instance_bindings(&self, list: &InstanceList, out: &mut Vec<u32>) {
+        let _ = (list, out);
+    }
+
+    fn draw<'a>(&'a self, pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>, list: ListDraw<'a>);
+}
+
+/// What a `PrimitiveRender` draws: this list's instances, and whatever
+/// `instance_bindings` kept for them.
+pub struct ListDraw<'a> {
+    pub instances: u32,
+    pub bindings: &'a [u32],
+}
+
+/// The default: nothing sampled, every instance in one call.
+pub struct Instanced;
+
+impl PrimitiveRender for Instanced {
+    fn draw<'a>(&'a self, pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>, list: ListDraw<'a>) {
+        pass.draw(0..4, 0..list.instances);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Which registered primitive an instance is.
+pub struct PrimitiveKind<P> {
+    id: u32,
+    _p: PhantomData<fn(P)>,
+}
+
+impl<P> PrimitiveKind<P> {
+    fn new(id: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id,
+            _p: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P> Clone for PrimitiveKind<P> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P> Copy for PrimitiveKind<P> {}
+
+/// Every primitive a ui can draw, in the order they were first drawn.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PrimitiveRegistry {
+    kinds: Vec<PrimitiveSource>,
+    ids: HashMap<TypeId, u32>,
+}
+
+pub struct PrimitiveSource {
+    pub wgsl: &'static str,
+    pub label: &'static str,
+    /// Size of one instance's entry, stated as the data binding's minimum.
+    pub stride: u64,
+    pub render: fn(&Device, &Queue) -> Box<dyn PrimitiveRender>,
+}
+
+impl PrimitiveRegistry {
+    /// Registers `P` if this is the first time it has been drawn.
+    pub fn kind<P: Primitive>(&mut self) -> PrimitiveKind<P> {
+        let Self { kinds, ids } = self;
+        let id = *ids.entry(TypeId::of::<P>()).or_insert_with(|| {
+            kinds.push(PrimitiveSource {
+                wgsl: P::WGSL,
+                label: std::any::type_name::<P>(),
+                stride: size_of::<P>() as u64,
+                render: P::render,
+            });
+            kinds.len() as u32 - 1
+        });
+        PrimitiveKind::new(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn sources(&self) -> &[PrimitiveSource] {
+        &self.kinds
+    }
+}
+
+/// One registered primitive's instances in one layer. Everything per-instance
+/// rides here, so it stays in step through a `swap_remove`.
+pub struct InstanceList {
     instances: Vec<PrimitiveInstance>,
+    /// The widget each instance belongs to, for renumbering its handles.
     assoc: Vec<WidgetId>,
-    data: PrimitiveData,
     free: Vec<usize>,
+    /// `stride` bytes of the primitive's own data per instance.
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+    /// From the type the list was made for, so a write is never checked.
+    stride: usize,
+}
+
+impl InstanceList {
+    fn new<P: Primitive>() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            instances: Vec::new(),
+            assoc: Vec::new(),
+            free: Vec::new(),
+            data: Vec::new(),
+            stride: size_of::<P>(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn instances(&self) -> &[PrimitiveInstance] {
+        &self.instances
+    }
+
+    pub fn data(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    pub fn stride(&self) -> usize {
+        self.stride
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, id: WidgetId, inst: PrimitiveInstance, data: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        if let Some(i) = self.free.pop() {
+            self.instances[i] = inst;
+            self.assoc[i] = id;
+            self.data[i * self.stride..][..self.stride].copy_from_slice(data);
+            i
+        } else {
+            let i = self.instances.len();
+            self.instances.push(inst);
+            self.assoc.push(id);
+            self.data.extend_from_slice(data);
+            i
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn free(&mut self, i: usize) -> MaskIdx {
+        self.free.push(i);
+        self.instances[i].mask_idx
+    }
+
+    fn apply_free(&mut self, kind: u32) -> impl Iterator<Item = PrimitiveChange> {
+        self.free.sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
+        let instances = &mut self.instances;
+        let assoc = &mut self.assoc;
+        let data = &mut self.data;
+        let stride = self.stride;
+        self.free.drain(..).filter_map(move |i| {
+            instances.swap_remove(i);
+            assoc.swap_remove(i);
+            let last = instances.len();
+            data.copy_within(last * stride..(last + 1) * stride, i * stride);
+            data.truncate(last * stride);
+            if i == last {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let id = assoc[i];
+            Some(PrimitiveChange {
+                id,
+                kind,
+                old: last,
+                new: i,
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Everything one layer draws, one list per registered primitive.
+pub struct LayerDraws {
+    /// `None` until this layer draws that primitive, because only the write
+    /// knows the type the list is for.
+    primitives: Vec<Option<InstanceList>>,
     pub updated: bool,
 }
 
-impl Default for Primitives {
+impl Default for LayerDraws {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            instances: Default::default(),
+            primitives: Vec::new(),
-            assoc: Default::default(),
-            data: Default::default(),
-            free: Vec::new(),
             updated: true,
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub trait Primitive: Pod {
+impl LayerDraws {
-    const BINDING: u32;
-    fn vec(data: &mut PrimitiveData) -> &mut PrimitiveVec<Self>;
-}
-
-macro_rules! primitives {
-    ($($name:ident: $ty:ty => $binding:expr,)*) => {
-        #[derive(Default)]
-        pub struct PrimitiveData {
-            $(pub(crate) $name: PrimitiveVec<$ty>,)*
-        }
-
-        pub struct PrimitiveBuffers {
-            $($name: ArrBuf<$ty>,)*
-        }
-
-        impl PrimitiveBuffers {
-            pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, data: &PrimitiveData) {
-                $(self.$name.update(device, queue, &data.$name);)*
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl PrimitiveBuffers {
-            pub const LEN: usize = primitives!(@count $($name)*);
-            pub fn buffers(&self) -> [(u32, &Buffer); Self::LEN] {
-                [
-                    $((<$ty>::BINDING, &self.$name.buffer),)*
-                ]
-            }
-            pub fn new(device: &Device) -> Self {
-                Self {
-                    $($name: ArrBuf::new(
-                        device,
-                        BufferUsages::STORAGE | BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-                        stringify!($name),
-                    ),)*
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl PrimitiveData {
-            pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-                $(self.$name.clear();)*
-            }
-            pub fn free(&mut self, binding: u32, idx: usize) {
-                match binding {
-                    $(<$ty>::BINDING => self.$name.free(idx),)*
-                    _ => unreachable!()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        $(
-            unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for $ty {}
-            unsafe impl bytemuck::Zeroable for $ty {}
-            impl Primitive for $ty {
-                const BINDING: u32 = $binding;
-                fn vec(data: &mut PrimitiveData) -> &mut PrimitiveVec<Self> {
-                    &mut data.$name
-                }
-            }
-        )*
-    };
-    (@count $t1:tt $($t:tt)+) => { 1 + primitives!(@count $($t)+) };
-    (@count $t:tt) => { 1 };
-}
-
-pub struct PrimitiveInst<P> {
-    pub id: WidgetId,
-    pub primitive: P,
-    pub region: UiRegion,
-    pub mask_idx: MaskIdx,
-}
-
-impl Primitives {
     pub fn write<P: Primitive>(
         &mut self,
         layer: usize,
         PrimitiveInst {
+            kind,
             id,
             primitive,
             region,
@@ -117,65 +249,67 @@ impl Primitives {
         }: PrimitiveInst<P>,
     ) -> PrimitiveHandle {
         self.updated = true;
-        let vec = P::vec(&mut self.data);
+        // Grown on first use rather than sized from the registry, which a
-        let i = vec.add(primitive);
+        // layer cannot see.
-        let inst = PrimitiveInstance {
+        if self.primitives.len() <= kind.id as usize {
-            region,
+            self.primitives.resize_with(kind.id as usize + 1, || None);
-            idx: i as u32,
+        }
-            mask_idx,
+        let inst_idx = self.primitives[kind.id as usize]
-            binding: P::BINDING,
+            .get_or_insert_with(InstanceList::new::<P>)
-        };
+            .push(
-        let inst_i = if let Some(i) = self.free.pop() {
+                id,
-            self.instances[i] = inst;
+                PrimitiveInstance { region, mask_idx },
-            self.assoc[i] = id;
+                bytemuck::bytes_of(&primitive),
-            i
+            );
-        } else {
+        PrimitiveHandle {
-            let i = self.instances.len();
+            layer,
-            self.instances.push(inst);
+            kind: kind.id,
-            self.assoc.push(id);
+            inst_idx,
-            i
+        }
-        };
-        PrimitiveHandle::new::<P>(layer, inst_i, i)
     }
 
-    /// returns (old index, new index)
+    pub fn primitives(&self) -> &[Option<InstanceList>] {
-    pub fn apply_free(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PrimitiveChange> {
+        &self.primitives
-        self.free.sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
-        self.free.drain(..).filter_map(|i| {
-            self.instances.swap_remove(i);
-            self.assoc.swap_remove(i);
-            if i == self.instances.len() {
-                return None;
     }
-            let id = self.assoc[i];
+
-            let old = self.instances.len();
+    pub fn apply_free(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PrimitiveChange> {
-            Some(PrimitiveChange { id, old, new: i })
+        self.primitives
-        })
+            .iter_mut()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(kind, list)| Some((kind as u32, list.as_mut()?)))
+            .flat_map(|(kind, list)| list.apply_free(kind))
     }
 
     pub fn free(&mut self, h: &PrimitiveHandle) -> MaskIdx {
         self.updated = true;
-        self.data.free(h.binding, h.data_idx);
+        self.list(h).free(h.inst_idx)
-        self.free.push(h.inst_idx);
-        self.instances[h.inst_idx].mask_idx
-    }
-
-    pub fn data(&self) -> &PrimitiveData {
-        &self.data
-    }
-
-    pub fn instances(&self) -> &Vec<PrimitiveInstance> {
-        &self.instances
     }
 
     pub fn region_mut(&mut self, h: &PrimitiveHandle) -> &mut UiRegion {
         self.updated = true;
-        &mut self.instances[h.inst_idx].region
+        &mut self.list(h).instances[h.inst_idx].region
     }
+
+    /// A handle is only ever made by `write`, which is what created the list.
+    fn list(&mut self, h: &PrimitiveHandle) -> &mut InstanceList {
+        self.primitives[h.kind as usize]
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("handle names a primitive this layer never drew")
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PrimitiveInst<P> {
+    pub kind: PrimitiveKind<P>,
+    pub id: WidgetId,
+    pub primitive: P,
+    pub region: UiRegion,
+    pub mask_idx: MaskIdx,
 }
 
 pub struct PrimitiveChange {
     pub id: WidgetId,
+    /// Which registered primitive's list moved, since they index separately.
+    pub kind: u32,
     pub old: usize,
     pub new: usize,
 }
@@ -183,30 +317,12 @@ pub struct PrimitiveChange {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PrimitiveHandle {
     pub layer: usize,
+    pub kind: u32,
     pub inst_idx: usize,
-    pub data_idx: usize,
-    pub binding: u32,
 }
 
-impl PrimitiveHandle {
-    fn new<P: Primitive>(layer: usize, inst_idx: usize, data_idx: usize) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            layer,
-            inst_idx,
-            data_idx,
-            binding: P::BINDING,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-primitives!(
-    rects: RectPrimitive => 0,
-    textures: TexturePrimitive => 1,
-    glyphs: GlyphPrimitive => 2,
-);
-
 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
 pub struct RectPrimitive {
     pub color: Color<u8>,
     pub radius: f32,
@@ -214,6 +330,10 @@ pub struct RectPrimitive {
     pub inner_radius: f32,
 }
 
+impl Primitive for RectPrimitive {
+    const WGSL: &'static str = include_str!("shader/rect.wgsl");
+}
+
 impl RectPrimitive {
     pub fn color(color: Color<u8>) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -225,71 +345,51 @@ impl RectPrimitive {
     }
 }
 
-#[repr(C)]
+/// `color` is multiplied by the atlas alpha for a mask glyph; a colour glyph
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+/// takes the texel unchanged, which `GlyphEntry::IS_COLORED` selects.
-pub struct TexturePrimitive {
+#[repr(C, align(8))]
-    pub view_idx: u32,
-    pub sampler_idx: u32,
-}
-
-#[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct GlyphPrimitive {
     pub uv_min: Vec2,
     pub uv_max: Vec2,
-    pub view_idx: u32,
+    /// Which atlas array layer this glyph is on.
-    pub sampler_idx: u32,
+    pub layer: u32,
     pub color: Color<u8>,
     pub flags: u32,
 }
 
-pub struct PrimitiveVec<T> {
+// Manual rather than derived: the align(8) leaves four bytes of padding, which
-    vec: Vec<T>,
+// is how WGSL lays the struct out.
-    free: Vec<usize>,
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Pod for GlyphPrimitive {}
+unsafe impl bytemuck::Zeroable for GlyphPrimitive {}
+impl Primitive for GlyphPrimitive {
+    const WGSL: &'static str = include_str!("shader/glyph.wgsl");
+
+    fn render(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Box<dyn PrimitiveRender> {
+        Box::new(GlyphRender::new(device, queue))
+    }
 }
 
-impl<T> PrimitiveVec<T> {
+/// One drawn image. Its shader reads nothing per instance; the slot names the
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+/// texture to bind for it.
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct TexturePrimitive {
+    pub slot: u32,
+}
+
+impl Primitive for TexturePrimitive {
+    const WGSL: &'static str = include_str!("shader/texture.wgsl");
+
+    fn render(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Box<dyn PrimitiveRender> {
+        Box::new(ImageRender::new(device, queue))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&TextureHandle> for TexturePrimitive {
+    fn from(handle: &TextureHandle) -> Self {
         Self {
-            vec: Vec::new(),
+            slot: handle.slot(),
-            free: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
-    pub fn add(&mut self, t: T) -> usize {
-        if let Some(i) = self.free.pop() {
-            self.vec[i] = t;
-            i
-        } else {
-            let i = self.vec.len();
-            self.vec.push(t);
-            i
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn free(&mut self, i: usize) {
-        self.free.push(i);
-    }
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.free.clear();
-        self.vec.clear();
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Default for PrimitiveVec<T> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Deref for PrimitiveVec<T> {
-    type Target = Vec<T>;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.vec
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> DerefMut for PrimitiveVec<T> {
-    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
-        &mut self.vec
-    }
 }

core/src/render/shader.wgsl

@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-const RECT: u32 = 0u;
-const TEXTURE: u32 = 1u;
-const GLYPH: u32 = 2u;
-
-@group(0) @binding(0)
-var<uniform> window: WindowUniform;
-@group(1) @binding(RECT)
-var<storage> rects: array<Rect>;
-@group(1) @binding(TEXTURE)
-var<storage> textures: array<TextureInfo>;
-@group(1) @binding(GLYPH)
-var<storage> glyphs: array<GlyphInfo>;
-
-struct Rect {
-    color: u32,
-    radius: f32,
-    thickness: f32,
-    inner_radius: f32,
-}
-
-struct TextureInfo {
-    view_idx: u32,
-    sampler_idx: u32,
-}
-
-struct GlyphInfo {
-    uv_min: vec2<f32>,
-    uv_max: vec2<f32>,
-    view_idx: u32,
-    sampler_idx: u32,
-    color: u32,
-    flags: u32,
-}
-
-struct Mask {
-    x: UiSpan,
-    y: UiSpan,
-}
-
-struct UiSpan {
-    start: UiScalar,
-    end: UiScalar,
-}
-
-struct UiScalar {
-    rel: f32,
-    abs: f32,
-}
-
-struct UiVec2 {
-    rel: vec2<f32>,
-    abs: vec2<f32>,
-}
-
-@group(2) @binding(0)
-var views: binding_array<texture_2d<f32>>;
-@group(2) @binding(1)
-var samplers: binding_array<sampler>;
-@group(2) @binding(2)
-var<storage> masks: array<Mask>;
-
-struct WindowUniform {
-    dim: vec2<f32>,
-};
-
-struct InstanceInput {
-    @location(0) x_start: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(1) x_end: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(2) y_start: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(3) y_end: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(4) binding: u32,
-    @location(5) idx: u32,
-    @location(6) mask_idx: u32,
-}
-
-struct VertexOutput {
-    @location(0) top_left: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(1) bot_right: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(2) uv: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(3) binding: u32,
-    @location(4) idx: u32,
-    @location(5) mask_idx: u32,
-    @builtin(position) clip_position: vec4<f32>,
-};
-
-struct Region {
-    pos: vec2<f32>,
-    uv: vec2<f32>,
-    top_left: vec2<f32>,
-    bot_right: vec2<f32>,
-}
-
-@vertex
-fn vs_main(
-    @builtin(vertex_index) vi: u32,
-    in: InstanceInput,
-) -> VertexOutput {
-    var out: VertexOutput;
-
-    let top_left_rel = vec2(in.x_start.x, in.y_start.x);
-    let top_left_abs = vec2(in.x_start.y, in.y_start.y);
-    let bot_right_rel = vec2(in.x_end.x, in.y_end.x);
-    let bot_right_abs = vec2(in.x_end.y, in.y_end.y);
-
-    let top_left = floor(top_left_rel * window.dim) + floor(top_left_abs);
-    let bot_right = floor(bot_right_rel * window.dim) + floor(bot_right_abs);
-    let size = bot_right - top_left;
-
-    let uv = vec2<f32>(
-        f32(vi % 2u),
-        f32(vi / 2u)
-    );
-    let pos = (top_left + uv * size) / window.dim * 2.0 - 1.0;
-    out.clip_position = vec4<f32>(pos.x, -pos.y, 0.0, 1.0);
-    out.uv = uv;
-    out.binding = in.binding;
-    out.idx = in.idx;
-    out.top_left = top_left;
-    out.bot_right = bot_right;
-    out.mask_idx = in.mask_idx;
-
-    return out;
-}
-
-@fragment
-fn fs_main(
-    in: VertexOutput
-) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
-    let pos = in.clip_position.xy;
-    let region = Region(pos, in.uv, in.top_left, in.bot_right);
-    let i = in.idx;
-    var color: vec4<f32>;
-    switch in.binding {
-        case RECT: {
-            color = draw_rounded_rect(region, rects[i]);
-        }
-        case TEXTURE: {
-            color = draw_texture(region, textures[i]);
-        }
-        case GLYPH: {
-            color = draw_glyph(region, glyphs[i]);
-        }
-        default: {
-            color = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
-        }
-    }
-    if in.mask_idx != 4294967295u {
-        let mask = masks[in.mask_idx];
-        let tl = UiVec2(vec2(mask.x.start.rel, mask.y.start.rel), vec2(mask.x.start.abs, mask.y.start.abs));
-        let br = UiVec2(vec2(mask.x.end.rel, mask.y.end.rel), vec2(mask.x.end.abs, mask.y.end.abs));
-
-        let top_left = floor(tl.rel * window.dim) + floor(tl.abs);
-        let bot_right = floor(br.rel * window.dim) + floor(br.abs);
-        if pos.x < top_left.x || pos.x > bot_right.x || pos.y < top_left.y || pos.y > bot_right.y {
-            color *= 0.0;
-        }
-    }
-    return color;
-}
-
-// TODO: this seems really inefficient (per frag indexing)?
-fn draw_texture(region: Region, info: TextureInfo) -> vec4<f32> {
-    return textureSample(views[info.view_idx], samplers[info.sampler_idx], region.uv);
-}
-
-fn draw_glyph(region: Region, g: GlyphInfo) -> vec4<f32> {
-    let uv = mix(g.uv_min, g.uv_max, region.uv);
-    let texel = textureSample(views[g.view_idx], samplers[g.sampler_idx], uv);
-    if (g.flags & 1u) != 0u {
-        return texel;
-    }
-    var color = unpack4x8unorm(g.color);
-    color.a *= texel.a;
-    return color;
-}
-
-fn draw_rounded_rect(region: Region, rect: Rect) -> vec4<f32> {
-    var color = unpack4x8unorm(rect.color);
-
-    let edge = 0.5;
-
-    let size = region.bot_right - region.top_left;
-    let corner = size / 2.0;
-    let center = region.top_left + corner;
-
-    let dist = distance_from_rect(region.pos, center, corner, rect.radius);
-    color.a *= 1.0 - smoothstep(-min(edge, rect.radius), edge, dist);
-
-    if rect.thickness > 0.0 {
-        let dist2 = distance_from_rect(region.pos, center, corner - rect.thickness, rect.inner_radius);
-        color.a *= smoothstep(-min(edge, rect.inner_radius), edge, dist2);
-    }
-
-    return color;
-}
-
-fn distance_from_rect(pixel_pos: vec2<f32>, rect_center: vec2<f32>, rect_corner: vec2<f32>, radius: f32) -> f32 {
-    // vec from center to pixel
-    let p = pixel_pos - rect_center;
-    // vec from inner rect corner to pixel
-    let q = abs(p) - (rect_corner - radius);
-    return length(max(q, vec2(0.0))) - radius;
-}
-

core/src/render/shader/glyph.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Matches `GlyphEntry::IS_COLORED`.
+const COLORED: u32 = 1u;
+
+// The glyph atlas, whose array layers are its pages.
+@group(2) @binding(0)
+var atlas: texture_2d_array<f32>;
+@group(2) @binding(1)
+var samp: sampler;
+
+struct GlyphInfo {
+    uv_min: vec2<f32>,
+    uv_max: vec2<f32>,
+    // Which layer of the atlas array this glyph's page is.
+    layer: u32,
+    color: u32,
+    flags: u32,
+}
+
+@group(1) @binding(0)
+var<storage> glyphs: array<GlyphInfo>;
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    let g = glyphs[in.idx];
+    let uv = mix(g.uv_min, g.uv_max, in.uv);
+    let texel = textureSample(atlas, samp, uv, i32(g.layer));
+    if (g.flags & COLORED) != 0u {
+        return masked(in, texel);
+    }
+    var color = unpack4x8unorm(g.color);
+    color.a *= texel.a;
+    return masked(in, color);
+}

core/src/render/shader/prelude.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Prepended to every primitive's shader, which declares its own instance data
+// as `var<storage> <name>: array<T>` at group 1 binding 0, and an `fs_main`
+// shading one instance of it. What it samples, if anything, is bound at group
+// 2: the texture at binding 0 and the sampler at binding 1.
+
+@group(0) @binding(0)
+var<uniform> window: WindowUniform;
+@group(0) @binding(1)
+var<storage> masks: array<Mask>;
+
+struct WindowUniform {
+    dim: vec2<f32>,
+};
+
+struct Mask {
+    x: UiSpan,
+    y: UiSpan,
+}
+
+struct UiSpan {
+    start: UiScalar,
+    end: UiScalar,
+}
+
+struct UiScalar {
+    rel: f32,
+    abs: f32,
+}
+
+struct InstanceInput {
+    @location(0) x_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) x_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(2) y_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) y_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(4) mask_idx: u32,
+}
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+    @location(0) top_left: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) bot_right: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(2) uv: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) @interpolate(flat) mask_idx: u32,
+    @location(4) @interpolate(flat) idx: u32,
+    @builtin(position) clip_position: vec4<f32>,
+};
+
+@vertex
+fn vs_main(
+    @builtin(vertex_index) vi: u32,
+    @builtin(instance_index) ii: u32,
+    in: InstanceInput,
+) -> VertexOutput {
+    var out: VertexOutput;
+
+    let top_left_rel = vec2(in.x_start.x, in.y_start.x);
+    let top_left_abs = vec2(in.x_start.y, in.y_start.y);
+    let bot_right_rel = vec2(in.x_end.x, in.y_end.x);
+    let bot_right_abs = vec2(in.x_end.y, in.y_end.y);
+
+    let top_left = floor(top_left_rel * window.dim) + floor(top_left_abs);
+    let bot_right = floor(bot_right_rel * window.dim) + floor(bot_right_abs);
+    let size = bot_right - top_left;
+
+    let uv = vec2<f32>(
+        f32(vi % 2u),
+        f32(vi / 2u)
+    );
+    let pos = (top_left + uv * size) / window.dim * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    out.clip_position = vec4<f32>(pos.x, -pos.y, 0.0, 1.0);
+    out.uv = uv;
+    out.top_left = top_left;
+    out.bot_right = bot_right;
+    out.mask_idx = in.mask_idx;
+    out.idx = ii;
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+fn masked(in: VertexOutput, color: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
+    if in.mask_idx == 4294967295u {
+        return color;
+    }
+    let mask = masks[in.mask_idx];
+    let tl = vec2(mask.x.start.rel, mask.y.start.rel);
+    let tl_abs = vec2(mask.x.start.abs, mask.y.start.abs);
+    let br = vec2(mask.x.end.rel, mask.y.end.rel);
+    let br_abs = vec2(mask.x.end.abs, mask.y.end.abs);
+
+    let top_left = floor(tl * window.dim) + floor(tl_abs);
+    let bot_right = floor(br * window.dim) + floor(br_abs);
+    let pos = in.clip_position.xy;
+    if pos.x < top_left.x || pos.x > bot_right.x || pos.y < top_left.y || pos.y > bot_right.y {
+        return color * 0.0;
+    }
+    return color;
+}

core/src/render/shader/rect.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+struct Rect {
+    color: u32,
+    radius: f32,
+    thickness: f32,
+    inner_radius: f32,
+}
+
+@group(1) @binding(0)
+var<storage> rects: array<Rect>;
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    let rect = rects[in.idx];
+    var color = unpack4x8unorm(rect.color);
+
+    let edge = 0.5;
+    let size = in.bot_right - in.top_left;
+    let corner = size / 2.0;
+    let center = in.top_left + corner;
+    let pos = in.clip_position.xy;
+
+    let dist = distance_from_rect(pos, center, corner, rect.radius);
+    color.a *= 1.0 - smoothstep(-min(edge, rect.radius), edge, dist);
+
+    if rect.thickness > 0.0 {
+        let dist2 = distance_from_rect(pos, center, corner - rect.thickness, rect.inner_radius);
+        color.a *= smoothstep(-min(edge, rect.inner_radius), edge, dist2);
+    }
+
+    return masked(in, color);
+}
+
+fn distance_from_rect(pixel_pos: vec2<f32>, rect_center: vec2<f32>, rect_corner: vec2<f32>, radius: f32) -> f32 {
+    // vec from center to pixel
+    let p = pixel_pos - rect_center;
+    // vec from inner rect corner to pixel
+    let q = abs(p) - (rect_corner - radius);
+    return length(max(q, vec2(0.0))) - radius;
+}

core/src/render/shader/texture.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// The image this instance draws, bound for it alone.
+@group(2) @binding(0)
+var image: texture_2d<f32>;
+@group(2) @binding(1)
+var samp: sampler;
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    return masked(in, textureSample(image, samp, in.uv));
+}

core/src/render/texture.rs

@@ -1,119 +1,119 @@
-use image::{DynamicImage, EncodableLayout, GenericImageView};
+use image::{DynamicImage, EncodableLayout, GenericImageView, RgbaImage};
 use wgpu::{util::DeviceExt, *};
 
-use crate::{PatchRect, TextureUpdate, Textures};
+use crate::{
+    PatchRect, TextureUpdate, Textures, UiData,
+    render::{
+        TexturePrimitive,
+        primitive::{ListDraw, PrimitiveRender},
+    },
+};
 
+/// Draws standalone images, which it owns. Each is its own texture, so each
+/// instance binds its own and is a draw of its own.
+pub struct ImageRender {
+    textures: GpuTextures,
+    layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    sampler: Sampler,
+}
+
+impl ImageRender {
+    pub fn new(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            textures: GpuTextures::new(device, queue),
+            layout: sampled_layout(device, TextureViewDimension::D2, "ui image"),
+            sampler: default_sampler(device),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PrimitiveRender for ImageRender {
+    fn layout(&self) -> Option<&BindGroupLayout> {
+        Some(&self.layout)
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, ui: &mut UiData) {
+        self.textures
+            .update(&mut ui.textures, &self.layout, &self.sampler);
+    }
+
+    fn instance_bindings(&self, list: &super::InstanceList, out: &mut Vec<u32>) {
+        let slots = list
+            .data()
+            .chunks_exact(list.stride())
+            .map(|data| bytemuck::pod_read_unaligned::<TexturePrimitive>(data).slot);
+        out.extend(slots);
+    }
+
+    fn draw<'a>(&'a self, pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>, list: ListDraw<'a>) {
+        for (i, &slot) in list.bindings.iter().enumerate() {
+            let Some(image) = self.textures.group(slot) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            pass.set_bind_group(2, image, &[]);
+            pass.draw(0..4, i as u32..i as u32 + 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The standalone images a ui draws, each its own texture and bind group --
+/// unlike the glyph atlas in `super::page`, which is one array they share.
 pub struct GpuTextures {
     device: Device,
     queue: Queue,
-    /// Parallel to `views`; patches require textures rather than views.
+    slots: Vec<Option<ImageGpu>>,
-    textures: Vec<Option<Texture>>,
+}
-    views: Vec<TextureView>,
+
-    view_count: usize,
+struct ImageGpu {
-    samplers: Vec<Sampler>,
+    /// Kept for `patch`, which needs the texture rather than the view.
-    null_view: TextureView,
+    texture: Texture,
-    no_views: Vec<TextureView>,
+    group: BindGroup,
 }
 
 impl GpuTextures {
-    pub fn update(&mut self, textures: &mut Textures) -> bool {
+    pub fn new(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Self {
-        let mut bindings_changed = false;
+        Self {
+            device: device.clone(),
+            queue: queue.clone(),
+            slots: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, textures: &mut Textures, layout: &BindGroupLayout, sampler: &Sampler) {
         for update in textures.updates() {
-            bindings_changed |= match update {
+            match update {
                 TextureUpdate::Push(image) => {
-                    self.push(image);
+                    let image = self.create(image, layout, sampler);
-                    true
+                    self.slots.push(Some(image));
                 }
                 TextureUpdate::Set(i, image) => {
-                    self.set(i, image);
+                    let image = self.create(image, layout, sampler);
-                    true
+                    self.slots[i as usize] = Some(image);
                 }
-                TextureUpdate::Patch(i, rect, image) => {
+                TextureUpdate::Patch(i, rect, image) => self.patch(i, rect, image),
-                    self.patch(i, rect, image);
+                TextureUpdate::PushFree => self.slots.push(None),
-                    false
+                TextureUpdate::SetFree => {}
+                TextureUpdate::Free(i) => self.slots[i as usize] = None,
             }
-                TextureUpdate::SetFree => {
-                    self.view_count += 1;
-                    true
         }
-                TextureUpdate::Free(i) => {
-                    self.free(i);
-                    true
-                }
-                TextureUpdate::PushFree => {
-                    self.push_free();
-                    true
-                }
-            };
-        }
-        bindings_changed
-    }
-    fn set(&mut self, i: u32, image: &DynamicImage) {
-        self.view_count += 1;
-        let (texture, view) = self.create(image);
-        self.textures[i as usize] = Some(texture);
-        self.views[i as usize] = view;
-    }
-    fn free(&mut self, i: u32) {
-        self.view_count -= 1;
-        self.textures[i as usize] = None;
-        self.views[i as usize] = self.null_view.clone();
-    }
-    fn push(&mut self, image: &DynamicImage) {
-        self.view_count += 1;
-        let (texture, view) = self.create(image);
-        self.textures.push(Some(texture));
-        self.views.push(view);
-    }
-    fn push_free(&mut self) {
-        self.view_count += 1;
-        self.textures.push(None);
-        self.views.push(self.null_view.clone());
     }
 
-    fn patch(&mut self, i: u32, rect: PatchRect, image: &DynamicImage) {
+    pub fn group(&self, slot: u32) -> Option<&BindGroup> {
-        let Some(texture) = &self.textures[i as usize] else {
+        self.slots.get(slot as usize)?.as_ref().map(|i| &i.group)
-            return;
-        };
-        if rect.width == 0 || rect.height == 0 {
-            return;
-        }
-        // `write_texture` requires tightly packed rows, unlike the atlas image.
-        let sub = image
-            .view(rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height)
-            .to_image();
-        self.queue.write_texture(
-            TexelCopyTextureInfo {
-                texture,
-                mip_level: 0,
-                origin: Origin3d {
-                    x: rect.x,
-                    y: rect.y,
-                    z: 0,
-                },
-                aspect: TextureAspect::All,
-            },
-            sub.as_bytes(),
-            TexelCopyBufferLayout {
-                offset: 0,
-                bytes_per_row: Some(rect.width * 4),
-                rows_per_image: Some(rect.height),
-            },
-            Extent3d {
-                width: rect.width,
-                height: rect.height,
-                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
-            },
-        );
     }
 
-    fn create(&self, image: &DynamicImage) -> (Texture, TextureView) {
+    fn create(
-        let image = image.to_rgba8();
+        &self,
-        let (width, height) = image.dimensions();
+        image: &DynamicImage,
+        layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        sampler: &Sampler,
+    ) -> ImageGpu {
+        let rgba = image.to_rgba8();
+        let (width, height) = rgba.dimensions();
         let texture = self.device.create_texture_with_data(
             &self.queue,
             &TextureDescriptor {
-                label: None,
+                label: Some("image"),
                 size: Extent3d {
                     width,
                     height,
@@ -127,63 +127,115 @@ impl GpuTextures {
                 view_formats: &[],
             },
             wgt::TextureDataOrder::MipMajor,
-            image.as_bytes(),
+            rgba.as_bytes(),
         );
         let view = texture.create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default());
-        (texture, view)
+        let group = sampled_group(&self.device, layout, &view, sampler, "ui image");
+        ImageGpu { texture, group }
     }
 
-    pub fn new(device: &Device, queue: &Queue) -> Self {
+    fn patch(&mut self, i: u32, rect: PatchRect, image: &DynamicImage) {
-        let null_view = null_texture_view(device);
+        let Some(Some(slot)) = self.slots.get(i as usize) else {
-        Self {
+            return;
-            device: device.clone(),
+        };
-            queue: queue.clone(),
+        let dst = TexelCopyTextureInfo {
-            textures: Vec::new(),
+            texture: &slot.texture,
-            views: Vec::new(),
+            mip_level: 0,
-            samplers: vec![default_sampler(device)],
+            origin: Origin3d {
-            no_views: vec![null_view.clone()],
+                x: rect.x,
-            null_view,
+                y: rect.y,
-            view_count: 0,
+                z: 0,
+            },
+            aspect: TextureAspect::All,
+        };
+        match image.as_rgba8() {
+            Some(rgba) => write_region(&self.queue, dst, rgba, rect),
+            // The texture is rgba8, so any other layout has to be converted --
+            // and converting the rectangle is cheaper than the whole image.
+            None => {
+                let sub = image
+                    .view(rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height)
+                    .to_image();
+                write_region(&self.queue, dst, &sub, PatchRect { x: 0, y: 0, ..rect });
             }
         }
-
-    pub fn views(&self) -> Vec<&TextureView> {
-        if self.views.is_empty() {
-            &self.no_views
-        } else {
-            &self.views
-        }
-        .iter()
-        .by_ref()
-        .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn samplers(&self) -> Vec<&Sampler> {
-        self.samplers.iter().by_ref().collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn view_count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.view_count
     }
 }
 
-pub fn null_texture_view(device: &Device) -> TextureView {
+pub fn write_region(queue: &Queue, dst: TexelCopyTextureInfo, src: &RgbaImage, rect: PatchRect) {
-    device
+    if rect.width == 0 || rect.height == 0 {
-        .create_texture(&TextureDescriptor {
+        return;
-            label: Some("null"),
+    }
-            size: Extent3d {
+    let stride = src.width() * 4;
-                width: 1,
+    queue.write_texture(
-                height: 1,
+        dst,
+        src.as_bytes(),
+        TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+            offset: (rect.y * stride + rect.x * 4) as u64,
+            bytes_per_row: Some(stride),
+            rows_per_image: Some(rect.height),
+        },
+        Extent3d {
+            width: rect.width,
+            height: rect.height,
             depth_or_array_layers: 1,
         },
-            mip_level_count: 1,
+    );
-            sample_count: 1,
+}
-            dimension: TextureDimension::D2,
+
-            format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+/// What a primitive that samples binds: a texture, and the sampler that reads
-            usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+/// it.
-            view_formats: &[],
+pub fn sampled_group(
+    device: &Device,
+    layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+    view: &TextureView,
+    sampler: &Sampler,
+    label: &'static str,
+) -> BindGroup {
+    device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
+        layout,
+        entries: &[
+            BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                resource: BindingResource::TextureView(view),
+            },
+            BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 1,
+                resource: BindingResource::Sampler(sampler),
+            },
+        ],
+        label: Some(label),
+    })
+}
+
+/// The layout for one of those. The dimension differs -- the atlas is an
+/// array of pages and an image is not -- and nothing else does.
+pub fn sampled_layout(
+    device: &Device,
+    dimension: TextureViewDimension,
+    label: &'static str,
+) -> BindGroupLayout {
+    device.create_bind_group_layout(&BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+        entries: &[
+            BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                ty: BindingType::Texture {
+                    sample_type: TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: false },
+                    view_dimension: dimension,
+                    multisampled: false,
+                },
+                count: None,
+            },
+            BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                binding: 1,
+                visibility: ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                ty: BindingType::Sampler(SamplerBindingType::NonFiltering),
+                count: None,
+            },
+        ],
+        label: Some(label),
     })
-        .create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default())
 }
 
 pub fn default_sampler(device: &Device) -> Sampler {

core/src/render/util/mod.rs

@@ -21,17 +21,25 @@ impl<T: Pod> ArrBuf<T> {
             _pd: PhantomData,
         }
     }
-    pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, data: &[T]) {
+    /// Returns whether the `Buffer` was recreated, which stales any cached
-        if self.len != data.len() {
+    /// `BindGroup` holding it.
+    pub fn update(&mut self, device: &Device, queue: &Queue, data: &[T]) -> bool {
+        let resized = self.len != data.len();
+        if resized {
             self.len = data.len();
             self.buffer =
                 Self::init_buf(device, std::mem::size_of_val(data), self.usage, self.label);
         }
         queue.write_buffer(&self.buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(data));
+        resized
+    }
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
     }
     fn init_buf(device: &Device, size: usize, usage: BufferUsages, label: &'static str) -> Buffer {
         let mut size = size as u64;
         if usage.contains(BufferUsages::STORAGE) {
+            // A binding cannot be empty or under the layout's minimum.
             size = size.max(std::mem::size_of::<T>() as u64);
         }
         device.create_buffer(&BufferDescriptor {
@@ -41,8 +49,4 @@ impl<T: Pod> ArrBuf<T> {
             usage,
         })
     }
-    #[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len
-    }
 }

core/src/ui/active.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
-use crate::{LayerId, MaskIdx, PrimitiveHandle, TextureHandle, UiRegion, WidgetId};
+use crate::{LayerId, MaskIdx, PrimitiveHandle, Size, TextureHandle, UiRegion, WidgetId};
 
 /// important non rendering data for retained drawing
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ActiveData {
     pub id: WidgetId,
     pub region: UiRegion,
+    /// What the widget said it used of `region`, the last time it drew.
+    pub size: Size,
     pub parent: Option<WidgetId>,
     pub textures: Vec<TextureHandle>,
     pub primitives: Vec<PrimitiveHandle>,
     pub children: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    /// The children whose size this widget read while drawing.
+    pub size_deps: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    /// Whether it read the output's size, and so is wrong when that changes.
+    pub reads_output: bool,
     pub mask: MaskIdx,
     pub layer: LayerId,
 }

core/src/ui/cache.rs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{BothAxis, Len, UiVec2, WidgetId, util::HashMap};
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct Cache {
-    pub size: BothAxis<HashMap<WidgetId, (UiVec2, Len)>>,
-}
-
-impl Cache {
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: WidgetId) {
-        self.size.x.remove(&id);
-        self.size.y.remove(&id);
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.size.x.clear();
-        self.size.y.clear();
-    }
-}

core/src/ui/mod.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-use crate::{Mask, TextData, Textures, WeakWidget, WidgetId, Widgets, util::TrackedArena};
+use crate::{
+    Mask, PrimitiveRegistry, TextData, Textures, WeakWidget, WidgetId, Widgets, util::TrackedArena,
+};
 
 mod active;
-mod cache;
 mod painter;
 mod render_state;
-mod size;
 
 pub use active::*;
-pub use painter::Painter;
+pub use painter::{Painter, PrimitiveLike};
 pub use render_state::*;
-pub use size::*;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct UiData {
     pub widgets: Widgets,
+    /// Every primitive this ui can draw.
+    pub primitives: PrimitiveRegistry,
     pub textures: Textures,
     pub text: TextData,
     pub masks: TrackedArena<Mask, u32>,

core/src/ui/painter.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
-    Axis, Len, RenderedText, Size, SizeCtx, StrongWidget, TextAttrs, TextBuffer, TextData,
+    Axis, Len, RenderedText, Size, StrongWidget, TextAttrs, TextBuffer, TextData, TextureHandle,
-    TextureHandle, UiRegion, UiRenderState, UiRsc, UiScalar, UiVec2, Widget, WidgetId,
+    UiRegion, UiRenderState, UiRsc, UiScalar, UiVec2, WidgetId,
-    render::{GlyphPrimitive, Mask, MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst},
+    render::{
+        GlyphPrimitive, Mask, MaskIdx, Primitive, PrimitiveHandle, PrimitiveInst, PrimitiveKind,
+        TexturePrimitive,
+    },
     util::Vec2,
 };
 
@@ -15,21 +18,35 @@ pub struct Painter<'a> {
     pub(super) textures: Vec<TextureHandle>,
     pub(super) primitives: Vec<PrimitiveHandle>,
     pub(super) children: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    /// The children whose size this widget read while drawing.
+    pub(super) size_deps: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    pub(super) reads_output: bool,
     pub layer: usize,
     pub(super) id: WidgetId,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
     fn primitive_at<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P, region: UiRegion) {
+        let kind = self.rsc.ui_mut().primitives.kind::<P>();
+        self.write(kind, primitive, region);
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the kind, for a caller writing many of one primitive.
+    fn write<P: Primitive>(&mut self, kind: PrimitiveKind<P>, primitive: P, region: UiRegion) {
         let h = self.state.layers.write(
             self.layer,
             PrimitiveInst {
+                kind,
                 id: self.id,
                 primitive,
                 region,
                 mask_idx: self.mask,
             },
         );
+        self.push_primitive(h);
+    }
+
+    fn push_primitive(&mut self, h: PrimitiveHandle) {
         if self.mask != MaskIdx::NONE {
             // TODO: I have no clue if this works at all :joy:
             self.rsc.ui_mut().masks.push_ref(self.mask);
@@ -38,11 +55,13 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Writes a primitive to be rendered
-    pub fn primitive<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P) {
+    pub fn primitive(&mut self, primitive: impl PrimitiveLike) {
+        let primitive = primitive.into_primitive(self);
         self.primitive_at(primitive, self.region)
     }
 
-    pub fn primitive_within<P: Primitive>(&mut self, primitive: P, region: UiRegion) {
+    pub fn primitive_within(&mut self, primitive: impl PrimitiveLike, region: UiRegion) {
+        let primitive = primitive.into_primitive(self);
         self.primitive_at(primitive, region.within(&self.region));
     }
 
@@ -52,19 +71,31 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Draws a widget within this widget's region.
-    pub fn widget<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>) {
+    pub fn widget<'s, W: ?Sized>(&'s mut self, id: &'s StrongWidget<W>) -> DrawResult<'s, 'a, W> {
-        self.widget_at(id, self.region);
+        self.widget_at(id, self.region)
     }
 
-    /// Draws a widget somewhere within this one.
+    /// Draws a widget somewhere within this one. Drawing one a second time
-    /// Useful for drawing child widgets in select areas.
+    /// gives it a new box, keeping the drawing it already has where it can.
-    pub fn widget_within<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, region: UiRegion) {
+    pub fn widget_within<'s, W: ?Sized>(
-        self.widget_at(id, region.within(&self.region));
+        &'s mut self,
+        id: &'s StrongWidget<W>,
+        region: UiRegion,
+    ) -> DrawResult<'s, 'a, W> {
+        let region = region.within(&self.region);
+        self.widget_at(id, region)
     }
 
-    fn widget_at<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, region: UiRegion) {
+    fn widget_at<'s, W: ?Sized>(
+        &'s mut self,
+        id: &'s StrongWidget<W>,
+        region: UiRegion,
+    ) -> DrawResult<'s, 'a, W> {
+        // A child listed twice would be moved twice.
+        if !self.children.contains(&id.id()) {
             self.children.push(id.id());
-        self.state.draw_inner(
+        }
+        let size = self.state.draw_inner(
             self.layer,
             id.id(),
             region,
@@ -73,21 +104,25 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
             None,
             self.rsc,
         );
+        DrawResult {
+            child: id,
+            painter: self,
+            size,
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn texture_within(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, region: UiRegion) {
+    /// What a child says its length is without being drawn, if it can say.
-        self.textures.push(handle.clone());
+    /// Asking counts as reading its size.
-        self.primitive_at(handle.primitive(), region.within(&self.region));
+    pub fn size_hint<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, axis: Axis) -> Option<Len> {
+        let hint = self.rsc.widgets().get_dyn(id.id())?.size_hint(axis)?;
+        self.depend_on_size(id);
+        Some(hint)
     }
 
-    pub fn texture(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle) {
+    fn depend_on_size<W: ?Sized>(&mut self, child: &StrongWidget<W>) {
-        self.textures.push(handle.clone());
+        if !self.size_deps.contains(&child.id()) {
-        self.primitive(handle.primitive());
+            self.size_deps.push(child.id());
         }
-
-    pub fn texture_at(&mut self, handle: &TextureHandle, region: UiRegion) {
-        self.textures.push(handle.clone());
-        self.primitive_at(handle.primitive(), region);
     }
 
     pub fn render_text(
@@ -97,10 +132,12 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
         width: Option<f32>,
     ) -> RenderedText {
         let ui = self.rsc.ui_mut();
-        ui.text.render(buffer, attrs, width, &mut ui.textures)
+        ui.text.render(buffer, attrs, width)
     }
 
+    // TODO: merge the text methods into the primitive ones.
     pub fn glyphs(&mut self, text: &RenderedText, origin: UiRegion) {
+        let kind = self.rsc.ui_mut().primitives.kind::<GlyphPrimitive>();
         for glyph in text.glyphs.iter() {
             let mut region = origin;
             region.x.end = region.x.start;
@@ -108,12 +145,12 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
             let mut region = region.offset(UiVec2::abs(glyph.offset));
             region.x.end = region.x.start + UiScalar::abs(glyph.entry.width as f32);
             region.y.end = region.y.start + UiScalar::abs(glyph.entry.height as f32);
-            self.primitive_at(
+            self.write(
+                kind,
                 GlyphPrimitive {
                     uv_min: glyph.entry.uv_min,
                     uv_max: glyph.entry.uv_max,
-                    view_idx: glyph.entry.view_idx,
+                    layer: glyph.entry.layer,
-                    sampler_idx: glyph.entry.sampler_idx,
                     color: text.color,
                     flags: glyph.entry.flags(),
                 },
@@ -126,22 +163,17 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
         self.region
     }
 
-    pub fn size<W: ?Sized + Widget>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>) -> Size {
+    /// The output's size in pixels. A widget that reads it draws again when
-        self.size_ctx().size(id)
+    /// the output changes, since nothing else can put that right.
-    }
+    pub fn output_size(&mut self) -> Vec2 {
-
+        self.reads_output = true;
-    pub fn len_axis<W: ?Sized + Widget>(&mut self, id: &StrongWidget<W>, axis: Axis) -> Len {
-        match axis {
-            Axis::X => self.size_ctx().width(id),
-            Axis::Y => self.size_ctx().height(id),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn output_size(&self) -> Vec2 {
         self.state.output_size
     }
 
+    /// This widget's box in pixels. Resolved against the output's size, so a
+    /// widget that reads it draws again when the output changes.
     pub fn px_size(&mut self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.reads_output = true;
         self.region.size().to_abs(self.state.output_size)
     }
 
@@ -164,8 +196,49 @@ impl<'a> Painter<'a> {
     pub fn id(&self) -> &WidgetId {
         &self.id
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn size_ctx(&mut self) -> SizeCtx<'_> {
+/// A child that has just been drawn. Reading its size records that this
-        self.state.size_ctx(self.id, self.region.size(), self.rsc)
+/// widget's own size depends on it; dropping it without reading draws the
+/// child and leaves the parent independent of what it came to.
+pub struct DrawResult<'p, 'a, W: ?Sized> {
+    painter: &'p mut Painter<'a>,
+    child: &'p StrongWidget<W>,
+    size: Size,
+}
+
+impl<W: ?Sized> DrawResult<'_, '_, W> {
+    pub fn size(self) -> Size {
+        self.painter.depend_on_size(self.child);
+        self.size
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(self, axis: Axis) -> Len {
+        self.size().axis(axis)
+    }
+}
+
+/// What `Painter::primitive` takes: a primitive, or something that yields one
+/// and does whatever else drawing it needs.
+pub trait PrimitiveLike {
+    type Primitive: Primitive;
+    fn into_primitive(self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Self::Primitive;
+}
+
+impl<P: Primitive> PrimitiveLike for P {
+    type Primitive = P;
+    fn into_primitive(self, _: &mut Painter) -> P {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl PrimitiveLike for &TextureHandle {
+    type Primitive = TexturePrimitive;
+
+    /// Retains a share of the handle, so the slot the primitive names cannot
+    /// be freed and reused while it is still drawn.
+    fn into_primitive(self, painter: &mut Painter) -> TexturePrimitive {
+        painter.textures.push(self.clone());
+        self.into()
     }
 }

core/src/ui/render_state.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 use crate::{
-    ActiveData, Axis, IdLike, MaskIdx, Painter, PixelRegion, PrimitiveLayers, SizeCtx,
+    ActiveData, Axis, DrawLayers, IdLike, MaskIdx, OnResize, Painter, PixelRegion, Remap, Size,
-    StrongWidget, UiRegion, UiRsc, UiVec2, WidgetId, Widgets,
+    StrongWidget, UiRegion, UiRsc, WidgetId, Widgets,
-    ui::cache::Cache,
     util::{HashMap, HashSet, Vec2, forget_ref},
 };
 
 pub struct UiRenderState {
     pub active: HashMap<WidgetId, ActiveData>,
-    pub layers: PrimitiveLayers,
+    pub layers: DrawLayers,
     pub(super) output_size: Vec2,
-    pub cache: Cache,
 
     old_root: Option<WidgetId>,
     resized: bool,
@@ -21,7 +19,6 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         Self {
             active: Default::default(),
             layers: Default::default(),
-            cache: Default::default(),
             output_size: Vec2::ZERO,
             old_root: None,
             resized: false,
@@ -34,6 +31,10 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         self.resized = true;
     }
 
+    pub fn output_size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.output_size
+    }
+
     pub fn update<'a>(&mut self, root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
         // safety mechanism for memory leaks; might wanna return a result instead so user can
         // decide whether to panic or not
@@ -52,11 +53,21 @@ impl UiRenderState {
             );
         }
         let root = root.into();
-        if self.needs_full_redraw(root) {
+        if self.root_changed(root) {
             self.redraw_all(root, rsc);
             self.old_root = root.map(|r| r.id());
+        } else if self.resized {
+            // A region is a fraction of the output plus an offset, resolved
+            // against the window in the shader, so a resize moves the whole
+            // drawing on its own. Only a widget that read pixels can be wrong.
+            for (&id, active) in &self.active {
+                if active.reads_output {
+                    rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.insert(id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         self.resized = false;
-        } else if rsc.widgets().has_updates() {
+        if rsc.widgets().has_updates() {
             self.redraw_updates(rsc);
         }
     }
@@ -80,19 +91,11 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         mask: MaskIdx,
         old_children: Option<Vec<WidgetId>>,
         rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Size {
         let mut old_children = old_children.unwrap_or_default();
-        if let Some(active) = self.active.get_mut(&id)
+        if self.active.contains_key(&id) {
-            && !rsc.widgets().needs_redraw.contains(&id)
+            if let Some(size) = self.try_reuse(id, region, rsc) {
-        {
+                return size;
-            // check to see if we can skip drawing first
-            if active.region == region {
-                return;
-            } else if active.region.size() == region.size() {
-                // TODO: epsilon?
-                let from = active.region;
-                self.mov(id, from, region);
-                return;
             }
             // if not, then maintain resize and track old children to remove unneeded
             let active = self.remove(id, false, rsc).unwrap();
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         }
 
         // draw widget
+        rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.remove(&id);
         self.draw_started.insert(id);
 
         let mut painter = Painter {
@@ -111,11 +115,13 @@ impl UiRenderState {
             textures: Vec::new(),
             primitives: Vec::new(),
             children: Vec::new(),
+            size_deps: Vec::new(),
+            reads_output: false,
             rsc,
         };
 
         let mut widget = painter.rsc.widgets().get_dyn_dynamic(id);
-        widget.draw(&mut painter);
+        let size = widget.draw(&mut painter);
         drop(widget);
 
         let Painter {
@@ -126,18 +132,29 @@ impl UiRenderState {
             textures,
             primitives,
             children,
+            size_deps,
+            reads_output,
             layer,
             id,
         } = painter;
 
+        debug_assert!(
+            Self::hints_agree(id, size, rsc),
+            "'{}' ({id:?}) drew a size its size_hint disagrees with",
+            rsc.widgets().label(id)
+        );
+
         // add to active
         let active = ActiveData {
             id,
             region,
+            size,
             parent,
             textures,
             primitives,
             children,
+            size_deps,
+            reads_output,
             mask,
             layer,
         };
@@ -151,19 +168,77 @@ impl UiRenderState {
 
         rsc.on_draw(&active);
         self.active.insert(id, active);
+        size
     }
 
-    fn mov(&mut self, id: WidgetId, from: UiRegion, to: UiRegion) {
+    /// The drawing a widget already has, kept for a new box if the box has not
+    /// changed in a way it depends on.
+    fn try_reuse(&mut self, id: WidgetId, region: UiRegion, rsc: &dyn UiRsc) -> Option<Size> {
+        if rsc.widgets().needs_redraw.contains(&id) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let active = self.active.get(&id)?;
+        let (size, old) = (active.size, active.region);
+        if old == region {
+            return Some(size);
+        }
+        // TODO: epsilon?
+        if old.size() != region.size() && !self.reusable(id, region, rsc) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // Its drawing stands, if the new box can be reached from the old one.
+        self.mov(id, &Remap::new(old, region)?);
+        Some(size)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the widget can keep the drawing it has and be given `region`
+    /// instead, asked one axis at a time: a change on an axis it does not
+    /// depend on costs nothing, whatever it depends on elsewhere.
+    fn reusable(&self, id: WidgetId, region: UiRegion, rsc: &dyn UiRsc) -> bool {
+        let Some(active) = self.active.get(&id) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let Some(widget) = rsc.widgets().get_dyn(id) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        [Axis::X, Axis::Y].into_iter().all(|axis| {
+            let offered = region.axis(axis).len();
+            let had = active.region.axis(axis).len();
+            match widget.on_resize(axis) {
+                OnResize::Scale => true,
+                // `Translate` is not acted on yet, and cannot be until a
+                // drawing can sit somewhere other than its box. `region` is
+                // both the box a widget was given and the box its primitives
+                // are in, and `mov` remaps from it -- so carrying a drawing at
+                // its old size while the box grows makes the next move stretch
+                // it. The offset chain is what separates the two.
+                OnResize::Translate | OnResize::Redraw => offered == had,
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn hints_agree(id: WidgetId, size: Size, rsc: &dyn UiRsc) -> bool {
+        let Some(widget) = rsc.widgets().get_dyn(id) else {
+            return true;
+        };
+        [Axis::X, Axis::Y].into_iter().all(|axis| {
+            widget
+                .size_hint(axis)
+                .is_none_or(|hint| hint == size.axis(axis))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn mov(&mut self, id: WidgetId, remap: &Remap) {
         let active = self.active.get_mut(&id).unwrap();
         for h in &active.primitives {
             let region = self.layers[h.layer].region_mut(h);
-            *region = region.outside(&from).within(&to);
+            *region = remap.apply(*region);
         }
-        active.region = active.region.outside(&from).within(&to);
+        active.region = remap.apply(active.region);
         // SAFETY: children cannot be recursive
         let children = unsafe { forget_ref(&active.children) };
         for child in children {
-            self.mov(*child, from, to);
+            self.mov(*child, remap);
         }
     }
 
@@ -187,7 +262,6 @@ impl UiRenderState {
     }
 
     fn remove_rec(&mut self, id: WidgetId, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) -> Option<ActiveData> {
-        self.cache.remove(id);
         let inst = self.remove(id, true, rsc);
         if let Some(inst) = &inst {
             for c in &inst.children {
@@ -201,7 +275,6 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         for (_, active) in self.active.drain() {
             rsc.on_undraw(&active);
         }
-        self.cache.clear();
         self.layers.clear();
         rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.clear();
         rsc.free();
@@ -218,17 +291,12 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         root.into().map(|r| r.id()) != self.old_root
     }
 
-    // Scheduling and drawing must use the same full-redraw predicate.
-    fn needs_full_redraw<'a>(&self, root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>) -> bool {
-        self.root_changed(root) || self.resized
-    }
-
     pub fn needs_redraw<'a>(
         &self,
         root: impl Into<Option<&'a StrongWidget>>,
         widgets: &Widgets,
     ) -> bool {
-        self.needs_full_redraw(root) || widgets.has_updates()
+        self.root_changed(root) || self.resized || widgets.has_updates()
     }
 
     pub fn active_widgets(&self) -> usize {
@@ -243,14 +311,14 @@ impl UiRenderState {
     }
 
     pub fn debug_layers(&self) {
-        for ((idx, depth), primitives) in self.layers.iter_depth() {
+        for ((idx, depth), draws) in self.layers.iter_depth() {
             let indent = " ".repeat(depth * 2);
-            let len = primitives.instances().len();
+            let counts: Vec<String> = draws
-            print!("{indent}{idx}: {len} primitives");
+                .primitives()
-            if len >= 1 {
+                .iter()
-                print!(" ({})", primitives.instances()[0].binding);
+                .map(|l| l.as_ref().map_or(0, |l| l.instances().len()).to_string())
-            }
+                .collect();
-            println!();
+            println!("{indent}{idx}: [{}]", counts.join(", "));
         }
     }
 
@@ -261,22 +329,19 @@ impl UiRenderState {
 
     /// redraws a widget that's currently active (drawn)
     pub fn redraw(&mut self, id: WidgetId, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) {
-        rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.remove(&id);
         self.draw_started.remove(&id);
-        // check if parent depends on the desired size of this, if so then redraw it first
+        // Whoever read this widget's size may be a different size now, so the
-        for axis in [Axis::X, Axis::Y] {
+        // highest reader is what draws. Everything between the two is marked
-            if let Some(&(outer, old)) = self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).get(&id)
+        // as well: their own boxes have not changed, so the mark is the only
-                && let Some(current) = self.active.get(&id)
+        // thing stopping the draw reusing its way past this widget.
-                && let Some(pid) = current.parent
+        if let Some(top) = self.mark_readers(id, rsc) {
-            {
+            self.redraw(top, rsc);
-                self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).remove(&id);
+            // Cleared by that draw if it reached here; if it did not, this is
-                let new = self.size_ctx(id, outer, rsc).len_axis(id, axis);
+            // no longer drawn and asking again would not end.
-                self.cache.size.axis_dyn(axis).insert(id, (outer, new));
+            rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.remove(&id);
-                if new != old {
+            return;
-                    self.redraw(pid, rsc);
-                }
-            }
         }
+        rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.remove(&id);
 
         if self.draw_started.contains(&id) {
             return;
@@ -297,23 +362,23 @@ impl UiRenderState {
         );
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn size_ctx<'b>(
+    /// The furthest ancestor that read this widget's size, directly or through
-        &'b mut self,
+    /// widgets that did the same, marking everything below it on the way.
-        source: WidgetId,
+    fn mark_readers(&self, id: WidgetId, rsc: &mut dyn UiRsc) -> Option<WidgetId> {
-        outer: UiVec2,
+        let mut top = None;
-        rsc: &'b mut dyn UiRsc,
+        let mut at = id;
-    ) -> SizeCtx<'b> {
+        while let Some(active) = self.active.get(&at)
-        let ui = rsc.ui_mut();
+            && let Some(parent) = active.parent
-        SizeCtx {
+            && self
-            source,
+                .active
-            cache: &mut self.cache,
+                .get(&parent)
-            text: &mut ui.text,
+                .is_some_and(|p| p.size_deps.contains(&at))
-            textures: &mut ui.textures,
+        {
-            widgets: &ui.widgets,
+            rsc.widgets_mut().needs_redraw.insert(at);
-            outer,
+            top = Some(parent);
-            output_size: self.output_size,
+            at = parent;
-            id: source,
         }
+        top
     }
 }
 

core/src/ui/size.rs

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    Axis, AxisT, IdLike, Len, RenderedText, Size, TextAttrs, TextBuffer, TextData, Textures,
-    UiVec2, WidgetAxisFns, WidgetId, Widgets, XAxis, YAxis, ui::cache::Cache, util::Vec2,
-};
-
-pub struct SizeCtx<'a> {
-    pub text: &'a mut TextData,
-    pub textures: &'a mut Textures,
-    pub(super) source: WidgetId,
-    pub(super) widgets: &'a Widgets,
-    pub(super) cache: &'a mut Cache,
-    /// TODO: should this be pub? rn used for sized
-    pub outer: UiVec2,
-    pub(super) output_size: Vec2,
-    pub(super) id: WidgetId,
-}
-
-impl SizeCtx<'_> {
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &WidgetId {
-        &self.id
-    }
-
-    pub fn source(&self) -> &WidgetId {
-        &self.source
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn len_inner<A: const AxisT>(&mut self, id: WidgetId) -> Len {
-        if let Some((_, len)) = self.cache.size.axis::<A>().get(&id) {
-            return *len;
-        }
-        let len = self
-            .widgets
-            .get_dyn_dynamic(id)
-            .desired_len::<A>(&mut SizeCtx {
-                text: self.text,
-                textures: self.textures,
-                source: self.source,
-                widgets: self.widgets,
-                cache: self.cache,
-                outer: self.outer,
-                output_size: self.output_size,
-                id,
-            });
-        self.cache.size.axis::<A>().insert(id, (self.outer, len));
-        len
-    }
-
-    pub fn width(&mut self, id: impl IdLike) -> Len {
-        self.len_inner::<XAxis>(id.id())
-    }
-
-    pub fn height(&mut self, id: impl IdLike) -> Len {
-        self.len_inner::<YAxis>(id.id())
-    }
-
-    pub fn len_axis(&mut self, id: impl IdLike, axis: Axis) -> Len {
-        match axis {
-            Axis::X => self.width(id),
-            Axis::Y => self.height(id),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn size(&mut self, id: impl IdLike) -> Size {
-        let id = id.id();
-        Size {
-            x: self.width(id),
-            y: self.height(id),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn px_size(&mut self) -> Vec2 {
-        self.outer.to_abs(self.output_size)
-    }
-
-    pub fn output_size(&mut self) -> Vec2 {
-        self.output_size
-    }
-
-    pub fn draw_text(
-        &mut self,
-        buffer: &mut TextBuffer,
-        attrs: &TextAttrs,
-        width: Option<f32>,
-    ) -> RenderedText {
-        self.text.render(buffer, attrs, width, self.textures)
-    }
-
-    pub fn label(&self, id: WidgetId) -> &String {
-        self.widgets.label(id)
-    }
-}

core/src/util/math.rs

@@ -1,33 +1,21 @@
-use std::ops::*;
+pub const trait LerpUtil: Sized {
-
-pub const trait LerpUtil {
     fn lerp(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self;
-    fn lerp_inv(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self;
+    fn lerp_inv(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Option<Self>;
 }
 
-pub const trait DivOr {
+const impl LerpUtil for f32 {
-    fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self;
-}
-
-const impl DivOr for f32 {
-    fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        let res = self / rhs;
-        if res.is_nan() { other } else { res }
-    }
-}
-
-const impl<
-    T: const Add<Output = T> + const Sub<Output = T> + const Mul<Output = T> + const DivOr + Copy,
-> LerpUtil for T
-{
     /// linear interpolation
     /// from * (1.0 - self) + to * self
     fn lerp(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self {
         from + (to - from) * self
     }
-    /// inverse of lerp
+    /// inverse of lerp, and `None` where `from` and `to` are the same point:
-    fn lerp_inv(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Self {
+    /// every input lerps to it, so there is no one answer to come back to.
-        (self - from).div_or(to - from, from)
+    fn lerp_inv(self, from: Self, to: Self) -> Option<Self> {
+        match to == from {
+            true => None,
+            false => Some((self - from) / (to - from)),
+        }
     }
 }
 

core/src/util/vec2.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::util::{DivOr, impl_op};
+use crate::util::impl_op;
 use std::{hash::Hash, ops::*};
 
 #[repr(C)]
@@ -67,15 +67,6 @@ impl_op!(Vec2 Sub sub; x y);
 impl_op!(Vec2 Mul mul; x y);
 impl_op!(Vec2 Div div; x y);
 
-const impl DivOr for Vec2 {
-    fn div_or(self, rhs: Self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            x: self.x.div_or(rhs.x, other.x),
-            y: self.y.div_or(rhs.y, other.y),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl Neg for Vec2 {
     type Output = Self;
 

core/src/widget/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{Axis, AxisT, Len, Painter, SizeCtx};
+use crate::{Axis, Len, Painter, Size};
 use std::any::Any;
 
 mod data;
@@ -15,32 +15,45 @@ pub use tag::*;
 pub use view::*;
 pub use widgets::*;
 
+/// What may be done to a widget's drawing when the box it was given changes
+/// on this axis, instead of drawing it again. Asked per axis, because wrapped
+/// text reads the width it is offered and not the height.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum OnResize {
+    Scale,
+    Translate,
+    #[default]
+    Redraw,
+}
+
 pub trait Widget: Any {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter);
+    /// Draws the widget, and returns what it used of the box it was given.
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len;
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size;
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len;
-}
 
-pub trait WidgetAxisFns {
+    /// An exact length the widget can give without a painter or its children.
-    fn desired_len<A: AxisT>(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len;
+    /// Optional, and saves a draw rather than changing one: a hint that
-}
+    /// disagrees with the eventual draw fails a debug assertion.
-
+    fn size_hint(&self, _axis: Axis) -> Option<Len> {
-impl<W: Widget + ?Sized> WidgetAxisFns for W {
+        None
-    fn desired_len<A: AxisT>(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        match A::get() {
-            Axis::X => self.desired_width(ctx),
-            Axis::Y => self.desired_height(ctx),
     }
+
+    fn on_resize(&self, _axis: Axis) -> OnResize {
+        OnResize::default()
     }
 }
 
 impl Widget for () {
-    fn draw(&mut self, _: &mut Painter) {}
+    /// A gap: nothing drawn, at the default length, so a span gives it a share.
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    fn draw(&mut self, _: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        Len::ZERO
+        Size::default()
     }
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+
-        Len::ZERO
+    fn size_hint(&self, _axis: Axis) -> Option<Len> {
+        Some(Len::default())
+    }
+
+    fn on_resize(&self, _axis: Axis) -> OnResize {
+        OnResize::Scale
     }
 }
 

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -10,11 +10,7 @@ struct State {
 }
 
 impl DefaultAppState for State {
-    fn new(
+    fn new(mut ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, _: Proxy<Self>) -> Self {
-        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
-        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
-        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
-    ) -> Self {
         rect(Color::RED).set_root(rsc, &mut ui_state);
         Self { ui_state }
     }

examples/tabs/main.rs

@@ -15,11 +15,7 @@ pub struct Client {
 }
 
 impl DefaultAppState for Client {
-    fn new(
+    fn new(mut ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, _: Proxy<Self>) -> Self {
-        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
-        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
-        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
-    ) -> Self {
         let rrect = rect(Color::WHITE).radius(20);
         let pad_test = (
             rrect.color(Color::BLUE),
@@ -212,10 +208,10 @@ impl DefaultAppState for Client {
         render: &mut UiRenderState,
     ) {
         let new = format!(
-            "widgets: {}\nactive: {}\nviews: {}",
+            "widgets: {}\nactive: {}\ntextures: {}",
             rsc.widgets().len(),
             render.active_widgets(),
-            self.ui_state.renderer.ui.view_count(),
+            rsc.ui().textures.count(),
         );
         if new != *rsc.widgets()[self.info].content {
             *rsc.widgets_mut()[self.info].content = new;

examples/task.rs

@@ -11,11 +11,7 @@ struct State {
 }
 
 impl DefaultAppState for State {
-    fn new(
+    fn new(mut ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, _: Proxy<Self>) -> Self {
-        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
-        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
-        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
-    ) -> Self {
         let rect = rect(Color::RED).add(rsc);
         rect.task_on(CursorSense::click(), async move |mut ctx| {
             tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;

examples/text.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//! Text sizing: wrapped text reads the width it is offered, fixed text does
+//! not, and both report a height their container lays out around.
+
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+fn main() {
+    DefaultApp::<State>::run();
+}
+
+#[derive(DefaultUiState)]
+struct State {
+    ui_state: DefaultUiState,
+}
+
+const SAMPLE: &str = "Wrapping shapes one source into as many lines as its container \
+    leaves room for, so the height of a paragraph is an answer rather than a setting, and \
+    the same words in a narrower box come back taller. Resize the window and watch the \
+    text below reflow into a different number of lines while nothing about it changes.";
+
+impl DefaultAppState for State {
+    fn new(mut ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, _: Proxy<Self>) -> Self {
+        let panel = || rect(Color::WHITE.darker(0.85));
+
+        let wrapped = wtext(SAMPLE)
+            .size(28)
+            .wrap(true)
+            .text_align(Align::LEFT)
+            .pad(16)
+            .background(panel());
+
+        let aligned = (
+            wtext("left").size(24).text_align(Align::LEFT),
+            wtext("centred").size(24).text_align(Align::CENTER),
+            wtext("right").size(24).text_align(Align::RIGHT),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::DOWN)
+            .gap(8)
+            .pad(16)
+            .background(panel());
+
+        // The same words in half the width, which is a different number of
+        // lines and so a different height. A declared width only holds along
+        // a span's own axis, hence the row.
+        let narrow = (
+            wtext(SAMPLE)
+                .size(20)
+                .wrap(true)
+                .pad(16)
+                .background(panel())
+                .align(Align::TOP)
+                .width(rel(0.5)),
+            rect(Color::WHITE.darker(0.95)),
+        )
+            .span(Dir::RIGHT);
+
+        (wrapped, aligned, narrow)
+            .span(Dir::DOWN)
+            .gap(12)
+            .pad(12)
+            .set_root(rsc, &mut ui_state);
+        Self { ui_state }
+    }
+}

examples/view.rs

@@ -36,11 +36,7 @@ impl Test {
 }
 
 impl DefaultAppState for State {
-    fn new(
+    fn new(mut ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, _: Proxy<Self>) -> Self {
-        mut ui_state: DefaultUiState,
-        rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>,
-        _: Proxy<Self::Event>,
-    ) -> Self {
         let test = Test::new(rsc);
 
         test.on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, rsc| {

rig-input/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "rig-input"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+
+# Replays `.touch` recordings through Wayland's virtual-pointer protocol;
+# headless sway has no input devices for coordinate-driving tools to move.
+[[bin]]
+name = "replay-touch"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+# Share the harness parser so both ways of replaying read a file the same.
+iris = { path = ".." }
+wayland-client = { workspace = true }
+wayland-protocols-wlr = { workspace = true }

rig-input/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+use iris::harness::{TouchAction, TouchScript};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use wayland_client::protocol::wl_pointer::ButtonState;
+use wayland_client::protocol::{wl_registry, wl_seat};
+use wayland_client::{Connection, Dispatch, QueueHandle, delegate_noop};
+use wayland_protocols_wlr::virtual_pointer::v1::client::{
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1,
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerV1,
+};
+
+const BTN_LEFT: u32 = 0x110;
+
+const SETTLE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(200);
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Globals {
+    seat: Option<wl_seat::WlSeat>,
+    manager: Option<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1>,
+}
+
+impl Dispatch<wl_registry::WlRegistry, ()> for Globals {
+    fn event(
+        state: &mut Self,
+        registry: &wl_registry::WlRegistry,
+        event: wl_registry::Event,
+        _: &(),
+        _: &Connection,
+        qh: &QueueHandle<Self>,
+    ) {
+        let wl_registry::Event::Global {
+            name,
+            interface,
+            version,
+        } = event
+        else {
+            return;
+        };
+        match interface.as_str() {
+            "wl_seat" => {
+                state.seat = Some(registry.bind(name, version.min(7), qh, ()));
+            }
+            "zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1" => {
+                state.manager = Some(registry.bind(name, version.min(2), qh, ()));
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+delegate_noop!(Globals: ignore wl_seat::WlSeat);
+delegate_noop!(Globals: ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1);
+delegate_noop!(Globals: ZwlrVirtualPointerV1);
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
+    let [width, height, path] = args.as_slice() else {
+        eprintln!("usage: replay-touch WIDTH HEIGHT FILE");
+        std::process::exit(2);
+    };
+    let (width, height) = (parse(width, "WIDTH"), parse(height, "HEIGHT"));
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| fail(&format!("could not read {path}: {e}")));
+    let script = TouchScript::parse(&text).unwrap_or_else(|e| fail(&e));
+
+    let conn = Connection::connect_to_env().unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        fail(&format!(
+            "no wayland display ({e}); is WAYLAND_DISPLAY set?"
+        ))
+    });
+    let mut queue = conn.new_event_queue();
+    let qh = queue.handle();
+    let display = conn.display();
+    display.get_registry(&qh, ());
+    let mut globals = Globals::default();
+    queue
+        .roundtrip(&mut globals)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| fail(&format!("wayland roundtrip failed: {e}")));
+
+    let manager = globals.manager.as_ref().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        fail(
+            "this compositor does not offer zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1, so a pointer cannot \
+             be synthesised; sway and every wlroots compositor do",
+        )
+    });
+    let pointer = manager.create_virtual_pointer(globals.seat.as_ref(), &qh, ());
+
+    // Put the pointer where the gesture starts and let the compositor
+    // settle before anything is pressed. Without this the press is
+    // dropped: sway has just learned about this pointer, and a button
+    // sent in the same breath as the motion that first puts it over a
+    // window arrives before there is a focused surface to send it to --
+    // winit sees `CursorEntered`, the moves and the *release*, never the
+    // press, so the gesture reads as a hover and nothing scrolls. Found
+    // by printing winit's own events; the settle is what fixed it.
+    if let Some(first) = script.samples.first() {
+        pointer.motion_absolute(0, first.pos.x as u32, first.pos.y as u32, width, height);
+        pointer.frame();
+        conn.flush()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| fail(&format!("flush: {e}")));
+        std::thread::sleep(SETTLE);
+    }
+
+    let mut previous = 0;
+    for sample in &script.samples {
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(sample.t_ms - previous));
+        previous = sample.t_ms;
+        let t = sample.t_ms as u32;
+        pointer.motion_absolute(t, sample.pos.x as u32, sample.pos.y as u32, width, height);
+        pointer.frame();
+        // The button goes in a frame of its own, *after* the motion has
+        // been committed. Sent in the same frame as the motion that
+        // first puts the pointer over the window, sway drops it: the
+        // client sees `CursorEntered` and the moves but never a
+        // `MouseInput { state: Pressed }`, so the whole gesture reads as
+        // a hover and nothing scrolls. Found exactly that way, by
+        // printing winit's events.
+        let state = match sample.action {
+            TouchAction::Down => Some(ButtonState::Pressed),
+            TouchAction::Up => Some(ButtonState::Released),
+            TouchAction::Move => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(state) = state {
+            pointer.button(t, BTN_LEFT, state);
+            pointer.frame();
+        }
+        conn.flush()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| fail(&format!("flush: {e}")));
+    }
+    pointer.destroy();
+    conn.flush().ok();
+}
+
+fn parse(text: &str, what: &str) -> u32 {
+    text.parse()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| fail(&format!("{what} is not a whole number: {text:?}")))
+}
+
+fn fail(message: &str) -> ! {
+    eprintln!("replay-touch: {message}");
+    std::process::exit(1);
+}

scripts/headless.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# The compositor `scripts/run-headless.sh` starts, so that an example has a
+# surface where there is no display. Nothing here is meant to be looked at
+# directly; `grim` is.
+#
+# No Xwayland: winit talks Wayland natively, so an X server is a second thing
+# to go wrong for no gain.
+xwayland disable
+
+# The default output, overridden per run by `--mode`. Larger than the window
+# an example opens, so nothing is scaled or clipped.
+output HEADLESS-1 mode 1920x1200@60Hz
+
+default_border none
+focus_follows_mouse no

scripts/run-headless.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Run an iris example on a machine with no display.
+#
+#   ./scripts/run-headless.sh tabs
+#   ./scripts/run-headless.sh tabs --shot /tmp/tabs.png --seconds 4
+#   ./scripts/run-headless.sh tabs --replay taps.touch --shot /tmp/tabs.png
+#   ./scripts/run-headless.sh app --dir ../elsewhere --mode 1080x2424@120Hz
+#
+# `--dir DIR` names the workspace to build in, defaulting to this one, so a
+# project that depends on iris can be run through the same rig. `--bin` runs a
+# crate binary rather than an example, and takes its own argv from
+# `$RUN_HEADLESS_ARGS`, word-split on purpose.
+#
+# `--mode` sets the output, for running something at a size other than a
+# desktop's -- a phone's, say. Set every run rather than only when it changes:
+# the compositor is reused between runs, so a default-shaped run after a
+# custom one would otherwise inherit the other's output and quietly screenshot
+# the wrong size.
+#
+# `--replay FILE` drives a `.touch` recording into the window through
+# `replay-touch`, which reads it with the same parser `iris::harness` uses. A
+# recording is `<ms> down|move|up <x> <y>` in the output's own pixels. With
+# `--shot` it also writes `<shot>-before.png` from just before the gesture,
+# since "it moved" is a claim about two pictures.
+#
+# What it supplies is a compositor for winit to open a surface on: a headless
+# sway, and `grim` to screenshot it. Sway gets its own socket and runtime
+# directory rather than joining whatever else is running, because it tiles --
+# adding a window to someone else's compositor resizes theirs.
+set -eu
+
+need() {
+    command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+        echo "run-headless: $1 is not installed ($2)" >&2
+        exit 127
+    }
+}
+need sway "the compositor an example opens its window on"
+need swaymsg "sway's control socket"
+
+scripts=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
+root=$(cd "$scripts/.." && pwd)
+workdir="$root"
+cd "$root"
+run="${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:-/tmp}/iris-headless"
+seconds=3
+shot=""
+replay=""
+example=""
+kind=example
+mode=1920x1200@60Hz
+
+
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --shot) shot=$2; shift 2 ;;
+        --seconds) seconds=$2; shift 2 ;;
+        --bin) kind=bin; shift ;;
+        --mode) mode=$2; shift 2 ;;
+        --replay) replay=$2; shift 2 ;;
+        --dir) workdir=$(cd "$2" && pwd); shift 2 ;;
+        --) shift; break ;;
+        *) example=$1; shift ;;
+    esac
+done
+[ -n "$example" ] || { echo "usage: $0 NAME [--bin] [--dir DIR] [--mode WxH@Hz] [--replay TOUCH] [--shot PNG] [--seconds N] [-- cargo args]" >&2; exit 2; }
+[ -z "$replay" ] || [ -f "$replay" ] || { echo "run-headless: no touch script at $replay" >&2; exit 2; }
+[ -z "$shot" ] || need grim "the screenshot --shot writes"
+
+mkdir -p "$run"
+export SWAYSOCK="$run/sway.sock"
+
+# Named rather than left to sway's pid-based default, so a second run reuses
+# this compositor instead of starting another beside it.
+if ! swaymsg -t get_version >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    rm -f "$SWAYSOCK"
+    WLR_BACKENDS=headless WLR_LIBINPUT_NO_DEVICES=1 LIBSEAT_BACKEND=noop \
+        setsid sway -c "$scripts/headless.conf" >"$run/sway.log" 2>&1 &
+    i=0
+    while [ $i -lt 20 ]; do
+        swaymsg -t get_version >/dev/null 2>&1 && break
+        i=$((i + 1)); sleep 0.5
+    done
+    swaymsg -t get_version >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+        echo "run-headless: compositor did not start; see $run/sway.log" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+fi
+
+rm -f "$run/display"
+swaymsg exec -- "sh -c 'printf %s \"\$WAYLAND_DISPLAY\" > $run/display'" >/dev/null
+i=0
+while [ $i -lt 20 ]; do
+    [ -s "$run/display" ] && break
+    i=$((i + 1)); sleep 0.5
+done
+[ -s "$run/display" ] || { echo "run-headless: could not read WAYLAND_DISPLAY" >&2; exit 1; }
+WAYLAND_DISPLAY=$(cat "$run/display")
+export WAYLAND_DISPLAY
+
+echo "run-headless: $WAYLAND_DISPLAY (sway $(swaymsg -t get_version --raw | sed -n 's/.*"human_readable":"\([^"]*\)".*/\1/p'))" >&2
+
+swaymsg output HEADLESS-1 mode "$mode" >/dev/null
+# The extent `replay-touch` positions against, so a script's coordinates
+# are the output's own pixels.
+out_w=${mode%x*}
+out_h=${mode#*x}; out_h=${out_h%@*}
+
+# Built before the app starts, so a compile error is not reported as a
+# window that failed to move.
+[ -z "$replay" ] || (cd "$root" && cargo build --bin replay-touch -p rig-input) >&2
+
+cd "$workdir"
+if [ "$kind" = bin ]; then
+    cargo build --bin "$example" "$@" >&2
+    bin="$workdir/target/debug/$example"
+else
+    cargo build --example "$example" "$@" >&2
+    bin="$workdir/target/debug/examples/$example"
+fi
+
+# Deliberately word-split: this is the binary's own argv, not a single path.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+"$bin" ${RUN_HEADLESS_ARGS:-} >"$run/$example.log" 2>&1 &
+pid=$!
+trap 'kill "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true' EXIT INT TERM
+
+# Wait for the window to be mapped rather than for a number of seconds. A
+# fixed sleep took an all-black screenshot the first time this ran, when sway
+# had started in the same invocation and had not composited its output yet --
+# which is indistinguishable from an app that draws nothing.
+i=0
+while [ $i -lt 40 ]; do
+    kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null || break
+    swaymsg -t get_tree --raw 2>/dev/null | grep -q "\"pid\":$pid," && break
+    i=$((i + 1)); sleep 0.25
+done
+
+i=0
+while [ $i -lt "$((seconds * 2))" ]; do
+    kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null || break
+    i=$((i + 1)); sleep 0.5
+done
+
+if [ -n "$replay" ] && kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+    if [ -n "$shot" ]; then
+        grim "${shot%.png}-before.png"
+        echo "run-headless: wrote ${shot%.png}-before.png (before the gesture)" >&2
+    fi
+    "$root/target/debug/replay-touch" "$out_w" "$out_h" "$replay"
+    # A fling outlives the finger: the gesture's own last sample is not
+    # when the list stops. Long enough for Android's spline to settle
+    # (`FlingCalculator::duration` tops out around a second and a half).
+    sleep 2
+fi
+
+if kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+    [ -n "$shot" ] && grim "$shot" && echo "run-headless: wrote $shot" >&2
+    kill "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+    status=0
+else
+    wait "$pid" 2>/dev/null || status=$?
+    echo "run-headless: $example exited early (status ${status:-0})" >&2
+    status=${status:-1}
+fi
+
+echo "--- $example output ---" >&2
+cat "$run/$example.log" >&2
+exit "$status"

src/default/mod.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use arboard::Clipboard;
-use std::{
+use std::{marker::PhantomData, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
-    marker::{PhantomData, Sized},
-    sync::Arc,
-    time::Instant,
-};
 use winit::{
     event::{Ime, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopProxy},
@@ -29,7 +25,35 @@ pub use sense::*;
 pub use state::*;
 pub use task::*;
 
-pub type Proxy<Event> = EventLoopProxy<Event>;
+/// Sends an application's own events to its event loop. It wraps the proxy
+/// rather than being one because task updates travel the same way: what an
+/// application sends is its `Event`, not the loop's whole message type.
+pub struct Proxy<State: DefaultAppState>(EventLoopProxy<DefaultEvent<State>>);
+
+impl<State: DefaultAppState> Clone for Proxy<State> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(self.0.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State: DefaultAppState> Proxy<State> {
+    pub fn send_event(&self, event: State::Event) {
+        let _ = self.0.send_event(DefaultEvent::User(event));
+    }
+}
+
+/// What the event loop carries: the application's own events, and the
+/// updates tasks send back to the ui thread.
+pub enum DefaultEvent<State: DefaultAppState> {
+    User(State::Event),
+    Update(Box<dyn TaskUpdate<DefaultRsc<State>>>),
+}
+
+impl<State: DefaultAppState> TaskQueue<DefaultRsc<State>> for Proxy<State> {
+    fn send(&self, update: Box<dyn TaskUpdate<DefaultRsc<State>>>) {
+        let _ = self.0.send_event(DefaultEvent::Update(update));
+    }
+}
 
 pub struct DefaultUiState {
     pub root: Option<StrongWidget>,
@@ -70,9 +94,8 @@ pub trait HasDefaultUiState: Sized + 'static {
 }
 
 pub trait DefaultAppState: HasDefaultUiState {
-    type Event = ();
+    type Event: Send = ();
-    fn new(ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, proxy: Proxy<Self::Event>)
+    fn new(ui_state: DefaultUiState, rsc: &mut DefaultRsc<Self>, proxy: Proxy<Self>) -> Self;
-    -> Self;
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn event(
         &mut self,
@@ -105,18 +128,14 @@ pub struct DefaultRsc<State: 'static> {
 }
 
 impl<State> DefaultRsc<State> {
-    fn init(window: Arc<Window>) -> (Self, TaskMsgReceiver<Self>) {
+    pub fn init(queue: Arc<dyn TaskQueue<Self>>) -> Self {
-        let (tasks, recv) = Tasks::init(window);
-        (
         Self {
             ui: Default::default(),
             events: Default::default(),
-                tasks,
+            tasks: Tasks::init(queue),
             state: Default::default(),
             _state: Default::default(),
-            },
+        }
-            recv,
-        )
     }
 
     pub fn create_state<T: 'static>(&mut self, id: impl IdLike, data: T) -> WeakState<T> {
@@ -181,43 +200,32 @@ pub struct DefaultApp<State: DefaultAppState> {
     rsc: DefaultRsc<State>,
     render: UiRenderState,
     state: State,
-    task_recv: TaskMsgReceiver<DefaultRsc<State>>,
 }
 
 impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for DefaultApp<State> {
-    type Event = State::Event;
+    type Event = DefaultEvent<State>;
 
     fn new(event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, proxy: EventLoopProxy<Self::Event>) -> Self {
         let window = event_loop
             .create_window(State::window_attributes())
             .unwrap();
         let default_state = DefaultUiState::new(window);
-        let (mut rsc, task_recv) = DefaultRsc::init(default_state.window.clone());
+        let mut rsc = DefaultRsc::init(Arc::new(Proxy(proxy.clone())));
-        let state = State::new(default_state, &mut rsc, proxy);
+        let state = State::new(default_state, &mut rsc, Proxy(proxy));
         let render = UiRenderState::new();
-        Self {
+        Self { rsc, state, render }
-            rsc,
-            state,
-            render,
-            task_recv,
-        }
     }
 
     fn event(&mut self, event: Self::Event, _: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        self.state.event(event, &mut self.rsc, &mut self.render);
+        match event {
+            DefaultEvent::User(event) => self.state.event(event, &mut self.rsc, &mut self.render),
+            DefaultEvent::Update(update) => update(&mut self.state, &mut self.rsc),
+        }
+        self.request_redraw_if_needed();
     }
 
     fn window_event(&mut self, event: WindowEvent, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        let Self {
+        let Self { rsc, render, state } = self;
-            rsc,
-            render,
-            state,
-            task_recv,
-        } = self;
-
-        for update in task_recv.try_iter() {
-            update(state, rsc);
-        }
 
         let ui_state = state.default_state_mut();
         let input_changed = ui_state.input.event(&event);
@@ -227,8 +235,7 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for DefaultApp<State> {
             ui_state.focus = None;
         }
         if input_changed {
-            let window_size = ui_state.window_size();
+            render.run_sensors(rsc, state, cursor_state);
-            render.run_sensors(rsc, state, cursor_state, window_size);
         }
         let ui_state = state.default_state_mut();
         if old != ui_state.focus
@@ -297,11 +304,8 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for DefaultApp<State> {
             _ => (),
         }
         state.window_event(event, rsc, render);
-        let ui_state = self.state.default_state_mut();
+        self.request_redraw_if_needed();
-        if render.needs_redraw(&ui_state.root, rsc.widgets()) {
+        self.state.default_state_mut().input.end_frame();
-            ui_state.renderer.window().request_redraw();
-        }
-        ui_state.input.end_frame();
     }
 
     fn exit(&mut self) {
@@ -309,6 +313,15 @@ impl<State: DefaultAppState> AppState for DefaultApp<State> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<State: DefaultAppState> DefaultApp<State> {
+    fn request_redraw_if_needed(&mut self) {
+        let ui_state = self.state.default_state_mut();
+        if self.render.needs_redraw(&ui_state.root, self.rsc.widgets()) {
+            ui_state.renderer.window().request_redraw();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait RscIdx<Rsc> {
     type Output;
     fn get(self, rsc: &Rsc) -> &Self::Output;

src/default/render.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use iris_core::{UiData, UiLimits, UiRenderNode, UiRenderState};
+use iris_core::{UiData, UiRenderNode, UiRenderState};
 use pollster::FutureExt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use wgpu::*;
@@ -22,7 +22,20 @@ impl UiRenderer {
     }
 
     pub fn draw(&mut self) {
-        let output = self.surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
+        let output = match self.surface.get_current_texture() {
+            CurrentSurfaceTexture::Success(texture) => texture,
+            CurrentSurfaceTexture::Suboptimal(texture) => {
+                self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+                texture
+            }
+            CurrentSurfaceTexture::Outdated | CurrentSurfaceTexture::Lost => {
+                self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+                return;
+            }
+            CurrentSurfaceTexture::Timeout
+            | CurrentSurfaceTexture::Occluded
+            | CurrentSurfaceTexture::Validation => return,
+        };
         let view = output
             .texture
             .create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default());
@@ -46,7 +59,7 @@ impl UiRenderer {
 
         self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
         self.window.pre_present_notify();
-        output.present();
+        self.queue.present(output);
     }
 
     pub fn resize(&mut self, size: &PhysicalSize<u32>) {
@@ -65,9 +78,10 @@ impl UiRenderer {
     pub fn new(window: Arc<Window>) -> Self {
         let size = window.inner_size();
 
-        let instance = Instance::new(&InstanceDescriptor {
+        let instance = Instance::new(InstanceDescriptor {
             backends: Backends::PRIMARY,
-            ..Default::default()
+            display: Some(Box::new(window.clone())),
+            ..InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle()
         });
 
         let surface = instance
@@ -79,22 +93,14 @@ impl UiRenderer {
                 power_preference: PowerPreference::default(),
                 compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
                 force_fallback_adapter: false,
+                apply_limit_buckets: false,
             })
             .block_on()
             .expect("Could not get adapter!");
 
-        let ui_limits = UiLimits::default();
-
         let (device, queue) = adapter
             .request_device(&DeviceDescriptor {
-                required_features: Features::TEXTURE_BINDING_ARRAY
-                    | Features::PARTIALLY_BOUND_BINDING_ARRAY
-                    | Features::SAMPLED_TEXTURE_AND_STORAGE_BUFFER_ARRAY_NON_UNIFORM_INDEXING,
                 required_limits: Limits {
-                    max_binding_array_elements_per_shader_stage: ui_limits
-                        .max_binding_array_elements_per_shader_stage(),
-                    max_binding_array_sampler_elements_per_shader_stage: ui_limits
-                        .max_binding_array_sampler_elements_per_shader_stage(),
                     max_buffer_size: 1 << 30,
                     ..Default::default()
                 },
@@ -114,6 +120,7 @@ impl UiRenderer {
         let config = SurfaceConfiguration {
             usage: TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
             format: surface_format,
+            color_space: SurfaceColorSpace::Auto,
             width: size.width,
             height: size.height,
             present_mode: PresentMode::AutoVsync,
@@ -126,7 +133,7 @@ impl UiRenderer {
 
         let encoder = Self::create_encoder(&device);
 
-        let ui = UiRenderNode::new(&device, &queue, &config, ui_limits);
+        let ui = UiRenderNode::new(&device, &config);
 
         Self {
             surface,

src/default/sense.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ use std::{
     rc::Rc,
 };
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub enum CursorButton {
     Left,
     Right,
     Middle,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub enum CursorSense {
     PressStart(CursorButton),
     Pressing(CursorButton),
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub struct CursorSenses(Vec<CursorSense>);
 
 impl Event for CursorSenses {
     type Data<'a> = CursorData<'a>;
-    type State = SensorState;
+    type Global = Hovered;
     fn should_run<'a>(&self, data: &Self::Data<'a>) -> Option<Self::Data<'a>> {
         if let Some(sense) = should_run(self, &data.cursor, data.hover) {
             let mut data = data.clone();
@@ -37,6 +37,24 @@ impl Event for CursorSenses {
             None
         }
     }
+
+    /// A press or a scroll is used up by whatever answered it, so it stops
+    /// there. Hovering is not: a cursor resting somewhere goes on resting.
+    fn consumes(&self, data: &Self::Data<'_>) -> bool {
+        !data.sense.position_only()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Who the cursor was inside, before and after an input. The difference is
+/// whose hover has ended -- including a widget a higher layer has covered,
+/// which the walk stops before reaching.
+///
+/// Two buffers that swap rather than one rebuilt, so an input allocates
+/// nothing once they have grown.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Hovered {
+    was: Vec<WidgetId>,
+    now: Vec<WidgetId>,
 }
 
 impl CursorSense {
@@ -52,6 +70,12 @@ impl CursorSense {
     pub fn is_dragging(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, CursorSense::Pressing(CursorButton::Left))
     }
+
+    /// False if the sense is a button or a scroll, true if it is only about
+    /// where the cursor is.
+    fn position_only(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::HoverStart | Self::Hovering | Self::HoverEnd)
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -96,6 +120,12 @@ impl CursorButtons {
 }
 
 impl CursorState {
+    /// True if the cursor is only reporting where it is: no button and no
+    /// scroll this frame.
+    pub fn position_only(&self) -> bool {
+        self.scroll_delta == Vec2::ZERO && self.buttons.iter().all(|(_, state)| state.is_off())
+    }
+
     pub fn end_frame(&mut self) {
         self.buttons.end_frame();
         self.scroll_delta = Vec2::ZERO;
@@ -123,11 +153,6 @@ pub struct Sensor<Ctx: HasEvents, Data> {
 
 pub type SenseShape = UiRegion;
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
-pub struct SensorState {
-    pub hover: ActivationState,
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct CursorData<'a> {
     /// where this widget was hit
@@ -147,7 +172,6 @@ pub trait SensorUi {
         rsc: &mut Rsc,
         state: &mut Rsc::State,
         cursor: CursorState,
-        window_size: Vec2,
     );
 }
 
@@ -157,46 +181,85 @@ impl SensorUi for UiRenderState {
         rsc: &mut Rsc,
         state: &mut Rsc::State,
         cursor: CursorState,
-        window_size: Vec2,
     ) {
         // in order to remove this take, need to store active list in UiRenderState somehow
         // this would probably be done through a generic parameter that adds yet another rsc /
         // state like thing, but local to render state, and is passed to UiRsc events so you can
         // update it there?
-        let mut active = std::mem::take(&mut rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active);
+        let active = std::mem::take(&mut rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active);
+        let mut hovered = std::mem::take(&mut rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().global);
+        hovered.now.clear();
+        let position_only = cursor.position_only();
+        let region_of = |id| self.window_region(&id);
+
         for layer in self.layers.indices().rev() {
-            let mut sensed = false;
+            let mut consumed = false;
-            for (id, sensor) in active.get_mut(&layer).into_flat_iter() {
+            for id in active.get(&layer).into_flat_iter().map(|(id, _)| *id) {
-                let shape = self.active.get(id).unwrap().region;
+                let Some(region) = region_of(id) else {
-                let region = shape.to_px(window_size);
+                    continue;
-                let in_shape = cursor.exists && region.contains(cursor.pos);
+                };
-                sensor.hover.update(in_shape);
+                if !cursor.exists || !region.contains(cursor.pos) {
-                if sensor.hover == ActivationState::Off {
                     continue;
                 }
-                sensed = true;
+                hovered.now.push(id);
+                let hover = match hovered.was.contains(&id) {
+                    true => ActivationState::On,
+                    false => ActivationState::Start,
+                };
+                // A press or a scroll stops where something answered it, so a
+                // button over a list does not swallow the list's scrolling.
+                consumed |= deliver(self, rsc, state, id, hover, &cursor, region);
+                // A cursor doing neither stops at whatever it is over, so
+                // hovering does not reach through.
+                consumed |= position_only;
+            }
+            // Applied after the layer, never during it: senses on one layer do
+            // not block each other.
+            if consumed {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
 
-                let cursor = cursor.clone();
+        // Whatever the cursor was inside and is not now, whether it left or a
+        // layer above took the input before the walk reached it. A widget that
+        // stopped being drawn has no region to report and is simply dropped.
+        for &id in &hovered.was {
+            if !hovered.now.contains(&id)
+                && let Some(region) = region_of(id)
+            {
+                deliver(self, rsc, state, id, ActivationState::End, &cursor, region);
+            }
+        }
+        std::mem::swap(&mut hovered.was, &mut hovered.now);
 
+        let senses = rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>();
+        senses.active = active;
+        senses.global = hovered;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Runs one widget's cursor senses, and says whether they used up the input.
+fn deliver<Rsc: HasEvents>(
+    render: &UiRenderState,
+    rsc: &mut Rsc,
+    state: &mut Rsc::State,
+    id: WidgetId,
+    hover: ActivationState,
+    cursor: &CursorState,
+    region: PixelRegion,
+) -> bool {
     let data = CursorData {
         pos: cursor.pos - region.top_left,
         size: region.bot_right - region.top_left,
         scroll_delta: cursor.scroll_delta,
-                    hover: sensor.hover,
+        hover,
-                    cursor,
+        cursor: cursor.clone(),
         // this does not have any meaning;
         // might wanna set up Event to have a prepare stage
         sense: CursorSense::Hovering,
-                    render: self,
+        render,
     };
-                rsc.run_event::<CursorSense>(*id, data, state);
+    rsc.run_event::<CursorSense>(id, data, state)
-            }
-            if sensed {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        rsc.events_mut().get_type::<CursorSense>().active = active;
-    }
 }
 
 pub fn should_run(
@@ -205,6 +268,11 @@ pub fn should_run(
     hover: ActivationState,
 ) -> Option<CursorSense> {
     for sense in senses.iter() {
+        // A widget the cursor is no longer inside senses only its position:
+        // the press that ended its hover landed on something else.
+        if !hover.is_on() && !sense.position_only() {
+            continue;
+        }
         if match sense {
             CursorSense::PressStart(button) => cursor.buttons.select(button).is_start(),
             CursorSense::Pressing(button) => cursor.buttons.select(button).is_on(),

src/default/task.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 use iris_core::HasState;
-use std::{
+use std::{pin::Pin, sync::Arc};
-    pin::Pin,
-    sync::{
-        Arc,
-        mpsc::{Receiver as SyncReceiver, Sender as SyncSender, channel as sync_channel},
-    },
-};
 use tokio::{
     runtime::Runtime,
     sync::mpsc::{
@@ -13,64 +7,52 @@ use tokio::{
         unbounded_channel as async_channel,
     },
 };
-use winit::window::Window;
-
-pub type TaskMsgSender<Rsc> = SyncSender<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>>;
-pub type TaskMsgReceiver<Rsc> = SyncReceiver<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>>;
 
 pub trait TaskUpdate<Rsc: HasState>: FnOnce(&mut Rsc::State, &mut Rsc) + Send {}
 impl<F: FnOnce(&mut Rsc::State, &mut Rsc) + Send, Rsc: HasState> TaskUpdate<Rsc> for F {}
 
+/// Hands an update from a task to the thread that owns the ui. Delivery and
+/// waking are one act: a host posts the update as a message its loop already
+/// carries, so nothing has to wake the loop separately, or claim a redraw to
+/// be looked at.
+pub trait TaskQueue<Rsc: HasState>: Send + Sync + 'static {
+    fn send(&self, update: Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>);
+}
+
 pub struct Tasks<Rsc: HasState> {
     start: AsyncSender<BoxTask>,
-    window: Arc<Window>,
+    queue: Arc<dyn TaskQueue<Rsc>>,
-    msg_send: SyncSender<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<Rsc>>>,
 }
 
 pub struct TaskCtx<Rsc: HasState> {
-    send: TaskMsgSender<Rsc>,
+    queue: Arc<dyn TaskQueue<Rsc>>,
 }
 
 impl<Rsc: HasState> TaskCtx<Rsc> {
     pub fn update(&mut self, f: impl TaskUpdate<Rsc> + 'static) {
-        let _ = self.send.send(Box::new(f));
+        self.queue.send(Box::new(f));
-    }
-}
-impl<Rsc: HasState + 'static> TaskCtx<Rsc> {
-    fn new(send: TaskMsgSender<Rsc>) -> Self {
-        Self { send }
     }
 }
 
 type BoxTask = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>>;
 
 impl<Rsc: HasState> Tasks<Rsc> {
-    pub fn init(window: Arc<Window>) -> (Self, TaskMsgReceiver<Rsc>) {
+    pub fn init(queue: Arc<dyn TaskQueue<Rsc>>) -> Self {
         let (start, start_recv) = async_channel();
-        let (msgs, msgs_recv) = sync_channel();
         std::thread::spawn(|| {
             let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
             rt.block_on(listen(start_recv))
         });
-        (
+        Self { start, queue }
-            Self {
-                start,
-                msg_send: msgs,
-                window,
-            },
-            msgs_recv,
-        )
     }
 
     pub fn spawn<F: AsyncFnOnce(TaskCtx<Rsc>) + 'static + std::marker::Send>(&mut self, task: F)
     where
         F::CallOnceFuture: Send,
     {
-        let send = self.msg_send.clone();
+        let queue = self.queue.clone();
-        let window = self.window.clone();
         let _ = self.start.send(Box::pin(async move {
-            task(TaskCtx::new(send)).await;
+            task(TaskCtx { queue }).await;
-            window.request_redraw();
         }));
     }
 }

src/harness.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+//! A ui with no window: build a tree, run frames, move a pointer, and read
+//! back where widgets landed.
+//!
+//! It does not draw. A claim about pixels still needs a real surface.
+
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use std::{
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        mpsc::{Receiver, SyncSender, sync_channel},
+    },
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+/// There is no loop here to post to, so updates queue until the test asks
+/// for them.
+struct Queue(SyncSender<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<DefaultRsc<HarnessState>>>>);
+
+impl TaskQueue<DefaultRsc<HarnessState>> for Queue {
+    fn send(&self, update: Box<dyn TaskUpdate<DefaultRsc<HarnessState>>>) {
+        let _ = self.0.send(update);
+    }
+}
+
+/// `assert_eq!` for where a frame put a widget, written as its two corners.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! assert_corners {
+    ($harness:expr, $id:expr, ($x0:expr, $y0:expr), ($x1:expr, $y1:expr)) => {
+        assert_eq!(
+            $harness.region(&$id).expect("widget drew nothing"),
+            $crate::core::PixelRegion {
+                top_left: $crate::core::util::Vec2::new($x0 as f32, $y0 as f32),
+                bot_right: $crate::core::util::Vec2::new($x1 as f32, $y1 as f32),
+            }
+        );
+    };
+}
+pub use crate::assert_corners;
+
+/// One replayed pointer sample, cut down to what a window delivers: where the
+/// pointer is, and whether the button changed.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TouchAction {
+    Down,
+    Move,
+    Up,
+}
+
+impl TouchAction {
+    fn parse(word: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        match word {
+            "down" => Some(Self::Down),
+            "move" => Some(Self::Move),
+            "up" => Some(Self::Up),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct TouchSample {
+    pub t_ms: u64,
+    pub action: TouchAction,
+    pub pos: Vec2,
+}
+
+/// A recorded gesture, in the output's own pixels: `<ms> down|move|up <x> <y>`
+/// a line, `#` to end of line ignored.
+///
+/// One parser for both ways of replaying a recording -- into a harness, and
+/// into a real window -- so the two cannot read the same file differently.
+pub struct TouchScript {
+    pub samples: Vec<TouchSample>,
+}
+
+impl TouchScript {
+    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let mut samples: Vec<TouchSample> = Vec::new();
+        for (i, line) in text.lines().enumerate() {
+            let line = line.split('#').next().unwrap_or("").trim();
+            if line.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let at = |what: &str| format!("touch script line {}: {what}: {line:?}", i + 1);
+            let mut words = line.split_whitespace();
+            let (Some(t), Some(action), Some(x), Some(y), None) = (
+                words.next(),
+                words.next(),
+                words.next(),
+                words.next(),
+                words.next(),
+            ) else {
+                return Err(at("expected `t_ms action x y`"));
+            };
+            let t_ms: u64 = t.parse().map_err(|_| at("t_ms is not a whole number"))?;
+            let action =
+                TouchAction::parse(action).ok_or_else(|| at("action is not down/move/up"))?;
+            let x: f32 = x.parse().map_err(|_| at("x is not a number"))?;
+            let y: f32 = y.parse().map_err(|_| at("y is not a number"))?;
+            if let Some(last) = samples.last()
+                && t_ms < last.t_ms
+            {
+                return Err(at("samples must be in time order"));
+            }
+            samples.push(TouchSample {
+                t_ms,
+                action,
+                pos: Vec2::new(x, y),
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(Self { samples })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct HarnessState {
+    pub root: Option<StrongWidget>,
+}
+
+impl HasRoot for HarnessState {
+    fn set_root(&mut self, root: StrongWidget) {
+        self.root = Some(root);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Harness {
+    pub rsc: DefaultRsc<HarnessState>,
+    pub render: UiRenderState,
+    pub state: HarnessState,
+    updates: Receiver<Box<dyn TaskUpdate<DefaultRsc<HarnessState>>>>,
+    cursor: CursorState,
+}
+
+impl Harness {
+    /// `size` is the output in physical pixels.
+    pub fn new(size: impl Into<Vec2>) -> Self {
+        // A `TaskQueue` must be `Sync`, which `mpsc::Sender` is not; the
+        // bound that comes with `SyncSender` is far past anything a test
+        // leaves unread.
+        let (send, updates) = sync_channel(1024);
+        let rsc = DefaultRsc::init(Arc::new(Queue(send)));
+        let mut render = UiRenderState::new();
+        render.resize(size);
+        Self {
+            rsc,
+            render,
+            state: HarnessState::default(),
+            updates,
+            cursor: CursorState::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn size(&self) -> Vec2 {
+        self.render.output_size()
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: impl Into<Vec2>) {
+        self.render.resize(size);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the root and lays it out, so a pointer event has something to hit.
+    pub fn set_root<T>(&mut self, widget: impl WidgetLike<DefaultRsc<HarnessState>, T>) {
+        widget.set_root(&mut self.rsc, &mut self.state);
+        self.frame();
+    }
+
+    pub fn needs_redraw(&self) -> bool {
+        self.render
+            .needs_redraw(&self.state.root, self.rsc.widgets())
+    }
+
+    pub fn apply_updates(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let mut applied = 0;
+        while let Ok(update) = self.updates.try_recv() {
+            update(&mut self.state, &mut self.rsc);
+            applied += 1;
+        }
+        applied
+    }
+
+    /// Waits for a task's first update, then applies everything waiting.
+    /// False if none arrived in time.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn await_update(&mut self, timeout: Duration) -> bool {
+        let Ok(update) = self.updates.recv_timeout(timeout) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        update(&mut self.state, &mut self.rsc);
+        self.apply_updates();
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Lays the tree out and builds its primitives.
+    pub fn frame(&mut self) {
+        self.apply_updates();
+        self.render.update(&self.state.root, &mut self.rsc);
+    }
+
+    /// Where the last frame put a widget, or `None` if it drew nothing.
+    pub fn region(&self, id: &impl IdLike) -> Option<PixelRegion> {
+        self.render.window_region(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to(&mut self, pos: impl Into<Vec2>) {
+        self.cursor.pos = pos.into();
+        self.cursor.exists = true;
+        self.sense();
+    }
+
+    pub fn leave(&mut self) {
+        self.cursor.exists = false;
+        self.sense();
+    }
+
+    pub fn press(&mut self, button: CursorButton) {
+        self.button(button).update(true);
+        self.sense();
+    }
+
+    pub fn release(&mut self, button: CursorButton) {
+        self.button(button).update(false);
+        self.sense();
+    }
+
+    /// A wheel carries no position, so this goes wherever the cursor was last
+    /// moved to -- nowhere, until it has been moved.
+    pub fn scroll(&mut self, delta: impl Into<Vec2>) {
+        self.cursor.scroll_delta = delta.into();
+        self.sense();
+    }
+
+    pub fn click(&mut self, pos: impl Into<Vec2>) {
+        self.move_to(pos);
+        self.press(CursorButton::Left);
+        self.release(CursorButton::Left);
+    }
+
+    /// Drives a recorded gesture through the harness.
+    pub fn replay(&mut self, script: &TouchScript) {
+        for sample in &script.samples {
+            match sample.action {
+                TouchAction::Down => {
+                    self.move_to(sample.pos);
+                    self.press(CursorButton::Left);
+                }
+                TouchAction::Move => self.move_to(sample.pos),
+                TouchAction::Up => {
+                    self.move_to(sample.pos);
+                    self.release(CursorButton::Left);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn button(&mut self, button: CursorButton) -> &mut ActivationState {
+        let buttons = &mut self.cursor.buttons;
+        match button {
+            CursorButton::Left => &mut buttons.left,
+            CursorButton::Middle => &mut buttons.middle,
+            CursorButton::Right => &mut buttons.right,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Dispatches against the layout of the last frame, which is what a
+    /// window delivers input against too.
+    fn sense(&mut self) {
+        let cursor = self.cursor.clone();
+        self.render
+            .run_sensors(&mut self.rsc, &mut self.state, cursor);
+        self.cursor.end_frame();
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<Vec<(u64, TouchAction, f32, f32)>, String> {
+        Ok(TouchScript::parse(text)?
+            .samples
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| (s.t_ms, s.action, s.pos.x, s.pos.y))
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_recording_is_time_action_and_a_point() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse("0 down 10 20\n16 move 10.5 24\n32 up 10.5 24").unwrap(),
+            [
+                (0, TouchAction::Down, 10.0, 20.0),
+                (16, TouchAction::Move, 10.5, 24.0),
+                (32, TouchAction::Up, 10.5, 24.0),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blank_lines_and_comments_are_not_samples() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse("# a flick\n\n 0 down 1 2   # the finger lands\n\n").unwrap(),
+            [(0, TouchAction::Down, 1.0, 2.0)]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_recording_that_goes_backwards_is_rejected() {
+        // Replay waits out the gap between samples, so time running backwards
+        // would silently become no wait at all.
+        let err = parse("16 down 1 2\n0 up 1 2").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("time order"), "{err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_line_that_is_not_a_sample_says_which_line() {
+        let err = parse("0 down 1 2\n16 wiggle 1 2").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("line 2"), "{err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("down/move/up"), "{err}");
+    }
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 pub mod default;
 pub mod event;
+pub mod harness;
 pub mod widget;
 
 pub use iris_core as core;

src/widget/image.rs

@@ -6,16 +6,17 @@ pub struct Image {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Image {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        painter.texture(&self.handle);
+        painter.primitive(&self.handle);
+        Size::abs(self.handle.size())
     }
 
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    fn size_hint(&self, axis: Axis) -> Option<Len> {
-        Len::abs(self.handle.size().x)
+        Some(Len::abs(self.handle.size().axis(axis)))
     }
 
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    fn on_resize(&self, _: Axis) -> OnResize {
-        Len::abs(self.handle.size().y)
+        OnResize::Scale
     }
 }
 

src/widget/mask.rs

@@ -5,16 +5,13 @@ pub struct Masked {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Masked {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
         painter.set_mask(painter.region());
-        painter.widget(&self.inner);
+        painter.widget(&self.inner).size()
     }
 
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    /// It clips to the box it was given, not to the part its child used.
-        ctx.width(&self.inner)
+    fn on_resize(&self, _: Axis) -> OnResize {
-    }
+        OnResize::Redraw
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.height(&self.inner)
     }
 }

src/widget/position/align.rs

@@ -6,30 +6,17 @@ pub struct Aligned {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Aligned {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
+        // Drawn where it may be too big, then given its aligned box once its
+        // size is known.
+        let size = painter.widget(&self.inner).size();
         let region = match self.align.tuple() {
-            (Some(x), Some(y)) => painter
+            (Some(x), Some(y)) => size.to_uivec2().align(RegionAlign { x, y }),
-                .size(&self.inner)
+            (Some(x), None) => UiRegion::new(size.x.apply_rest().align(x), UiSpan::FULL),
-                .to_uivec2()
+            (None, Some(y)) => UiRegion::new(UiSpan::FULL, size.y.apply_rest().align(y)),
-                .align(RegionAlign { x, y }),
-            (Some(x), None) => {
-                let x = painter.size_ctx().width(&self.inner).apply_rest().align(x);
-                UiRegion::new(x, UiSpan::FULL)
-            }
-            (None, Some(y)) => {
-                let y = painter.size_ctx().height(&self.inner).apply_rest().align(y);
-                UiRegion::new(UiSpan::FULL, y)
-            }
             (None, None) => UiRegion::FULL,
         };
         painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region);
-    }
+        size
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.width(&self.inner)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.height(&self.inner)
     }
 }

src/widget/position/layer.rs

@@ -6,18 +6,10 @@ pub struct LayerOffset {
 }
 
 impl Widget for LayerOffset {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
         for _ in 0..self.offset {
             painter.next_layer();
         }
-        painter.widget(&self.inner);
+        painter.widget(&self.inner).size()
-    }
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.width(&self.inner)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.height(&self.inner)
     }
 }

src/widget/position/max_size.rs

@@ -6,43 +6,20 @@ pub struct MaxSize {
     pub y: Option<Len>,
 }
 
-impl MaxSize {
-    fn apply_to_outer(&self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) {
-        if let Some(x) = self.x {
-            ctx.outer.x.select_len(x.apply_rest());
-        }
-        if let Some(y) = self.y {
-            ctx.outer.y.select_len(y.apply_rest());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl Widget for MaxSize {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        painter.widget(&self.inner);
+        let child = painter.widget(&self.inner).size();
-    }
+        let output = painter.output_size();
-
+        Size {
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+            x: capped(child.x, self.x, output.x),
-        self.apply_to_outer(ctx);
+            y: capped(child.y, self.y, output.y),
-        let width = ctx.width(&self.inner);
-        if let Some(x) = self.x {
-            let width_px = width.apply_rest().to_abs(ctx.output_size().x);
-            let x_px = x.apply_rest().to_abs(ctx.output_size().x);
-            if width_px > x_px { x } else { width }
-        } else {
-            width
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        self.apply_to_outer(ctx);
-        let height = ctx.height(&self.inner);
-        if let Some(y) = self.y {
-            let height_px = height.apply_rest().to_abs(ctx.output_size().y);
-            let y_px = y.apply_rest().to_abs(ctx.output_size().y);
-            if height_px > y_px { y } else { height }
-        } else {
-            height
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn capped(len: Len, max: Option<Len>, output: f32) -> Len {
+    match max {
+        Some(max) if len.apply_rest().to_abs(output) > max.apply_rest().to_abs(output) => max,
+        _ => len,
+    }
+}

src/widget/position/mod.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod max_size;
 mod offset;
 mod pad;
 mod scroll;
-mod sized;
+mod set_size;
 mod span;
 mod stack;
 
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ pub use max_size::*;
 pub use offset::*;
 pub use pad::*;
 pub use scroll::*;
-pub use sized::*;
+pub use set_size::*;
 pub use span::*;
 pub use stack::*;

src/widget/position/offset.rs

@@ -6,16 +6,8 @@ pub struct Offset {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Offset {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
         let region = UiRegion::FULL.offset(self.amt);
-        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region);
+        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region).size()
-    }
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.width(&self.inner)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.height(&self.inner)
     }
 }

src/widget/position/pad.rs

@@ -6,28 +6,20 @@ pub struct Pad {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Pad {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, self.padding.region());
+        let inner = painter
+            .widget_within(&self.inner, self.padding.region())
+            .size();
+        Size {
+            x: Len {
+                abs: inner.x.abs + self.padding.left + self.padding.right,
+                ..inner.x
+            },
+            y: Len {
+                abs: inner.y.abs + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom,
+                ..inner.y
+            },
         }
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        let width = self.padding.left + self.padding.right;
-        let height = self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom;
-        ctx.outer.x.abs -= width;
-        ctx.outer.y.abs -= height;
-        let mut size = ctx.width(&self.inner);
-        size.abs += width;
-        size
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        let width = self.padding.left + self.padding.right;
-        let height = self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom;
-        ctx.outer.x.abs -= width;
-        ctx.outer.y.abs -= height;
-        let mut size = ctx.height(&self.inner);
-        size.abs += height;
-        size
     }
 }
 

src/widget/position/scroll.rs

@@ -10,11 +10,14 @@ pub struct Scroll {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Scroll {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
         let output_len = painter.output_size().axis(self.axis);
         let container_len = painter.region().axis(self.axis).len();
-        let content_len = painter
+        // Drawn in the whole container to learn its length, then placed at
-            .len_axis(&self.inner, self.axis)
+        // the scrolled offset.
+        let child = painter.widget(&self.inner).size();
+        let content_len = child
+            .axis(self.axis)
             .apply_rest()
             .within_len(container_len)
             .to_abs(output_len);
@@ -29,14 +32,7 @@ impl Widget for Scroll {
         let mut region = UiRegion::FULL.offset(Vec2::from_axis(self.axis, -self.amt, 0.0));
         region.axis_mut(self.axis).end = region.axis(self.axis).start.offset(self.content_len);
         painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region);
-    }
+        child
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.width(&self.inner)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        ctx.height(&self.inner)
     }
 }
 

src/widget/position/set_size.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use crate::prelude::*;
+
+pub struct SetSize {
+    pub inner: StrongWidget,
+    pub x: Option<Len>,
+    pub y: Option<Len>,
+}
+
+impl Widget for SetSize {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
+        let child = painter.widget(&self.inner).size();
+        Size {
+            x: self.x.unwrap_or(child.x),
+            y: self.y.unwrap_or(child.y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A declared axis is known without looking at the child, which is what
+    /// lets a span lay out around `.height(rest(1))` without drawing it.
+    fn size_hint(&self, axis: Axis) -> Option<Len> {
+        match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.x,
+            Axis::Y => self.y,
+        }
+    }
+}

src/widget/position/sized.rs

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-use crate::prelude::*;
-
-pub struct Sized {
-    pub inner: StrongWidget,
-    pub x: Option<Len>,
-    pub y: Option<Len>,
-}
-
-impl Sized {
-    fn apply_to_outer(&self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) {
-        if let Some(x) = self.x {
-            ctx.outer.x.select_len(x.apply_rest());
-        }
-        if let Some(y) = self.y {
-            ctx.outer.y.select_len(y.apply_rest());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Widget for Sized {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
-        painter.widget(&self.inner);
-    }
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        self.apply_to_outer(ctx);
-        self.x.unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.width(&self.inner))
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        self.apply_to_outer(ctx);
-        self.y.unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.height(&self.inner))
-    }
-}

src/widget/position/span.rs

@@ -8,13 +8,27 @@ pub struct Span {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Span {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        let total = self.len_sum(&mut painter.size_ctx());
+        let axis = self.dir.axis;
+        // A length for every child before any is placed: from its own hint
+        // where it has one, and from drawing it where it does not.
+        let lens: Vec<Len> = self
+            .children
+            .iter()
+            .map(|child| match painter.size_hint(child, axis) {
+                Some(len) => len,
+                None => painter.widget(child).len(axis),
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let gap = self.gap * self.children.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32;
+        let total = lens.iter().fold(Len::abs(gap), |sum, len| sum + *len);
+
         let mut start = UiScalar::rel_min();
-        for child in &self.children {
+        let mut ortho = Len::ZERO;
+        for (child, len) in self.children.iter().zip(&lens) {
             let mut span = UiSpan::FULL;
             span.start = start;
-            let len = painter.len_axis(child, self.dir.axis);
             if len.rest > 0.0 {
                 let offset = UiScalar::new(total.rel, total.abs);
                 let rel_end = UiScalar::rel(len.rest / total.rest);
@@ -24,27 +38,25 @@ impl Widget for Span {
             start.abs += len.abs;
             start.rel += len.rel;
             span.end = start;
-            let mut child_region = UiRegion::from_axis(self.dir.axis, span, UiSpan::FULL);
+            let mut region = UiRegion::from_axis(axis, span, UiSpan::FULL);
             if self.dir.sign == Sign::Neg {
-                child_region.flip(self.dir.axis);
+                region.flip(axis);
+            }
+            let used = painter.widget_within(child, region).size().axis(!axis);
+            // TODO: rel shouldn't do this, but no easy way before actually calculating pixels
+            if used.rel > 0.0 || used.rest > 0.0 {
+                ortho = Len::REST;
+            } else if ortho.rest == 0.0 {
+                ortho.abs = ortho.abs.max(used.abs);
             }
-            painter.widget_within(child, child_region);
             start.abs += self.gap;
         }
-    }
 
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+        let along = match total.rest == 0.0 && total.rel == 0.0 {
-        match self.dir.axis {
+            true => total,
-            Axis::X => self.desired_len(ctx),
+            false => Len::default(),
-            Axis::Y => self.desired_ortho(ctx),
+        };
-        }
+        Size::from_axis(axis, along, ortho)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        match self.dir.axis {
-            Axis::X => self.desired_ortho(ctx),
-            Axis::Y => self.desired_len(ctx),
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -69,87 +81,6 @@ impl Span {
     pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<StrongWidget> {
         self.children.pop()
     }
-
-    fn len_sum(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        let gap = self.gap * self.children.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32;
-        self.children.iter().fold(Len::abs(gap), |mut s, id| {
-            // it's tempting to subtract the abs & rel from the ctx outer,
-            // but that would create inconsistent sizing if you put
-            // a rest first vs last & only speed up in one direction.
-            // I think this is only solvable by restricting how you can
-            // compute size, bc currently you need child to define parent's
-            // sectioning and you need parent's sectioning to define child.
-            // Fortunately, that doesn't matter in most cases
-            let len = ctx.len_axis(id, self.dir.axis);
-            s += len;
-            s
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn desired_len(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        let len = self.len_sum(ctx);
-        if len.rest == 0.0 && len.rel == 0.0 {
-            len
-        } else {
-            Len::default()
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn desired_ortho(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        // this is a weird hack to get text wrapping to work properly when in a downward span
-        // the correct solution here is to add a function to widget that lets them
-        // request that ctx.outer has an axis "resolved" before checking the other,
-        // and panicking or warning if two request opposite axis (unsolvable in that case)
-        let outer = ctx.outer.axis(self.dir.axis);
-        if self.dir.axis == Axis::X {
-            // so....... this literally copies draw so that the lengths are correctly set in the
-            // context, which makes this slow and not cool
-            let total = self.len_sum(ctx);
-            let mut start = UiScalar::rel_min();
-            let mut ortho_len = Len::ZERO;
-            for child in &self.children {
-                let mut span = UiSpan::FULL;
-                span.start = start;
-                let len = ctx.len_axis(child, self.dir.axis);
-                if len.rest > 0.0 {
-                    let offset = UiScalar::new(total.rel, total.abs);
-                    let rel_end = UiScalar::rel(len.rest / total.rest);
-                    let end = (UiScalar::rel_max() + start) - offset;
-                    start = rel_end.within(&start.to(end));
-                }
-                start.abs += len.abs;
-                start.rel += len.rel;
-                span.end = start;
-
-                let scalar = span.len();
-                *ctx.outer.axis_mut(self.dir.axis) = outer.select_len(scalar);
-                let ortho = ctx.len_axis(child, !self.dir.axis);
-                // TODO: rel shouldn't do this, but no easy way before actually calculating pixels
-                if ortho.rel > 0.0 || ortho.rest > 0.0 {
-                    ortho_len.rest = 1.0;
-                    ortho_len.abs = 0.0;
-                    break;
-                }
-                ortho_len.abs = ortho_len.abs.max(ortho.abs);
-                start.abs += self.gap;
-            }
-            ortho_len
-        } else {
-            let mut ortho_len = Len::ZERO;
-            let ortho = !self.dir.axis;
-            for child in &self.children {
-                let len = ctx.len_axis(child, ortho);
-                // TODO: rel shouldn't do this, but no easy way before actually calculating pixels
-                if len.rel > 0.0 || len.rest > 0.0 {
-                    ortho_len.rest = 1.0;
-                    ortho_len.abs = 0.0;
-                    break;
-                }
-                ortho_len.abs = ortho_len.abs.max(len.abs);
-            }
-            ortho_len
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 pub struct SpanBuilder<State, const LEN: usize, Wa: WidgetArrLike<State, LEN, Tag>, Tag> {

src/widget/position/stack.rs

@@ -8,30 +8,25 @@ pub struct Stack {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Stack {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        let mut iter = self.children.iter();
+        let sizing = match self.size {
-        if let Some(child) = iter.next() {
+            StackSize::Default => None,
-            painter.child_layer();
+            StackSize::Child(i) => Some(i),
-            painter.widget(child);
+        };
+        let mut size = Size::default();
+        for (i, child) in self.children.iter().enumerate() {
+            match i {
+                0 => painter.child_layer(),
+                _ => painter.next_layer(),
             }
-        for child in iter {
+            let drawn = painter.widget(child);
-            painter.next_layer();
+            // Only the child that sizes the stack is read, so the others
-            painter.widget(child);
+            // changing size does not redraw it.
+            if sizing == Some(i) {
+                size = drawn.size();
             }
         }
-
+        size
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        match self.size {
-            StackSize::Default => Len::default(),
-            StackSize::Child(i) => ctx.width(&self.children[i]),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        match self.size {
-            StackSize::Default => Len::default(),
-            StackSize::Child(i) => ctx.height(&self.children[i]),
-        }
     }
 }
 

src/widget/ptr.rs

@@ -1,30 +1,15 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
-use std::marker::{Sized, Unsize};
+use std::marker::Unsize;
 
 pub struct WidgetPtr {
     pub inner: Option<StrongWidget>,
 }
 
 impl Widget for WidgetPtr {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        if let Some(id) = &self.inner {
+        match &self.inner {
-            painter.widget(id);
+            Some(id) => painter.widget(id).size(),
-        }
+            None => Size::default(),
-    }
-
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        if let Some(id) = &self.inner {
-            ctx.width(id)
-        } else {
-            Len::ZERO
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        if let Some(id) = &self.inner {
-            ctx.height(id)
-        } else {
-            Len::ZERO
         }
     }
 }

src/widget/rect.rs

@@ -28,21 +28,23 @@ impl Rect {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Rect {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
         painter.primitive(RectPrimitive {
             color: self.color,
             radius: self.radius,
             thickness: self.thickness,
             inner_radius: self.inner_radius,
         });
+        Size::REST
     }
 
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    fn size_hint(&self, _: Axis) -> Option<Len> {
-        Len::rest(1)
+        Some(Len::REST)
     }
 
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, _: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    /// Its box is its primitive's own region, so a new one is written there.
-        Len::rest(1)
+    fn on_resize(&self, _: Axis) -> OnResize {
+        OnResize::Scale
     }
 }
 

src/widget/text/build.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::prelude::*;
-use std::marker::{PhantomData, Sized};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 pub struct TextBuilder<State, O = TextOutput, H: WidgetOption<State> = ()> {
     pub content: String,

src/widget/text/edit.rs

@@ -55,44 +55,47 @@ impl TextEdit {
 }
 
 impl Widget for TextEdit {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
         let base = painter.layer;
         painter.child_layer();
-        self.view.draw(painter);
+        let (_, size) = self.view.draw(painter);
         painter.layer = base;
         let region = self.region();
 
         let Some(selection) = self.selection else {
-            return;
+            return size;
         };
         let layout = self.view.buf.layout();
 
         // parley reports selection as boxes in layout space, so bidi and
         // wrapped lines come out right without this code knowing about either.
         for (rect, _) in selection.geometry(layout) {
-            let size = vec2(rect.width() as f32, rect.height() as f32);
+            let rect_size = vec2(rect.width() as f32, rect.height() as f32);
             let top_left = vec2(rect.x0 as f32, rect.y0 as f32);
             painter.primitive_within(
                 RectPrimitive::color(Color::SKY),
-                size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT).offset(top_left).within(&region),
+                rect_size
+                    .align(Align::TOP_LEFT)
+                    .offset(top_left)
+                    .within(&region),
             );
         }
 
         let caret = selection.focus().geometry(layout, CARET_WIDTH);
-        let size = vec2(caret.width() as f32, caret.height() as f32);
+        let caret_size = vec2(caret.width() as f32, caret.height() as f32);
         let top_left = vec2(caret.x0 as f32, caret.y0 as f32);
         painter.primitive_within(
             RectPrimitive::color(Color::WHITE),
-            size.align(Align::TOP_LEFT).offset(top_left).within(&region),
+            caret_size
+                .align(Align::TOP_LEFT)
+                .offset(top_left)
+                .within(&region),
         );
+        size
     }
 
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    fn on_resize(&self, axis: Axis) -> OnResize {
-        self.view.desired_width(ctx)
+        self.view.on_resize(axis)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        self.view.desired_height(ctx)
     }
 }
 

src/widget/text/mod.rs

@@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ impl TextView {
             .align(self.align)
     }
 
-    fn render(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> &RenderedText {
+    fn render(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> &RenderedText {
         let width = if self.attrs.wrap {
-            Some(ctx.px_size().x)
+            Some(painter.px_size().x)
         } else {
             None
         };
         if width != self.width || self.tex.is_none() || self.attrs.changed || self.buf.changed {
             self.width = width;
-            self.tex = Some(ctx.draw_text(&mut self.buf, &self.attrs, width));
+            self.tex = Some(painter.render_text(&mut self.buf, &self.attrs, width));
             self.attrs.changed = false;
             self.buf.changed = false;
         }
@@ -69,39 +69,40 @@ impl TextView {
     pub fn tex(&self) -> Option<&RenderedText> {
         self.tex.as_ref()
     }
-    pub fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    /// Draws the text, and says where the glyphs went and what they use.
-        if self.is_empty()
+    pub fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> (UiRegion, Size) {
-            && let Some(hint) = &self.hint
-        {
-            ctx.width(hint)
-        } else {
-            Len::abs(self.render(ctx).size.x)
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        if self.is_empty()
-            && let Some(hint) = &self.hint
-        {
-            ctx.height(hint)
-        } else {
-            Len::abs(self.render(ctx).size.y)
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> UiRegion {
         let align = self.align;
         if self.is_empty() && self.hint.is_some() {
-            let region = self.render(&mut painter.size_ctx()).size.align(align);
+            let region = self.render(painter).size.align(align);
-            if let Some(hint) = &self.hint {
+            let size = match &self.hint {
-                painter.widget(hint);
+                Some(hint) => painter.widget(hint).size(),
-            }
+                None => Size::ZERO,
-            return region;
+            };
+            return (region, size);
         }
 
-        let tex = self.render(&mut painter.size_ctx());
+        let tex = self.render(painter);
         let region = tex.size.align(align);
+        let size = Size::abs(tex.size);
         let within = region.within(&painter.region());
         painter.glyphs(tex, within);
-        region
+        (region, size)
+    }
+
+    /// Wrapping reads the width it is offered, so a wider box reshapes it and
+    /// a taller one does not. Alignment matters too, and separately: glyphs
+    /// anchored to the start of an axis stay put when that extent changes,
+    /// but centred or end-aligned ones move even though the shaping stands.
+    pub fn on_resize(&self, axis: Axis) -> OnResize {
+        let reshapes = axis == Axis::X && self.attrs.wrap;
+        let anchored = match axis {
+            Axis::X => self.align.x,
+            Axis::Y => self.align.y,
+        } == AxisAlign::Neg;
+        match reshapes || !anchored {
+            true => OnResize::Redraw,
+            false => OnResize::Translate,
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn content(&self) -> String {
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ impl Text {
             content: content.into(),
         }
     }
-    fn update_buf(&mut self, _ctx: &mut SizeCtx) {
+    fn update_buf(&mut self) {
         if self.content.changed {
             self.content.changed = false;
             self.view.buf.set_text(self.content.as_str());
@@ -126,19 +127,13 @@ impl Text {
 }
 
 impl Widget for Text {
-    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
-        self.update_buf(&mut painter.size_ctx());
+        self.update_buf();
-        self.view.draw(painter);
+        self.view.draw(painter).1
     }
 
-    fn desired_width(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
+    fn on_resize(&self, axis: Axis) -> OnResize {
-        self.update_buf(ctx);
+        self.view.on_resize(axis)
-        self.view.desired_width(ctx)
-    }
-
-    fn desired_height(&mut self, ctx: &mut SizeCtx) -> Len {
-        self.update_buf(ctx);
-        self.view.desired_height(ctx)
     }
 }
 

src/widget/trait_fns.rs

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn sized(self, size: impl Into<Size>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Sized> {
+    fn sized(self, size: impl Into<Size>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, SetSize> {
         let size = size.into();
-        move |state| Sized {
+        move |state| SetSize {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
             x: Some(size.x),
             y: Some(size.y),
@@ -58,18 +58,18 @@ widget_trait! {
         }
     }
 
-    fn width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Sized> {
+    fn width(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, SetSize> {
         let len = len.into();
-        move |state| Sized {
+        move |state| SetSize {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
             x: Some(len),
             y: None,
         }
     }
 
-    fn height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, Sized> {
+    fn height(self, len: impl Into<Len>) -> impl WidgetFn<Rsc, SetSize> {
         let len = len.into();
-        move |state| Sized {
+        move |state| SetSize {
             inner: self.add_strong(state),
             x: None,
             y: Some(len),

tests/draw_cost.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//! What one frame of `UiRenderNode::draw` costs on the CPU, against the number
+//! of layers it walks. Recording only: the pass is built and dropped without
+//! being submitted, so this is the loop's cost and not the GPU's.
+//!
+//!     cargo test --release --test draw_cost -- --ignored --nocapture
+//!
+//! Wall time is the wrong number to read for anything under a few percent --
+//! it varied by 2x between runs of one unchanged binary where instructions
+//! retired varied by 0.1%. Count those instead:
+//!
+//!     perf stat -e instructions:u target/release/.../draw_cost-* --ignored
+//!
+//! That is how `PrimitiveRender` was measured against a match in the renderer:
+//! 6 instructions per list drawn, against the ~5,400 wgpu spends recording
+//! one.
+//!
+//! The instance is leaked deliberately. A Vulkan loader may unload the driver
+//! when the last one drops, which can fault as a thread that used it exits --
+//! and every test runs on a spawned thread.
+
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use iris::prelude::*;
+use iris_core::{
+    GlyphPrimitive, MaskIdx, PrimitiveInst, RectPrimitive, TextureHandle, TexturePrimitive, UiData,
+    UiRegion, UiRenderNode, UiRenderState,
+};
+use wgpu::{Color as GpuColor, *};
+
+const SIZE: u32 = 1024;
+const FRAMES: u32 = 200;
+/// Reported as the best of this many batches, since the mean moves by more
+/// than the thing being measured.
+const BATCHES: u32 = 8;
+
+fn gpu() -> Option<(Device, Queue)> {
+    // Probed rather than assumed: there may be no Vulkan adapter, and GL is
+    // what is left when there is not.
+    let all = Instance::new(InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle());
+    let instance = match pollster::block_on(all.request_adapter(&RequestAdapterOptions::default()))
+    {
+        Ok(_) => all,
+        Err(_) => Instance::new(InstanceDescriptor {
+            backends: Backends::GL,
+            ..InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle()
+        }),
+    };
+    // Leaked rather than dropped: see the note at the top of the file.
+    let instance: &'static Instance = Box::leak(Box::new(instance));
+    let adapter =
+        pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&RequestAdapterOptions::default())).ok()?;
+    println!("adapter: {:?}", adapter.get_info());
+    pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&DeviceDescriptor::default())).ok()
+}
+
+fn config(format: TextureFormat) -> SurfaceConfiguration {
+    SurfaceConfiguration {
+        usage: TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+        format,
+        color_space: SurfaceColorSpace::Auto,
+        width: SIZE,
+        height: SIZE,
+        present_mode: PresentMode::Fifo,
+        desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
+        alpha_mode: CompositeAlphaMode::Auto,
+        view_formats: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every layer draws all three primitives, so the renderer takes a different
+/// path for each list it walks -- which is the case a single-primitive layer
+/// would never exercise. Images are bound per instance, so there are few.
+fn fill(
+    ui: &mut UiData,
+    render: &mut UiRenderState,
+    layers: usize,
+    per_layer: usize,
+) -> Vec<TextureHandle> {
+    let rect = ui.primitives.kind::<RectPrimitive>();
+    let glyph = ui.primitives.kind::<GlyphPrimitive>();
+    let texture = ui.primitives.kind::<TexturePrimitive>();
+    let id = ui.widgets.add_strong(Rect::new(UiColor::WHITE)).id();
+    let handles: Vec<_> = (0..4)
+        .map(|_| ui.textures.add(image::RgbaImage::new(4, 4)))
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut layer = 0;
+    for _ in 0..layers {
+        for _ in 0..per_layer {
+            render.layers.write(
+                layer,
+                PrimitiveInst {
+                    kind: rect,
+                    id,
+                    primitive: RectPrimitive::color(UiColor::WHITE),
+                    region: UiRegion::FULL,
+                    mask_idx: MaskIdx::NONE,
+                },
+            );
+            render.layers.write(
+                layer,
+                PrimitiveInst {
+                    kind: glyph,
+                    id,
+                    primitive: GlyphPrimitive {
+                        uv_min: vec2(0.0, 0.0),
+                        uv_max: vec2(1.0, 1.0),
+                        layer: 0,
+                        color: UiColor::WHITE,
+                        flags: 0,
+                    },
+                    region: UiRegion::FULL,
+                    mask_idx: MaskIdx::NONE,
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        for h in &handles[..2] {
+            render.layers.write(
+                layer,
+                PrimitiveInst {
+                    kind: texture,
+                    id,
+                    primitive: TexturePrimitive::from(h),
+                    region: UiRegion::FULL,
+                    mask_idx: MaskIdx::NONE,
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        layer = render.layers.next(layer);
+    }
+    handles
+}
+
+fn frame_cost(device: &Device, queue: &Queue, layers: usize, per_layer: usize) -> f64 {
+    let format = TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm;
+    let mut node = UiRenderNode::new(device, &config(format));
+    let mut ui = UiData::default();
+    let mut render = UiRenderState::new();
+    let _handles = fill(&mut ui, &mut render, layers, per_layer);
+    node.update(device, queue, &mut ui, &mut render);
+
+    let target = device.create_texture(&TextureDescriptor {
+        label: Some("draw cost"),
+        size: Extent3d {
+            width: SIZE,
+            height: SIZE,
+            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+        },
+        mip_level_count: 1,
+        sample_count: 1,
+        dimension: TextureDimension::D2,
+        format,
+        usage: TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+        view_formats: &[],
+    });
+    let view = target.create_view(&TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+
+    let record = |frames: u32| {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        for _ in 0..frames {
+            let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&CommandEncoderDescriptor::default());
+            {
+                let pass = &mut encoder.begin_render_pass(&RenderPassDescriptor {
+                    color_attachments: &[Some(RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                        view: &view,
+                        resolve_target: None,
+                        ops: Operations {
+                            load: LoadOp::Clear(GpuColor::BLACK),
+                            store: StoreOp::Store,
+                        },
+                        depth_slice: None,
+                    })],
+                    ..Default::default()
+                });
+                node.draw(pass);
+            }
+            drop(encoder.finish());
+        }
+        start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() / frames as f64
+    };
+    record(FRAMES / 4);
+    (0..BATCHES)
+        .map(|_| record(FRAMES))
+        .fold(f64::MAX, f64::min)
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "measurement, not a check"]
+fn draw_cost_by_layer_count() {
+    let Some((device, queue)) = gpu() else {
+        panic!("no wgpu device; see the this-machine-graphics notes");
+    };
+    println!(
+        "layers, each 8 rects + 8 glyphs + 2 images: us/frame (us per layer), best of {BATCHES}"
+    );
+    let base = frame_cost(&device, &queue, 1, 8) * 1e6;
+    for layers in [8, 64, 256, 1024] {
+        let per_frame = frame_cost(&device, &queue, layers, 8) * 1e6;
+        // Net of the empty pass, which is the same in any version of this.
+        println!(
+            "{layers:>5}: {per_frame:8.1} us ({:.3} us)",
+            (per_frame - base).max(0.0) / layers as f64
+        );
+    }
+}

tests/layout.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//! Where a frame puts things, with no window to put them in.
+
+use iris::harness::{Harness, assert_corners};
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+/// A fixed 100 wide, and the rest of the 400 to its neighbour.
+fn two_rects(h: &mut Harness) -> (WidgetId, WidgetId) {
+    let left = rect(Color::RED).width(100).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let right = rect(Color::BLUE).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((left, right).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+    (left.id(), right.id())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_span_gives_each_child_the_width_it_asked_for() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (left, right) = two_rects(&mut h);
+
+    assert_corners!(h, left, (0, 0), (100, 200));
+    assert_corners!(h, right, (100, 0), (400, 200));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resizing_relays_out_against_the_new_output() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (left, right) = two_rects(&mut h);
+
+    h.resize((800, 100));
+    assert!(h.needs_redraw());
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, left, (0, 0), (100, 100));
+    assert_corners!(h, right, (100, 0), (800, 100));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_empty_widget_takes_a_share_of_a_span() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let gap = ().add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let right = rect(Color::BLUE).width(100).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((gap, right).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+
+    assert_corners!(h, gap, (0, 0), (300, 200));
+    assert_corners!(h, right, (300, 0), (400, 200));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_child_drawn_twice_moves_once() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    // `Aligned` draws its child twice; listing it twice would move it twice.
+    let inner = rect(Color::BLUE).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let centered = inner.center().width(200).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let left = rect(Color::RED).width(100).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((left, centered).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+    assert_corners!(h, inner, (100, 0), (300, 200));
+
+    h.rsc[left].x = Some(Len::abs(150));
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, inner, (150, 0), (350, 200));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_resize_lands_where_a_cold_start_would() {
+    let build = |h: &mut Harness| {
+        let para = wtext(
+            "Wrapping shapes one source into as many lines as its container leaves room \
+             for, so the height of a paragraph is an answer rather than a setting.",
+        )
+        .size(20)
+        .wrap(true)
+        .pad(16)
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+        let below = rect(Color::RED).add(&mut h.rsc);
+        let root = (para, below).span(Dir::DOWN).pad(12);
+        h.set_root(root);
+        (para, below)
+    };
+
+    let mut cold = Harness::new((900, 1200));
+    let (cold_para, cold_below) = build(&mut cold);
+
+    let mut resized = Harness::new((1920, 1200));
+    let (para, below) = build(&mut resized);
+    resized.resize((900, 1200));
+    resized.frame();
+
+    assert_eq!(resized.region(&para), cold.region(&cold_para), "paragraph");
+    assert_eq!(resized.region(&below), cold.region(&cold_below), "below");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_fixed_box_is_drawn_again_rather_than_stretched() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 400));
+    // The panel fills a stack sized by its sibling, so it is drawn in the
+    // whole box and then placed in the shorter one. Reusing it in that fixed
+    // box afterwards would leave it whatever height it happened to have.
+    let panel = rect(Color::BLUE).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let leaf = rect(Color::RED).height(100).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let stack = (panel, leaf)
+        .stack()
+        .size(StackSize::Child(1))
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root(stack.align(Align::TOP));
+    assert_corners!(h, panel, (0, 0), (400, 100));
+
+    h.rsc[leaf].y = Some(Len::abs(250));
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, panel, (0, 0), (400, 250));
+}

tests/pointer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//! Which widget an input reaches.
+
+use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
+
+use iris::harness::{Harness, TouchScript};
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn a_press_reaches_only_the_widget_under_the_cursor() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let clicks = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
+
+    let (on_left, on_right) = (clicks.clone(), clicks.clone());
+    let left = rect(Color::RED)
+        .width(100)
+        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, _| {
+            on_left.borrow_mut().push("left")
+        })
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let right = rect(Color::BLUE)
+        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, _| {
+            on_right.borrow_mut().push("right")
+        })
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((left, right).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+
+    h.click((50, 100));
+    assert_eq!(*clicks.borrow(), ["left"]);
+
+    h.click((300, 100));
+    assert_eq!(*clicks.borrow(), ["left", "right"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_ends_when_the_cursor_leaves_the_window() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let hovered = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+    let ended = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));
+
+    let (h_count, e_count) = (hovered.clone(), ended.clone());
+    let widget = rect(Color::RED)
+        .on(CursorSense::HoverStart, move |_, _| {
+            *h_count.borrow_mut() += 1
+        })
+        .on(CursorSense::HoverEnd, move |_, _| {
+            *e_count.borrow_mut() += 1
+        })
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root(widget);
+
+    h.move_to((200, 100));
+    assert_eq!((*hovered.borrow(), *ended.borrow()), (1, 0));
+
+    // A second sample inside the same widget is not a second hover.
+    h.move_to((210, 100));
+    assert_eq!((*hovered.borrow(), *ended.borrow()), (1, 0));
+
+    h.leave();
+    assert_eq!((*hovered.borrow(), *ended.borrow()), (1, 1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_recorded_gesture_presses_where_it_says() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let clicks = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
+
+    let (on_left, on_right) = (clicks.clone(), clicks.clone());
+    let left = rect(Color::RED)
+        .width(100)
+        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, _| {
+            on_left.borrow_mut().push("left")
+        })
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let right = rect(Color::BLUE)
+        .on(CursorSense::click(), move |_, _| {
+            on_right.borrow_mut().push("right")
+        })
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((left, right).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+
+    let script = TouchScript::parse("0 down 300 100\n80 up 300 100").unwrap();
+    h.replay(&script);
+
+    assert_eq!(*clicks.borrow(), ["right"]);
+}

tests/pointer_routing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//! Input across layers: what stops at a layer, what passes through it, and
+//! where hovering stops.
+
+use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
+
+use iris::harness::Harness;
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+const WINDOW: f32 = 100.0;
+
+/// Every sense that has fired on one widget since it was last read.
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct Fired(Rc<RefCell<Vec<CursorSense>>>);
+
+impl Fired {
+    fn take(&self) -> Vec<CursorSense> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.0.borrow_mut())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A widget filling whatever it is given, recording the senses it is sent.
+fn listener(h: &mut Harness, senses: impl Into<CursorSenses>) -> (WeakWidget<Rect>, Fired) {
+    let fired = Fired::default();
+    let record = fired.clone();
+    let id = rect(Color::WHITE)
+        .on(senses.into(), move |ctx, _| {
+            record.0.borrow_mut().push(ctx.data.sense)
+        })
+        .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    (id, fired)
+}
+
+/// A widget with no senses of its own, to leave a gap beside one that has.
+fn blank(h: &mut Harness) -> WeakWidget<Rect> {
+    rect(Color::WHITE).add(&mut h.rsc)
+}
+
+fn harness() -> Harness {
+    Harness::new((WINDOW, WINDOW))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_stops_at_the_topmost_widget() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (bottom, bottom_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart);
+    let (middle, middle_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart);
+    let (top, top_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart);
+    h.set_root((bottom, middle, top).stack());
+
+    h.move_to((50, 50));
+
+    assert_eq!(top_hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverStart]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        middle_hover.take(),
+        [],
+        "hover is not shared with a layer below"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(bottom_hover.take(), []);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_scroll_passes_through_every_widget_that_does_not_want_it() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (list, scrolled) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::Scroll);
+    let (button, clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    let (overlay, overlay_clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    h.set_root((list, button, overlay).stack());
+
+    h.move_to((50, 50));
+    h.scroll((0, 10));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        scrolled.take(),
+        [CursorSense::Scroll],
+        "two layers of click-only widgets do not stop a scroll"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(clicked.take(), []);
+    assert_eq!(overlay_clicked.take(), []);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hovering_a_button_above_does_not_stop_a_later_scroll() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (list, scrolled) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::Scroll);
+    let (button, _clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    h.set_root((list, button).stack());
+
+    // The hover arrives in its own frame, as a window delivers it.
+    h.move_to((50, 50));
+    assert_eq!(scrolled.take(), []);
+
+    h.scroll((0, 10));
+    assert_eq!(
+        scrolled.take(),
+        [CursorSense::Scroll],
+        "a hover already resting on the button must not consume the wheel"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn only_the_topmost_listener_takes_a_press() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (below, below_clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    let (above, above_clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    h.set_root((below, above).stack());
+
+    h.click((50, 50));
+
+    assert_eq!(above_clicked.take(), [CursorSense::click()]);
+    assert_eq!(below_clicked.take(), [], "one press goes to one widget");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_press_beside_the_button_reaches_the_layer_below() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (list, list_clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    // The row above the list covers it, but only its left half is the button.
+    let (button, button_clicked) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::click());
+    let row = (button, blank(&mut h)).span(Dir::RIGHT).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((list, row).stack());
+
+    h.click((20, 50));
+    assert_eq!(button_clicked.take(), [CursorSense::click()]);
+    assert_eq!(list_clicked.take(), []);
+
+    h.click((80, 50));
+    assert_eq!(button_clicked.take(), [], "the cursor is not on the button");
+    assert_eq!(
+        list_clicked.take(),
+        [CursorSense::click()],
+        "a press beside the button belongs to what is under it"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leaving_a_widget_still_ends_its_hover() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (widget, hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart | CursorSense::HoverEnd);
+    h.set_root(widget);
+
+    h.move_to((50, 50));
+    assert_eq!(hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverStart]);
+
+    h.leave();
+    assert_eq!(hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverEnd]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn leaving_a_widget_does_not_block_the_layer_below() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (below, below_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart);
+    // Only the left half of the layer above is a widget, so the cursor can
+    // leave it without leaving the one underneath.
+    let (above, above_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart | CursorSense::HoverEnd);
+    let row = (above, blank(&mut h)).span(Dir::RIGHT).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((below, row).stack());
+
+    h.move_to((20, 50));
+    assert_eq!(above_hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverStart]);
+    assert_eq!(below_hover.take(), [], "the layer above is over it");
+
+    h.move_to((80, 50));
+    assert_eq!(above_hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverEnd]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        below_hover.take(),
+        [CursorSense::HoverStart],
+        "ending a hover above must not stop the hover below"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn covering_a_widget_ends_its_hover() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let (below, below_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart | CursorSense::HoverEnd);
+    let (above, above_hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart);
+    let row = (above, blank(&mut h)).span(Dir::RIGHT).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((below, row).stack());
+
+    h.move_to((80, 50));
+    assert_eq!(below_hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverStart]);
+
+    h.move_to((20, 50));
+    assert_eq!(above_hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverStart]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        below_hover.take(),
+        [CursorSense::HoverEnd],
+        "a widget covered by one that took the input is no longer hovered"
+    );
+
+    h.move_to((80, 50));
+    assert_eq!(
+        below_hover.take(),
+        [CursorSense::HoverStart],
+        "uncovering it hovers it again"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hover_starts_and_ends_once_each() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    // Only the left half is the widget, so the cursor can leave it without
+    // leaving the window.
+    let (widget, hover) = listener(&mut h, CursorSense::HoverStart | CursorSense::HoverEnd);
+    let row = (widget, blank(&mut h)).span(Dir::RIGHT).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root(row);
+
+    h.move_to((20, 50));
+    assert_eq!(hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverStart]);
+
+    h.move_to((30, 50));
+    assert_eq!(hover.take(), [], "staying inside is not a second start");
+
+    h.move_to((80, 50));
+    assert_eq!(hover.take(), [CursorSense::HoverEnd]);
+
+    h.move_to((90, 50));
+    assert_eq!(hover.take(), [], "an ended hover does not end again");
+
+    h.move_to((20, 50));
+    assert_eq!(
+        hover.take(),
+        [CursorSense::HoverStart],
+        "re-entering starts it"
+    );
+}

tests/remap.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! What a drawing can be taken out of, and what it cannot.
+
+use iris::core::{Remap, UiRegion, UiScalar, UiSpan};
+
+/// A box `size` tall whose top is `rel` of the way down the window.
+fn fixed(rel: f32, size: f32) -> UiRegion {
+    UiRegion::new(
+        UiSpan::FULL,
+        UiSpan::new(UiScalar { rel, abs: 0.0 }, UiScalar { rel, abs: size }),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_fixed_box_can_be_carried_but_not_stretched() {
+    let from = fixed(0.0, 164.0);
+    assert!(Remap::new(from, UiRegion::FULL).is_none());
+    assert!(Remap::new(from, fixed(0.5, 164.0)).is_some());
+    assert!(Remap::new(from, fixed(0.0, 98.0)).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_relative_box_can_be_stretched_to_any_other() {
+    let remap = Remap::new(UiRegion::FULL, fixed(0.0, 98.0)).expect("relative boxes remap");
+    // A part that filled the window keeps filling what replaced it, which is
+    // exactly what `outside` could not say for a box of a fixed length.
+    assert_eq!(remap.apply(UiRegion::FULL), fixed(0.0, 98.0));
+}

tests/retained.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+//! What a second frame draws again, and what it keeps.
+
+use std::{cell::Cell, rc::Rc};
+
+use iris::harness::{Harness, assert_corners};
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+/// A leaf that counts its draws and reports whatever size it is given, so a
+/// test can see what the retained path skipped.
+struct Counted {
+    draws: Rc<Cell<usize>>,
+    size: Size,
+    dependence: OnResize,
+}
+
+impl Widget for Counted {
+    fn draw(&mut self, _: &mut Painter) -> Size {
+        self.draws.set(self.draws.get() + 1);
+        self.size
+    }
+
+    fn on_resize(&self, _: Axis) -> OnResize {
+        self.dependence
+    }
+}
+
+struct Counts(Rc<Cell<usize>>);
+
+impl Counts {
+    fn get(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.get()
+    }
+}
+
+fn counted(h: &mut Harness, size: Size, dependence: OnResize) -> (WeakWidget<Counted>, Counts) {
+    let draws = Rc::new(Cell::new(0));
+    let id = Counted {
+        draws: draws.clone(),
+        size,
+        dependence,
+    }
+    .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    (id, Counts(draws))
+}
+
+/// A fixed-width leaf beside one that takes the rest, so changing the first
+/// hands the second a different box without the output changing.
+fn pair(h: &mut Harness, rest: OnResize) -> (WeakWidget<Counted>, Counts, WidgetId) {
+    let (first, _) = counted(h, Size::from((100, 200)), OnResize::Translate);
+    let (second, draws) = counted(h, Size::REST, rest);
+    h.set_root((first, second).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+    (first, draws, second.id())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_leaf_that_ignores_its_box_is_not_drawn_again_when_the_box_changes() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (first, draws, second) = pair(&mut h, OnResize::Scale);
+    let settled = draws.get();
+    assert_corners!(h, second, (100, 0), (400, 200));
+
+    h.rsc[first].size = Size::from((150, 200));
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        draws.get(),
+        settled,
+        "its box is a field to write, not a reason to draw"
+    );
+    assert_corners!(h, second, (150, 0), (400, 200));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_leaf_that_depends_on_its_box_is_drawn_again_when_the_box_changes() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (first, draws, second) = pair(&mut h, OnResize::Redraw);
+    let settled = draws.get();
+
+    h.rsc[first].size = Size::from((150, 200));
+    h.frame();
+
+    // Twice: once for the span to measure it, once for its real box. A child
+    // that can hint its length is spared the first, and a smaller number here
+    // means someone has made that cheaper rather than broken it.
+    assert_eq!(draws.get(), settled + 2);
+    assert_corners!(h, second, (150, 0), (400, 200));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_span_child_that_declares_its_length_is_drawn_once() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (told, told_draws) = counted(&mut h, Size::from((100, 200)), OnResize::Translate);
+    let (asked, asked_draws) = counted(&mut h, Size::from((100, 200)), OnResize::Translate);
+    // The span takes one child's length from its hint and has to draw the
+    // other to find out, so only the second is drawn before it is placed.
+    let hinted = told.width(100).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((hinted, asked).span(Dir::RIGHT));
+
+    assert_eq!(told_draws.get(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        asked_draws.get(),
+        2,
+        "drawn to be measured, then again to be placed"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_span_relays_out_when_a_child_it_measured_changes() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (first, _, second) = pair(&mut h, OnResize::Translate);
+
+    h.rsc[first].size = Size::from((250, 200));
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, first, (0, 0), (250, 200));
+    assert_corners!(h, second, (250, 0), (400, 200));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_placed_child_survives_the_next_frame() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    // Both children declare a length, so the span places them from their hints
+    // rather than drawing them to find out.
+    let top = rect(Color::RED).height(80).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let bottom = rect(Color::BLUE).height(120).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((top, bottom).span(Dir::DOWN));
+
+    h.rsc.widgets_mut().get_dyn_mut(top.id());
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, top, (0, 0), (400, 80));
+    assert_corners!(h, bottom, (0, 80), (400, 200));
+}
+
+/// Lays its child out from the hint alone, never reading what it drew.
+struct FromHint {
+    inner: StrongWidget,
+}
+
+impl Widget for FromHint {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
+        let len = painter.size_hint(&self.inner, Axis::Y).unwrap();
+        let mut region = UiRegion::FULL;
+        region.y.end = region.y.start.offset(len.abs);
+        painter.widget_within(&self.inner, region);
+        Size::REST
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_parent_that_only_read_a_hint_relays_out_when_the_hint_changes() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let inner = rect(Color::RED).height(80).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let parent = FromHint {
+        inner: inner.add_strong(&mut h.rsc),
+    }
+    .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root(parent);
+    assert_corners!(h, inner, (0, 0), (400, 80));
+
+    h.rsc[inner].y = Some(Len::abs(120));
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, inner, (0, 0), (400, 120));
+}
+
+/// Reads the output's size, which nothing but its own draw can put right.
+struct ReadsOutput {
+    draws: Rc<Cell<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl Widget for ReadsOutput {
+    fn draw(&mut self, painter: &mut Painter) -> Size {
+        self.draws.set(self.draws.get() + 1);
+        Size::abs(painter.output_size() / 4.0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_resize_does_not_redraw_what_the_shader_can_move() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let (leaf, draws) = counted(&mut h, Size::REST, OnResize::Redraw);
+    h.set_root(leaf);
+    let settled = draws.get();
+
+    h.resize((800, 100));
+    assert!(h.needs_redraw());
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        draws.get(),
+        settled,
+        "its box is the same fraction of a different output"
+    );
+    assert_corners!(h, leaf, (0, 0), (800, 100));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_resize_redraws_what_read_the_output() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let draws = Rc::new(Cell::new(0));
+    let leaf = ReadsOutput {
+        draws: draws.clone(),
+    }
+    .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root(leaf);
+    let settled = draws.get();
+
+    h.resize((800, 100));
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_eq!(draws.get(), settled + 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn narrowing_the_output_reflows_text_and_relays_out_around_it() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((600, 400));
+    let para = wtext(
+        "Wrapping shapes one source into as many lines as its container leaves \
+        room for, so the height of a paragraph is an answer rather than a setting.",
+    )
+    .size(20)
+    .wrap(true)
+    .add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let below = rect(Color::RED).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((para, below).span(Dir::DOWN));
+    let top = h.region(&below).expect("drew nothing").top_left.y;
+
+    h.resize((300, 400));
+    h.frame();
+
+    let lower = h.region(&below).expect("drew nothing").top_left.y;
+    assert!(lower > top, "same words, half the width: {top} -> {lower}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_change_two_levels_under_its_reader_still_reaches_it() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 400));
+    // Every wrapper up to the outer pad read the size below it, so the outer
+    // pad is what draws again -- and the span it hands the box to is the same
+    // size as before, which is what lets a draw reuse its way past the leaf.
+    let (leaf, _) = counted(&mut h, Size::abs((100, 100).into()), OnResize::Redraw);
+    let padded = leaf.pad(10).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let below = rect(Color::RED).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((padded, below).span(Dir::DOWN).pad(12));
+    assert_corners!(h, below, (12, 132), (388, 388));
+
+    h.rsc[leaf].size = Size::abs((100, 200).into());
+    h.frame();
+
+    assert_corners!(h, below, (12, 232), (388, 388));
+}

tests/scroll.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! Scrolling moves content and stops at its ends.
+
+use iris::harness::{Harness, assert_corners};
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn a_wheel_scrolls_the_content_and_stops_at_its_end() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    // Twice the window's height, so there is 200 to scroll.
+    let top = rect(Color::RED).height(200).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    let bottom = rect(Color::BLUE).height(200).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root((top, bottom).span(Dir::DOWN).scrollable());
+    h.move_to((200, 100));
+
+    // `Scroll` starts snapped to the end.
+    assert_corners!(h, top, (0, -200), (400, 0));
+
+    // The handler scales a wheel line by 50.
+    h.scroll((0, 1));
+    h.frame();
+    assert_corners!(h, top, (0, -150), (400, 50));
+
+    h.scroll((0, 10));
+    h.frame();
+    assert_corners!(h, top, (0, 0), (400, 200));
+}

tests/tasks.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//! What a background task can change, and how it gets back to the ui.
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use iris::harness::Harness;
+use iris::prelude::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn a_task_update_reaches_the_tree() {
+    let mut h = Harness::new((400, 200));
+    let widget = rect(Color::RED).add(&mut h.rsc);
+    h.set_root(widget.task_on(CursorSense::click(), async move |mut ctx| {
+        ctx.update(move |_, rsc| widget(rsc).color = Color::BLUE);
+    }));
+
+    h.click((200, 100));
+
+    assert!(
+        h.await_update(Duration::from_secs(5)),
+        "the task sent no update"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(h.rsc[widget].color, Color::BLUE);
+}